PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                            

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                          

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                          

After the introduction, move into the main part of the PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                          

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study                            

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

Re: Topic 7 DQ 1

As discussed by Friis & Sellers (2020) a cohort study is an observational study that goes from cause to effect. It is a longitudinal study that follows a group of subjects over time. The exposure of a particular disease is known to be positive and how the effects of this positive exposure manifest are observed. There are two points of observation, before disease onset and then at a follow up. By doing this, a measure of effect that certain risk factors related to disease outcome. This is the best type of study for population-based studies because more measures of association can be evaluated. This is an observational study versus an experimental study because no intervention is included; the aim is to simply observe cause and effect in a certain group to determine the incidence of disease, mortality rates among this group, which then can serve as a flag for the need for more resources to prevent high numbers of untoward outcomes.

Hoepner et al., (2016) participated in a cohort study that looks at the association between bisphenol A and adiposity in the inner city. Prenatal mothers had their BPA concentrations measures (n =375), children aged 3 (n=408), and children 5 years (n=518). The children in age groups 3 and 5 had their urine spot tested. The children were followed up every 3 months and followed till they were 5 years of age, and then every 6 months until 7 years of age. The mothers were followed differently during their pregnancy. They wanted to see if there was an association between higher BPA concentration before birth and adiposity. There was a positive association that high prenatal concentrations of BPA were associated with adiposity by age 7.

References

Hoepner, L. A., Whyatt, R. M., Widen, E. M., Hassoun, A., Oberfeld, S. E., Mueller, N. T., Diaz, D., Calafat, A. M., Perera, F. P., & Rundle, A. G. (2016). Bisphenol A and Adiposity in an Inner-City Birth Cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(10), 1644–1650. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1289/EHP205

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Sample Answer 2 for PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

One of the most influential tools used in epidemiology is a cohort study.  According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports the exposure and those who are unexposed to the disease of interest and tracks the participants to determine if they contract the disease of interest.  In the words of Friis and Sellers cohort studies are observational, and longitudinal study that begins with people who have not been exposed but have a harmful outcome.

The 2020 KH Topic I choose to discuss the “Prospective Cohort Study of Mental Health During Imprisonment”.  The aim of the scientific study was to determine how early detention or imprisonment of individuals can affect one’s mental health.  This was accomplished by screening 3079 prisoners and examining their psychiatric symptoms ( Hassan, Harty, Jarrett, Jones, King, Lathlean, Lowthian, Mills, Thornicroft, Web,  2011). (DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080333).

Approximately 978 prisoners exhibited psychiatric symptoms as early as the first week of incarceration.  Those who remained in prison had follow-up interviews recorded at one and two. The results yielded data that depicted those psychiatric symptoms are prevalent during the first week of incarceration, but the presence tends to decline over a period. The overall study can be classified as observational because of the method used to collect data and type of data retrieved.

References:

Hassan L, Birmingham L, Harty MA, Jarrett M, Jones P, King C, Lathlean J, Lowthian C, Mills A, Senior J, Thornicroft G, Webb R, Shaw J. (2011). Prospective cohort study of mental health during imprisonment. Br J Psychiatry 198(1), 37-42. DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.110.080333

Setia M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 1: Cohort Studies. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.174011

Sample Answer 3 for PUB 540 Describe the characteristics and design of a cohort study

Cohort studies do not start with an outcome but starts with exposure first. Randomization is impossible because the controls and exposures have to be chosen based on similar characteristics such as age, gender, race, and other protected discriminating factors. Setia (2016) mentions that the participants do not have an interest of outcome because we are looking at the exposures and what outcomes can result from those exposures. The main goal of the cohort study is to look for any risk factors that resulted in the exposures that may result in unhealthy outcomes.

References:

Setia M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 1: Cohort Studies. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(1), 21–25. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.174011