DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes

Grand Canyon University DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes                           

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes                         

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes                         

After the introduction, move into the main part of the DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes                         

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes                           

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes

Re: Topic 5 DQ 1

Bias is any trend or deviation from the truth in data collection, data analysis, interpretation, and publication that can cause false conclusions. Bias can occur either intentionally or unintentionally. Intention to introduce bias into someone’s research is not moral. Nevertheless, considering the possible consequences of biased research, it is almost equally irresponsible to conduct and publish biased research unintentionally (Gardenier JS, Resnik DB, 2019). Bias distorts the truth, it interferes with the ability to truly understand the environments around us. It is the most challenging obstacle for researchers. It is worth pointing out that every study has its confounding variables and limitations. Confounding effects cannot be completely avoided. While Personal bias happens when the research results are altered due to personal beliefs, customs, attitudes, culture, and errors among many other factors. It also means that the researcher must have analyzed the research data based on his/her beliefs rather than the views perceived by the respondents (Scott K, McSherry R, 2019) In research studies having a well-designed research protocol explicitly outlining data collection and analysis can assist in reducing bias. Feasibility studies are often undertaken to refine protocols and procedures. Bias can be reduced by maximizing follow up and where appropriate in randomized control trials analysis should be based on the intention to treat principle, a strategy that assesses clinical effectiveness because not everyone complies with treatment and the treatment people receive may be changed according to how they respond. Bias research has been criticized for lacking transparency in relation to the analytical processes employed (Smith, J., & Noble, H. 2018).

A quality improvement DPI project could be affected or reduced by the random selection of participants since I am using a clinic setting and in the case of clinical trials randomization of participants into comparison groups. Also, some participants might withdraw from the study or be lost due to failed follow-up. This can result in sample bias or change the characteristics of participants in comparison groups.  In qualitative research purposeful sampling has advantages when compared to convenience sampling in that bias is reduced because the sample is constantly refined to meet the study aims. Premature closure of the selection of participants before analysis is complete can threaten the validity of a qualitative study. This can be overcome by continuing to recruit new participants into the study during data analysis until no new information emerges, known as data saturation.

References

Gardenier JS, Resnik DB. The misuse of statistics: concepts, tools, and a research agenda. Account Res. 2019;9:65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989620212968. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Scott K, McSherry R. Evidence-based nursing: clarifying the concepts for nurses in practice. Nursing in Critical Care, 2019: 3; 67-71 p 1089.

Smith, J., & Noble, H. (2018). Bias in research. Evidence-Based Nursing, 17(4), 100-101. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2018-101946

Sample Answer 2 for DNP 801 In your own words, describe personal and research bias and explain why bias is one of the main reasons for poor validity in research outcomes

Bias is when there is undue favor for or against a particular thing, person or group in an unfair way while discounting the obvious truth of the others or by distorting the truth or discarding the facts as presented either personally or in academic research (Oxford Dictionary, 2019). In any research, bias can happen at any time. This is when there is an error in the systematic way used to conduct the research. Such as in the study design, data collection, sampling, interventions, experiments and controls, as well as in analyzing and the reporting of results (Enago Academy, 2021). Bias is one of the reasons that research is not valid, it reduces the credibility and accuracy of the researcher. Some researchers include their personal beliefs which influences their methods hence they become impartial (Enago Academy, 2021). Most qualitative research is prone to emotional biases especially in the social, political, religious and psychological fields as compared to the scientific fields that deals with numbers and statistics (Enago Academy, 2021). There are different types of Biases starting with the design bias, data collection with selecting of samples and participants, analyzing the data, process bias and publication bias (Enago Academy, 2021). There are also other types of biases in research such as race bias, social class bias and gender bias (Alcalde-Rubio, Hernández-Aguado, Parker, Bueno-Vergara, & Chilet-Rosell, 2020). So, to reduce the possibility of bias in research, the researcher should be aware of themselves totally, widen their range of possibilities and sample participants, and be careful of choice of vocabulary (Enago Academy, 2021). There is also the observation bias known as the Hawthorne effect-when participants know that they are being observed by the researcher, they change their answers or behavior, confirmation bias- the researcher looks only for information or patterns to confirm their ideas while recall bias is when participants recall events which may be recalled in a distorted form (MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow. (n.d.).

A quality improvement DPI project could be affected if they do not meet the comprehensive standard for inclusion in the research. Some DPI projects did not state a clear evidence gap and may involve so many different settings participants from different age ranges and then they end up not fully describing the implementation process or the implementation is not appropriate for all the age groups. Some did not fully describe their methods, intensity of activities of the participants or the implementers or the involvement of the site all that can lead to bias of the research. The credibility of the site will be affected and they may lose their accreditations and licenses. Also, patients may not want to go to that site any longer (Wells, Tamir, Gray, Naidoo, Bekhit, & Goldmann, 2018).

