NURS 8310 DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY: DATA SOURCES AND DATA COLLECTION

 Health Problem Selected

Insulin resistance causes the body to be unable to appropriately manage blood sugar levels, which leads to type 2 diabetes, a chronic health issue. The illness is characterized by symptoms like tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, regions of darker skin, commonly in the neck and armpits, increased thirst, increased hunger, frequent urination, weariness, blurred eyesight, unintentional weight loss, and sluggish healing wounds. The United States is experiencing an epidemic of diabetes. More than 37 million Americans, according to the American Diabetes Association, have type 2 diabetes and must deal with its terrible effects (Holt, et al., 2021). About 2, 758,942 persons in Texas State have type 2 diabetes, which makes up 3% of the adult population (Holt et al., 2021). Furthermore, 621,000 or so Texans do not realize they have type 2 diabetes.
This further impedes their health and well-being by raising their risk of illness.
Every year, about 177,174 persons in Texas are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (Holt, et al., 2021). Obese individuals and those who lead sedentary lifestyles with little physical activity are more likely to have type 2 diabetes. Over 90% of those with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese to some extent, according to studies.
Research indicates that the degree of obesity is correlated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. An individual’s muscles and tissue cells are more resistant to insulin the more excess weight they have. Furthermore, although it is increasingly widespread in adolescents, teens, and young adults, the disease is more common in those over 45 (Holt, et al., 2021). Genes and family history are additional risk factors for type 2 diabetes, in addition to obesity and physical inactivity. According to Ismail, Materwala, and Al Kaabi (2021), the risk of type 2 diabetes in Texas is twice as high for African Americans as it is for Whites. African Americans in Texas have high prevalence of type 2 diabetes, which can be linked to several behavioral, biological, socioeconomic, and psychosocial risk factors. According to Curley (2020), the main goals of population-based nursing are to improve the treatment of chronic illnesses, advance personal health and well-being, and aid in the prevention of disease in various groups.
Methods of Sampling
To characterize and investigate type 2 diabetes, primary data can be gathered using a variety of sampling techniques. To gather information on type 2 diabetes, sample techniques such as cluster, stratified, and random sampling can be employed. Every member of the studied population has an identical probability of being chosen for a type 2 diabetes study since individuals are chosen solely by chance in random sampling (Berndt, 2020). One way to reduce selection bias is by calculating sampling error, which may be done with the use of random sampling.
Using stratified sampling, a sample is taken after the population has been split into smaller groups, each of which is made up of people who have comparable traits. Using stratified sampling, a study may guarantee representation from all subgroups and capture a range of racial, ethnic, and age demographics. Using stratified sampling, an equal sample is taken from each subgroup to create the study sample. This guarantees a more accurate and realistic depiction of type 2 diabetes prevalence across various populations (Berndt, 2020).
An additional sampling technique for gathering primary data to characterize and investigate type 2 diabetes is cluster sampling. Instead of using people as the sample method, cluster sampling uses subgroups of several populations. In cluster sampling, the study population is divided into various subgroups, and then participants are chosen at random to be included in the analysis (Berndt, 2020). For the purpose of studying populations from a broad geographic area, cluster sampling works well.
Secondary Sources of Information
A crucial secondary source of information on type 2 diabetes is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Current data on type 2 diabetes is available in the national diabetes statistics report, which is produced by the CDC. Updates on the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes and prediabetes are included in the national diabetes statistics report (Ariel-Donges et al., 2020). Furthermore, the risk factors for type 2 diabetes, the number of diabetes-related deaths, and the total cost of healthcare associated with the condition are all updated regularly in this report. The national diabetes statistics report also offers regular updates on the number of people with diabetes who have been diagnosed as well as those who have not.
Another secondary data source that can be used to get the information required to address type 2 diabetes is the American Diabetes Association. To enhance the lives of all those impacted by diabetes, the association gathers information on diabetes prevention and treatment. The association provides funding for studies on diabetes management, prevention, and treatment. Furthermore, the association updates the national and state-level burden of type 2 diabetes regularly (Holt et al., 2021). The group also offers updates on the total amount spent on healthcare due to type 2 diabetes and the number of deaths caused by the condition.
Accuracy of Case Identification
An extensive summary of type 2 diabetes incidence and prevalence is provided by the data gathered by the CDC and the American Diabetes Association. These organizations gather vital information on type 2 diabetes-related mortality, total healthcare costs associated with the condition, and diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes through standardized data gathering systems. Furthermore, these groups educate people on the symptoms and risk factors of type 2 diabetes as well as the importance of getting diagnosed for the illness (Holt et al., 2021).

