NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Walden University NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that helps to make predictions about a population based on sample data taken from the population (Haden, 2019). The primary aim of inferential statistics is to draw conclusions about a population based on parameters such as standard deviation, mean, and variance (Haden, 2019). Inferential statistics involves steps such as sample selection, data collection, hypothesis testing, analysis, and interpretation of results. If done following appropriate techniques, inferential statistics can determine clear differences and help researchers to form conclusions (Haden, 2019). This discussion will focus on two forms of identifying differences in groups: t-tests and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

A critical concern in contemporary nursing practice is the rising prevalence of mental health disorders. This discussion will be centered around the following article, emphasizing its importance and relevance to the field.

Alessi, J., de Oliveira, G. B., Franco, D. W., Brino do Amaral, B., Becker, A. S., Knijnik, C. P., … & Telo, G. H. (2020). Mental health in the era of COVID-19: prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the social distancing. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 12, 1-10.

The study aimed to assess the prevalence of mental health disorders among patients with T1D and T2D during the social distancing period occasioned by the COVID-19 pandemic (Alessi et al., 2020). This was influenced by the fact that the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms is two to four times greater among people with diabetes than in the general population. The relationship between diabetes and mental health disorders is more significant when individuals are living in a stressful environment and have psychological distress (Alessi et al., 2020).

Sample of the study

The sample in this study involves patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in a regular follow-up at the Endocrinology outpatient clinic (Alessi et al., 2020). The patients selected to participate are those who attended a medical appointment in a one-year period for T2D and a three-year period for T1D as identified by an electronic database. The inclusion criteria for this study include ages 18 years and above, having a hemoglobin AIC test done between January and March 2020, and having their telephone number captured in the electronic medical record (Alessi et al., 2020). This study excluded patients who had cognitive or physical impairments that hindered the application of the questionnaires and patients who were hospitalized at the time of the study. The study involved 117 patients with 5% accuracy and 85% confidence level (Alessi et al., 2020).

The sources of data

This study assessed psychological distress using the Self Report Questionnaire-20 (SRQ 20). This questionnaire asks questions relating to physical and psychoemotional symptoms that patients may have experienced within the past 30 days (Alessi et al., 2020). Also, emotional distress related to diabetes was assessed using the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale (B-PAID). The response to the questionnaire ranges from 0 to 4 (Alessi et al., 2020). The scores are then summed up and then multiplied by 1.25 to generate a total score out of 100. Moreover, the prevalence of eating disorders was assessed using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) (Alessi et al., 2020). This questionnaire contains 26 questions on eating habits with an expected 3-response scale ranging from 0 to 3. This study used the Mini Sleep Questionnaire (MSQ) to assess sleep disorders(Alessi et al., 2020). Demographic and clinical data was obtained from the patient’s last visit record and HbA1c data for the last three months from electronic medical records.

The inferential statistic used

The inferential statistic used in this study to analyze the data collected is the unpaired t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables (Alessi et al., 2020). The primary outcome was then evaluated in a multivariable logistic regression model. An α level of ≤ 0.05 was used to determine statistical significance (Alessi et al., 2020).

Findings

This study found significant psychological distress among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Also, nearly half of the population tested positive for psychological distress, including anxiety and depression. The study found that people with T2D were more at risk of developing psychological distress and exhibiting depressive symptoms (Alessi et al., 2020). About 3 out of 4 of the participants had a positive screening for eating and sleeping disorders after one month of social distancing. Moreover, the rate of depression and anxiety was greater among diabetic patients compared to the general population (Alessi et al., 2020). The incidence of depression was higher among patients with T2D than in patients with T1D. Maintenance of healthy habits, such as physical exercise among T2D patients, was challenging during the pandemic (Alessi et al., 2020).

The use of inferential statistics strengthens the study’s application to evidence-based practice.

The use of inferential statistics brings significant value to a research study. This is because inferential statistics helps researchers to draw conclusions and inferences about a population based on sample data (Kim et al., 2020). Additionally, inferential statistics allows for the generalization of findings from a sample to a large population. Moreover, this analysis method helps to compare two variables and determine the one that leads to better outcomes (Kim et al., 2020). Besides, inferential statistics enable researchers to have quality relationships between variables. Most importantly, inferential statistics guides the decision on resource allocation and uses analytical methods to determine the most cost-effective treatment method (Kim et al., 2020).

