HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important

Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important                            

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important                          

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important                          

After the introduction, move into the main part of the HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important                          

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important                            

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important

Re: Topic 2 DQ 2

The questions below relates to the qualitative that was conducted to ascertain existence of innovation among  nursing students.

What is sampling in research ?

Sampling focuses on finding the right people who fit the experience and relevance of the study. There are various methods used in sampling which are purposeful, random or formal sampling. Sampling of often oriented to specific criteria, e.g. gender age and profession. There is sometimes relevance for deciding about transcription and even more for analyzing and understanding the content of the interviews as a whole. Sampling in qualitative research follows various types of logic and should be iterative and flexible, (Flick, 2018)

What is qualitative research?

Qualitative research focuses on groups of people and individuals. Mainly focused on understanding experiences, values, and behaviours    , rather than numerical data or statistical analysis. The process involves the collection of data in structured interviews. Information can further be obtained from written scripts.  The researcher is keen to learn about different people’s thoughts, experiences and opinions during an interview. Quality is achieved during the process. Researchers in qualitative research are concerned about people who are concerned about the issue under study. Often based on having different kinds of resources. Finding access and making the methods fit to conditions in the field can be a stumbling block. The researcher also takes into account the ethical considerations of qualitative research. Often, the sample size in qualitative research is kept small to maintain all aspects of quality, (Flick, 2018).

What is Conventional data analysis-

Conventional data analysis method that has been deemed traditional. The method occurs in stages, data is collected cleaned and finally processed in readiness for analysis, (Flick,2018).

Reference

Flick, Uwe.. Designing Qualitative Research, SAGE Publications, Limited, 2018. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral-proquest-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/lib/gcu/detail.action?docID=6995201.

Sample Answer 2 for HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important

The article selected in DQ 1 is titled, ‘‘Hospital acquired Clostridium Difficile Infection (CDI) and risk factors for severity at a university hospital.’’ Three key questions I would like to ask about this research are as follows:

Question: Why was a cohort study chosen to investigate the severity of C. Difficile Infection?

Answer: Cohort studies are a powerful tool for identifying the risk factors and causes of disease. Cohort studies are also called longitudinal studies because they follow groups of people over time (Balingit, 2023). Results from cohort studies help researchers understand how human health is affected by the environmental and social factors that influence it. To carry out prospective cohort studies, researchers identify a group of people to study and plan the research in advance, collecting data over time. In retrospective cohort studies, researchers use data that is already available for a particular group. For example, the researcher chose patients that were hospitalized with positive stool assays for C. difficile toxin A or B or toxigenic culture.

Question: Is it possible for selection bias in this type of study?

Answer: Selection bias is a distortion in a measure of association (such as a risk ratio) due to a sample selection that does not accurately reflect the target population (Alexander et al, 2015). Selection bias can occur when investigators use improper procedures for selecting a sample population, but it can also occur because of factors that influence continued participation of subjects in a study (Balingit, 2023). In either case, the final study population is not representative of the target population. The overall population for which the measure of effect is being calculated and from which study members are selected (Alexander et al, 2015).

Question: What challenges are faced with this type of research?

Cohort studies are more time-consuming and often more expensive than other types of studies. For example, it took the researchers 5 years to report findings on C Difficile incidence on a sample size of 111 participants (Bilgin et al, 2020). This type of study is also less suited to finding clues about rare diseases since these do not develop in many people. In addition to this, it is potentially prone to bias if participants drop out of the study over time or if researchers select an unrepresentative group of people (Balingit, 2023).

 References

Alexander et al. (2015). UNC Department of Epidemiology. Retrieved from https://sph.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/112/2015

Balingit. (2023). Cohort study. Retrieved from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/281703#what-is-a-cohort

Bilgin et al. (2020). Hospital acquired Clostridium difficile infection and risk factors. Retrieved from https://eds-p-ebscohost-com.lopes.idm.oclc.org/eds/detail/detail?vid=2&sid=b3948e61-bc0b-4855-931d-c2bc6ff9635

Sample Answer 3 for HLT 362 Using the research article selected for DQ 1, identify three key questions you will ask and answer when reading the research study and why these questions are important

The following three questions are the ones that I find most important to ask from the research article conducted about: Health Care Practices and Associated Service Needs in a Sample of HIV-Positive Incarcerated Men in Puerto Rico: Implications for Retention in Care. I find these questions to be essential because this was a pilot program and perhaps mistakes were made, by looking past a large portion of the prison population.

Q – Why did the researchers choose to use the simple random sample method instead of stratified random sampling?

A – Simple random sampling was used instead of stratified random sampling to remain unbiased when choosing the participants. Considering each member of the overall population has an equal likelihood of being selected, it is regarded as a fair method of selecting a sample from a larger population. Since this was a pilot program, the researchers knew little about the prison population. Therefore, to use stratified random sampling, they would have needed to divide the sample group into subgroups and make assumptions about the sub-groups, not the whole population (Investopedia).

Q – If early detection and treatment are beneficial in stopping the spread of HIV, then why were the eligibility of participants restricted to only a detectable viral load of HIV, and not all HIV-positive prisoners?

A – The CDC reports a viral load of 200 or less to be undetectable for HIV. However, the benefits of beginning treatment as soon as possible are that it reduces transmission risk earlier and reduces the likelihood of AIDS-related occurrences and other health issues in the future. Evidence-based practice showed that early treatment can decrease morbidity and death (stopping the virus).

Q – Were the participants ever subjected to random drug testing while incarcerated?

A – Drug testing inmates’ is conducted for the safety of the other prisoners and guards. Inmates are more likely to report drug use privately to a researcher if they are guaranteed no adverse consequences. When questioned by the criminal justice system, inmates are most likely to lie about their drug use, so any self-reporting should not be trusted (Iris Pub.).

Resources:

Hayes, A., Boyle, M., Overcast, K., (03/23). Investopedia, Simple Random Sampling: Six Basic Steps with Examples. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/simple-random-sample.

Gilead Sciences, Inc. (06/22). Stop the Virus, Working Together to Help Stop HIV, Empower Your Patients to Initiate Treatment ASAP. https://www.helpstoptheviruspro.com.

Akinyemi, G., (09/18). Iris Publishers, Global Journal of Forensic Science & Medicine – GJFSM. Drug Testing in the Prison System. https://irispublishers.com/gjfsm/fulltext/drug-testing-in-the-prison-system.

HLT 362 TOPIC 3 DQ 1 Sample Answer

In research, hypothesis testing is vital. It helps us to determine whether something actually took place, whether certain treatments are effective, whether groups differ from one another, or whether one variable predicts another. For example, hypothesis testing in research is used to evaluate the strength of evidence from the sample. It provides a framework for making determinations related to the population. i.e., it provides a method for understanding the reliability of extrapolating observed findings in a sample to the larger population that the sample was drawn from. 

As an example, a jury must use evidence to decide whether a defendant is innocent or guilty in a criminal trial where two possible truths exist. If a jury returns a verdict of not guilty, then it does not necessarily mean the defendant is innocent. The burden of proof does not appear to have been met, in other words. For hypothesis testing, the investigator sets the burden by selecting the level of significance for the test, which is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it’s true It is assumed that the null hypothesis is correct until there is enough evidence to suggest otherwise. After performing a hypothesis test, there are only two possible outcomes. When the p-value is less than or equal to your significance level, the null hypothesis is rejected. The data favor the alternative hypothesis. If statistical analysis shows that the significance level is below the cut-off value that has been set, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. 

Hypothesis testing serves an imperative role in empirical research and evidence-based medicine in clinical practice, where there is interaction with patients. A well-worked hypothesis is half the answer to the research question. For this, both knowledge of the subject derived from an extensive review of the literature and a working knowledge of basic statistical concepts are desirable. In some applications, hypothesis testing is used to determine whether two groups are different from each other. A special case of hypothesis testing involves evaluating a group of samples to determine whether a particular standard or other requirement is being met. Therefore, hypotheses have a direct impact on the quality of healthcare and patient outcomes. 

References 

Banerjee, A., Chitnis, U. B., Jadhav, S. L., Bhawalkar, J. S., & Chaudhury, S. (2009). Hypothesis testing, type I and type II errors. Industrial psychiatry journal, 18(2), 127. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21180491/ 

Sacha, V., & Panagiotakos, D. B. (2016). Insights in hypothesis testing and making decisions in biomedical research. The open cardiovascular medicine journal, 10, 196. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5054503