References

Ariel-Donges, A. H., Gordon, E. L., Dixon, B. N., Eastman, A. J., Bauman, V., Ross, K. M.,& Perri, M. G. (2020). Rural/urban disparities in access to the National Diabetes Prevention Program.Translational behavioral medicine,10(6), 1554-1558.Berndt,A. E. (2020). Sampling methods.Journal of Human Lactation,36(2), 224-226.

Curley, A. L. (Ed.). (2020).Population-based nursing: Concepts and competencies for advanced practice. Springer Publishing Company.

Holt, R. I., DeVries, J. H., Hess-Fischl, A., Hirsch, I. B., Kirkman, M. S., Klupa, T., … &

Peters, A. L. (2021). The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD).Diabetes care,44(11), 2589-2625.

Ismail, L., Materwala, H., & Al Kaabi, J. (2021). Association of risk factors with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review.Computational and structural biotechnology

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WK2 Main post

Smoking or Tobacco Use: A Population Health Problem

Smoking or tobacco use, a health hazard, is a preventive and modifiable risk factor, although prevalent globally, leading to increased morbidity and mortality.  Tobacco use includes cigarettes, cigars, pipes, hookah, electronic cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco. It has a negative impact on the users and secondhand users; it is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, stroke, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).  Smoking potentially causes harm, particularly among youth, young adults, and pregnant women population. 88% of adults who smoke started before the age of 18. E-cigarette, a form of tobacco use, leads to environmental tobacco use, eliciting the effect of passive or secondhand smoking as in conventional cigarettes, although considered ideal for combustible tobacco use (Onor et al., 2017). Its use is predominantly higher among men aged 25 to 64, in non-Hispanic adults, with the lowest educational certificate, low-income earners, in the Midwest and South of the United States, among the divorced, separated or widowed, and with severe psychological distress (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023 (CDC)).  According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2023), tobacco kills more than eight million people, and 1.3 million are exposed to it annually.  They added that all forms of tobacco use are harmful without any safe level of exposure.

Primary Data Collection

Data collection and analysis provide healthcare professionals and policymakers with the basis for identifying population trends, intervention selection, outcome evaluation, and evidence-based practice implementation for the targeted population to prevent disease (Curley, 2019). There are several primary data collection methods. CDC and WHO developed a Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) as one of the primary data collection methods. Other primary methods are questionnaires, interviews, or longitudinal cohort studies or observations to sample tobacco use for effective evaluation of tobacco use-associated factors, individuals at risk, and predisposing environmental factors.  Therefore, any of these sampling methods would be helpful as a primary data collection depending on the project objectives and targeted population (Hyland et al., 2017).

Secondary data collection

To implement changes in tobacco use, secondary data collection could be a literature review, healthcare or government report, other journal articles written and compiled by other people, or systematic surveillance that integrates qualitative and quantitative data for better knowledge in addressing complex tobacco control problems (Fryer et al., 2017).

Combining primary and secondary data collection approaches would have a comprehensive positive effect on identifying tobacco risk, predisposition factors, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment. It will enhance coordinated global and national advancement to reduce tobacco-related diseases, disability, and death.  These methods will reinforce holistic awareness, explore knowledge determinants, and evaluate outcomes (Kankaria et al., 2021).

Reference

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, October 11). Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults in the United States. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm

Curley, A. L. C. (2019). Introduction to Population-Based Nursing. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826136749.0001Links to an external site.

Fryer, C. S., Seaman, E. L., Clark, R. S., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2017). Mixed methods research in tobacco control with youth and young adults: A methodological review of current strategies. PLoS ONE, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183471

Hyland, A., Ambrose, B. K., Conway, K. P., Borek, N., Lambert, E., Carusi, C., Taylor, K., Crosse, S., Fong, G. T., Cummings, K. M., Abrams, D., Pierce, J. P., Sargent, J., Messer, K., Bansal-Travers, M., Niaura, R., Vallone, D., Hammond, D., Hilmi, N., . . . Team, P. S. (2017). Design and Methods of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Tobacco Control, 26(4), 371. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052934

Kankaria, A., Sahoo, S. S., & Verma, M. (2021). Awareness regarding the adverse effect of tobacco among adults in India: findings from secondary data analysis of Global Adult Tobacco Survey. BMJ Open, 11(6), e044209. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044209

Onor, I. O., Stirling, D. L., Williams, S. R., Bediako, D., Borghol, A., Harris, M. B., Darensburg, T. B., Clay, S. D., Okpechi, S. C., & Sarpong, D. F. (2017). Clinical Effects of Cigarette Smoking: Epidemiologic Impact and Review of Pharmacotherapy Options. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101147

World Health Organization: WHO. (2023, July 31). Tobacco. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/tobacco