In conclusion, inferential statistics are a powerful tool in medical research, providing a means to draw broader implications from specific sample data. The study by Alessi et al. (2020) on the mental health of patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic exemplifies the application of inferential statistics, utilizing methods such as the unpaired t-test and χ2 test to analyze data and draw conclusions about the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among this population. The study’s findings reveal significant psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, among diabetic patients, especially those with Type 2 diabetes. These results underscore the relationship between chronic illness and mental health, particularly in stressful environments like the pandemic. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of maintaining healthy habits and the challenges faced during such periods. By employing inferential statistics, researchers like Alessi et al. can highlight the current state of mental health among specific populations and guide future healthcare policies and interventions, ensuring that they are based on evidence and targeted toward the most effective outcomes. Therefore, inferential statistics not only enrich the academic understanding of complex health issues but also pave the way for practical, evidence-based solutions in healthcare.

References

Alessi, J., de Oliveira, G. B., Franco, D. W., Brino do Amaral, B., Becker, A. S., Knijnik, C. P., …

& Telo, G. H. (2020). Mental health in the era of COVID-19: prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the social distancing. Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 12, 1-10.

Haden, P. (2019). Inferential statistics. The Cambridge handbook of computing education

research, 133-172.

Kim, M., Mallory, C., & Valerio, T. (2020). Statistics for evidence-based practice in nursing.

Jones & Bartlett Publishers.

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Nurses shortage

The nursing shortage is a key global stressor affecting the healthcare business. The healthcare sector in the United States is experiencing a shortage of professionals. Consequently, the limited number of nurses has been burdened with excessive workload, resulting in elevated rates of staff turnover (Marć et al., 2019).

Inadequate staffing is connected with overworking and burnout of nurses. Burnout exacerbates employee attrition rates and contributes to suboptimal patient outcomes. Ethical leadership styles that empower the creation of a very healthy atmosphere can improve the happiness of nurses, quality of care and reduce the rate of deflection from the nursing profession. An optimal work environment for healthcare should ensure sufficient staffing, give attractive remuneration packages, offer opportunities for career advancement, and promote leadership styles that mitigate nurses’ mental weariness and burnout (Marć et al., 2019). Addressing the problem of a shortage of nurses can have a significant impact on improving the quality of care and healthcare outcomes.

In a study conducted by Jiang et al (2017), the researchers examined the levels of satisfaction, intention to remain in the profession, and burnout among emergency nurses. Jiang et al (2017) argue that sufficient personnel is a crucial determinant for delivering treatment of exceptional quality. There is a correlation between burnout and nurse satisfaction and the turnover rates of healthcare personnel. Data were gathered using a cross-sectional descriptive survey that took place from October to November 2015. Convenience sampling technique was utilized in the survey which focused on emergency department care providers. The data were examined with ANOVA and non-paired t-tests. Out of the 1137 healthcare practitioners that were given the survey questionnaires, only 976 of them participated in the study (Jiang et al., 2017). It constituted 87% of the total number of participants as anticipated. Based on the results, 75% of the respondents expressed a high level of satisfaction or satisfaction with the conditions of their work environment. The nurses had a significant level of burnout, with 85% reporting instances of burnout. Additionally, 22.5% of healthcare workers expressed their intention to leave the profession in the subsequent year (Jiang et al., 2017). The nurses expressed dissatisfaction with their monetary pay, work atmosphere, and high burnout rates resulting from insufficient staffing.

I chose to explore the issue of nursing scarcity. Insufficient personnel is a prevalent topic in most healthcare institutions. The recent study conducted by Jiang et al (2017) contributes significant value to the subject of investigation. This study investigates the impact of contentment and burnout on a nurse’s inclination to remain or depart from a care facility that is experiencing a shortage of staff. There is a strong correlation between high nursing satisfaction and notable enhancements in the delivery of high-quality care. Higher nurse satisfaction scores are associated with decreased medical errors, diminished morbidities, and lower patient mortality rates.

Jiang et al (2017) highlighted the correlation between nurse satisfaction, burnout, and the prevalence of high turnover rates. There is a need to solve the nursing shortage to safeguard healthcare providers from burnout and detaching from the nursing profession. Given the importance of having enough staff and ensuring that nurses are satisfied, organizations should make efforts to improve the current situation.

Inferential statistics can enhance the use of evidence-based practice in the study. Initially, it elucidates circumstances and aids the researcher in formulating robust findings substantiated by substantial evidence (Gray & Grove, 2020). Inferential statistics are useful for assessing the disparities between treatment groups and research participants (Flores et al., 2019). Inferential statistics are employed by researchers to evaluate a subset of data from a population and make a broad inference about the entire population.