The article, Association between gender and stoke recurrence in ischemic stroke patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis by Chen, Weng, Wu, & Huang, (2021) illustrates some of the biases that can discredit any research. In this article, a total of 372 participants were used of which 273 were males and only 99 were females. I feel that the ratio of males to females is a gender bias for the researcher to conclude that the male gender had a higher rate of increased risk for stroke recurrence compared to the female gender.  It the number for both was comparable then the readers may be willing to accept this research. Also, the article points out that some gender differences that was conducted in other research was pointed out but the article still remained confusing. Another bias is the sample size is small to conclude that the prevalence of stroke recurrence is higher in males-which may be caused by smoking in males-than females. Also, they had some unmeasured confounders that may have influenced their conclusions. This bias has led them to propose the need for aggressive treatments for males and females may be treated casually which may lead to serious injuries for the females. I believe that this bias has affected the validity of the research because the sample size is not representative of the entire groups of males or females. It could still be viable research for my DPI project because I will look at what worked or not and attempt to improve on it (Chen, Weng, Wu, & Huang, 2019).

References:

Alcalde-Rubio, L., Hernández-Aguado, I., Parker, L. A., Bueno-Vergara, E., & Chilet-Rosell, E. (2020). Gender disparities in clinical practice: Are there any solutions? Scoping review of interventions to overcome or reduce gender bias in clinical practice. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01283-4

Chen, C., Weng, W., Wu, C., & Huang, W. (2019). Association between gender and stoke recurrence in ischemic stroke patients with high-grade carotid artery stenosis. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 67, 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2019.06.021

Enago Academy. (2021, April 28). Dealing with bias in academic research. https://www.enago.com/academy/dealing-with-bias-in-academic-research/

Oxford Dictionary. (2019, September 16). Bias. Oxford Languages | The Home of Language Data. https://www.oxforddictionaries.com

MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow. (n.d.). Understanding health research · Common sources of bias. https://www.understandinghealthresearch.org/useful-information/common-sources-of-bias-2

Wells, S., Tamir, O., Gray, J., Naidoo, D., Bekhit, M., & Goldmann, D. (2018). Are quality improvement collaboratives effective? A systematic review. BMJ Quality & Safety, 27(3), 226-240. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2017-006926

DNP-801A Week 5 DQ`2 Sample Answer

The conclusion part of studies, such as empirical studies, is among the essential parts of the published research. In the conclusion section, the reader can evaluate whether there is validity and whether the conclusion is logically supported. Furthermore, determining whether a study’s conclusion part has been logically supported is vital in making decisions on whether or not to utilize the research findings and under what circumstances. This write-up, therefore, addresses various aspects of the conclusion as part of empirical research. 

How do you determine if the conclusions of empirical research are logically supported or not?  

Critical analysis of empirical research is key to understanding various aspects of the research output. One section of empirical research that reflects may be critical in reflecting the nature of the research question and findings is the conclusion part (Alvesson, 2018). In analyzing empirical research, it is important to determine whether the conclusions are logically supported or not. As such, the process involves or calls for a comprehensive understanding of the conclusion part to find out if the section is reasonable and offers a complete message, makes sense, and is logical. Besides, the conclusions are supported when the variables under consideration can lead to research reproducibility. The implication is that if the study was to be redone, then the findings can be reproduced.  In cases where the conclusion is meaningful and makes proper sense, it is considered logical. 

Do conclusions that are not logically supported invalidate the entire study? Why or why not?  

Among the aims of a study is to give logical and meaningful conclusions to the readers regarding a matter under investigation. However, in some cases, the conclusion may lack logical support. If conclusions of a suitably done study are not logically supported, then it may be regarded as an unfulfilled attempt at proving a hypothesis but does not invalidate the findings (LoBiondo-Wood, & Haber, 2017). An excellent study with findings may at times have weak conclusions, which makes the study less impactful but not necessarily invalid. It is worth noting that such a conclusion is not a measure of whether the hypothesis has been refuted or accepted since the results still contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge. 

How might you address utilizing studies or information from studies with unsupported conclusions? 

Studies with no conclusions having no logical support are not to be dismissed or thrown away as earlier indicated. Such studies require that an individual deeply understand the message of the findings and explore ways to find other supporting evidence. For instance, it may be necessary to do or search for another study. However, there are cases where such a study should not be utilized. For instance, if the lack of support for the logical conclusion is due to lack of findings’ reproducibility, bias, and lack of ethical considerations or standards. Such a case amounts to an invalid conclusion; hence, the need to not utilize them (LoBiondo-Wood, & Haber, 2017). It is vital to note that such cases may call for invalidation of the whole study, as the study should provide a logical or meaningful conclusion to the readers. In addition, the message passed across through the findings may amount to lacking scientific meaning, hence not usable within the research context. 

Conclusion 

In conclusion, it is a matter of importance for the reader to determine whether the conclusion part of empirical research has logical support. Moreover, such an effort will help the reader determine whether or not to use such research. 

References 

Alvesson, M. (2018). Chapter 29 – Metaphorizing the research process. In C. Cassell, A. L. Cunliffe, & G. Grandy. The 

Sage handbook of qualitative business and management research methods (pp. 486-505). 

LoBiondo-Wood, G., & Haber, J. (2017). Nursing research-e-book: methods and critical appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences.