PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines

Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines                            

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines                          

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines                          

After the introduction, move into the main part of the PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines                          

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines                            

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines

Re: Topic 4 DQ 1

We all would like to know the cause of a disease, if we can determine the cause, then we have a better chance at knowing how to cure or slow it down. Kumar (2022) states that most causes are determined by observational study rather than experimental. There are several plausible explanations from observed associations that come from multiple sources. And, before cause and affect can be attributed to something the evidence from these multiple sources has to be strong enough that the conclusion isn’t merely a chance finding or by accident.

Friis & Sellers (2020) states that fully understanding the cause of a disease is not needed to treat it. The wheel model is a good example of showing the association of causality. The host is at the center, surrounded by an environment that consists of components that are biologic, social and physical. At the very center of the wheel is the genetic makeup of a person. We can substitute events that may represent the cause and association of disease when it comes to disease. This may be the easier of ways to illustrate the relationship between association and causality. The guides to this association are: plausibility, consistency, and temporality.

Reference

Kumar (2022, May 16) Causation in epidemiology: association and causation. Epidemiology for Practitioners. https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/e-learning/epidemiology/practitioners/causation-epidemiology-association-causation

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Sample Answer 2 for PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines

Understanding the similarities and differences between the terms association and causation is crucial when you examine the link between exposures and health outcomes. Association refers to a health outcome that is more likely to occur with indvuals with a particular exposure. In association knowing one variable provides insight on values of other variables. Simply, put is statistical relationship between two variables. Whereas causation is simply where the exposure causes the effect. In laments terms its where one variable affects the other.

According to Firis and Sellers there are 4 types of Casual Relationships:

1.) Necessary and sufficient:  without the factor or variable the disease never develops.  For example inhalation of crystalline silica dust is need in order to develop silicosis.

2.) Necessary but not sufficient:  both factors are needed but alone they would not be able to cause the disease. An example is an individual must have HIV in order to develop AIDS.

3.) Sufficient but not necessary: the presence of one variable is not indicative to the presence of the other variable. For example lung cancer may develop from smoking but not all smokers develop lung cancer. Therefore, smoking is no a sufficient cause by itself.

4.) Neither sufficient nor necessary: factors are not essential in the development of the disease.  An example is gonorrhea is not needed in order to cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). Simply someone can have gonorrhea and never develop PID.

References:

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2021). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN-13: 9781284175431

Wakeford R. (2015). Association and causation in epidemiology – half a century since the publication of Bradford Hill’s interpretational guidance. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 108(1), 4–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0141076814562713

Sample Answer 3 for PUB 540 Differentiate between association and causation using the causal guidelines

Association and causation describe epidemiological events, albeit to different degrees. Specifically, association implies that two variables may have a relationship. For instance, smoking may be associated with respiratory illnesses. In a way, the association points to the direction of a relationship without describing its defined attributes. Conversely, causation identifies specific factors that lead to a defined outcome. For example, a patient presenting a bruised leg will identify a biking accident as the cause. Both the cause and effect are apparent here, suggesting that one event will lead to another or an ultimate outcome. These descriptions illustrate association as a subset of causation, Health Knowledge (n.d.) noting that association does not imply causation. These differences are made apparent by the various criteria of causation. For instance, the first and second criteria require strength and consistency to illustrate how one event leads to another (Fedak et al., 2015). The most challenging criterion is criterion three, which necessitates specificity between variables. Accomplishing these requirements is hard because one effect can have several causes.

The criteria offer an excellent depiction of various forms of causal relationships. In the first case, the specificity criterion, as Fedak et al. (2015) defined, leads to the necessary and sufficient association. In this case, a single variable always leads to a defined result. For example, unprotected sex with a person suffering from an STI leads to the development of an STI. The second form is sufficient but not necessary, which explains a situation where a variable leads to an effect. However, other causes exist. An excellent example is how smoking can cause respiratory illnesses but is not the only causative agent. Thirdly, the necessary but insufficient form explains how one factor is among the elements that lead to an outcome. However, other factors are necessary. The not necessary or sufficient type explains a situation where a cause does not lead to a cause. Besides, the cause is not the only factor resulting in an outcome also. For example, a leg injury does not necessarily lead to cancer, nor is it the only factor that leads to cancer.

References

Fedak, K. M., Bernal, A., Capshaw, Z. A., & Gross, S. (2015). Applying the Bradford Hill criteria in the 21st century: how data integration has changed causal inference in molecular epidemiology. Emerging Themes in Epidemiology, 12(1). DOI: 10.1186/s12982-015-0037-4.

Health Knowledge. (n.d.). Causation in epidemiology: Association and causation. Retrieved April 25, 2022, from https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/e-learning/epidemiology/practitioners/causation-epidemiology-association-causation.