References

Flores, R. E., Miranda-Novales, M. G., & Villasís-Keever, M. Á. (2017). The research protocolVI: How to choose the appropriate statistical test. Inferential statistics. Revista Alergia México, 64(3), 364-370.

Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2020).Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (9th ed.). Elsevier.

Jiang, H., Ma, L., GAO, C., Li, T., Huang, L., & Huang, W. (2017). Satisfaction, burnout and Intention to stay of emergency nurses in Shanghai. Emergency Medicine Journal, 34(7),

448-453.

Marć, M., Bartosiewicz, A., Burzyńska, J., Chmiel, Z., & Januszewicz, P. (2019). A nursing Shortage-a prospect of global and local policies.International nursing review, 66(1), 9-16

Sample Answer 3 for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Ask a probing question substantiated with additional background information, evidence, or research.

What specific variables contribute to the continued use of these substances despite the well-documented dangers and potential harm associated with long-term use of Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), given the prevalence of AAS use among males aged 18 and above, especially in the United States?

The anabolic qualities of AAS have been extensively employed in medicine. As it turns out, AASs helped treat disorders with a negative nitrogen balance, inoperable breast cancer, osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, and chronic kidney disease. (Albano et al., 2021). The potential of AAS to minimize androgenic effects while enhancing muscle growth for athletes’ performance and aesthetic goals makes them widely used and popular.

Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives.

AAS users’ views and motivations have been the subject of numerous research, which have helped to clarify the intricate interactions between various factors that support long-term steroid usage. Research indicates, for instance, that social and cultural elements, such as conventional notions of masculinity and body image, have a significant impact on how often males take AAS. Furthermore, the stigma attached to seeking medical attention for problems related to AAS may prevent people from getting the proper care and assistance, which could encourage them to keep taking AAS without appropriate medical supervision. Sustained use of AAS may also be influenced by psychological factors, such as body dysmorphic disorder, low self-esteem, and underlying mental health conditions, as people try to reduce their emotional distress or enhance how they see their bodies.

Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own research in the Walden Library.

I suggest a Harm Reduction Strategy: These strategies recognize the reality of AAS use and work to decrease related hazards through education, harm reduction measures, and access to healthcare services. They do not, however, limit themselves to prohibition and abstinence-based approaches. Harm reduction campaigns can lessen the adverse effects of AAS usage without using punitive measures by encouraging safer injection techniques, routine health monitoring, and informed decision-making. A complete metabolic panel, lipid profile testing, electrocardiogram (ECG) testing, blood pressure evaluation, and a review of family history of cardiovascular disease should all be part of the initial screening process. Treatment for dyslipidemia and hypertension should be based on national guidelines. (Bonnecaze et al., 2021). An annual bone densitometry assessment is part of the harm reduction approach for AAS patients. When using aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in combination with solid androgen usage, medication such as tamoxifen is utilized to minimize estrogenic side effects. After using a lot of androgens, clomiphene citrate is utilized to help the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis heal. Following an AAS cycle, patients frequently take tamoxifen and clomiphene citrate together as “post-cycle therapy” (PCT). (Bonnecaze et al., 2021)

Validate an idea with your own experience and additional research.

Due to the stigma associated with AAS, users tend to seek information online through specialized forums and prefer peer support and advice over that of specialists. These inclinations may operate as obstacles to using professional assistance. (Harvey et al., 2019). Patients come to the hospital to get steroids for a variety of reasons and ailments. Education is always provided on the side effects and negative implications of long-term steroid use, but the patients don’t care. They always want to educate clinicians on what their friends told them or what they found out on Google.

Suggest an alternative perspective based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings.

An alternative viewpoint to take into account is the possible contribution of harm reduction tactics to lessening the adverse effects on society and individuals brought about by the stigma and criminalization of the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS).

Social Stigma and Criminalization: Studies have revealed that the stigma associated with the use of AAS, which is stoked by false beliefs and moral judgments, frequently results in discrimination, social exclusion, and reluctance on the part of users to seek medical assistance.

Healthcare Barriers: For AAS users, stigmatization and criminalization pose significant obstacles to receiving healthcare services. People may be discouraged from seeking medical guidance or assistance for steroid-related problems out of fear of being judged or facing legal ramifications. This could result in a delay in diagnosis, treatment, and harm reduction measures.

Adopting harm reduction concepts, such as client-centered and nonjudgmental methods, can assist in addressing the stigma and criminalization of the use of AAS.

Policy Implications: Addressing the underlying causes of stigma and discrimination related to AAS use can be facilitated by changing drug laws to place a higher priority on harm reduction than prosecution. This entails investing in harm reduction initiatives, decriminalizing the personal possession of steroids, and incorporating AAS education and support services into the current healthcare systems.

Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.

I agree there is a disconnect between patients who were ready for supervised cession and healthcare providers. Recognizing the harmful consequences of stigma and criminalization, adopting harm reduction strategies offers a more compassionate and practical approach to addressing the challenges associated with AAS use. By prioritizing health and human rights rather than punishment and moral judgment, society can better support AAS users and mitigate the individual and societal harms associated with steroid use.

Reference

Albano, G. D., Amico, F., Cocimano, G., Liberto, A., Maglietta, F., Esposito, M., Rosi, G. L., Di Nunno, N., Salerno, M., & Montana, A. (2021). Adverse Effects of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids: A Literature Review. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 9(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010097Links to an external site..

Bonnecaze, A. K., O’Connor, T., & Burns, C. A. (2021). Harm Reduction in Male Patients Actively Using Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) and Performance-Enhancing Drugs (PEDs): a Review. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 36(7), 2055–2064. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-06751-3Links to an external site..

Harvey, O., Keen, S., Parrish, M., & van Teijlingen, E. (2019). Support for people who use Anabolic Androgenic Steroids: A Systematic Scoping Review into what they want and what they access. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1024. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7288-x.

Sample Answer 4 for NURS 8201 WEEK 5 DISCUSSION: T-TESTS AND ANOVA IN CLINICAL PRACTICE

Article Description

With the COVID-19 pandemic, many colleges had to change their format to an online program instead of an in-person format. The article that I have selected discusses the switch to the online format and how nursing students feel about this change. It took a quantitative approach utilizing an online form to collect data from students to discover if they are satisfied with the online format and if there are any barriers that have been identified with this learning style. 

Summary of Sample Studied

The sample that was studied includes 219 nursing students. These nursing students are both undergraduate and graduate students. They are attending university in India. 

Data Sources

The data sources come from a questionnaire that the participants filled out. This questionnaire asked the demographic profile of the student filling out the questionnaire, their overall satisfaction with the program being online, and barriers that have been identified with the program being online. The satisfaction portion of the questionnaire had 15 items for study participants to fill out with categories ranging from highly dissatisfied to highly satisfied. The barriers portion had 20 items for study participants to fill out with always, sometimes, and never as options. 

Inferential Statistics used and associated findings

Inferential statistics help a researcher to draw conclusions from a sample to a population (Guetterman, 2019). Inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. This was used to help find the association of online learning and barriers related to the sociodemographic variables. 

Purpose and value of this research

The value of this research is helping to determine if the online learning model that many institutions were forced to adopt during the pandemic is something that can continue instead of moving back to the in-person model. By utilizing an online-only approach to learning, institutions can then employ instructors around the country instead of being limited to just the immediate vicinity that the institution is located in. This can also help the institution cut down on overhead costs by owning/renting fewer buildings. 

Did using inferential statistics strengthen or weaken this study’s application?

Utilizing inferential statistics is beneficial to researchers because they are able to make assumptions on data by using a smaller population, thus saving time and resources (Testbook, 2023). Using inferential statistics strengthened this study’s application. By better understanding what the barriers are related to online-only learning, institutions can help fix these to make online learning more beneficial to their students. For example, one of the biggest barriers that was noted in this study was a physical barrier such as eye strain. By identifying that this is a barrier that many students are noting with online classes, institutions can help to educate how to prevent eye strain and can also work to decrease eye strain themselves as well. 

References

Guetterman T. C. (2019). Basics of statistics for primary care research. Family medicine and community health, 7(2), e000067. https://doi.org/10.1136/fmch-2018-000067

Kumar, A., Kalal, N., Rana, N., Vyas, H., Choudhary, V., & Rani, R. (2021). Online learning in nursing students: Satisfaction and barriers. Journal of education and health promotion, 10, 411. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1221_20

Testbook. (2023, May 23). Inferential Statistics: Definition, Types, Formulas with Examples. Testbook. https://testbook.com/maths/inferential-statistics#:~:text=Inferential%20statistics%20enables%20us%20to