NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
The introduction for the Chamberlain University NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
The difference between cohort studies and randomized controlled trial
The primary difference between the two is that cohort study involves observation where the researcher cannot control the conditions or events. For example, the researcher cannot select the interventions or population, but rather observes what takes place in real-world scenarios (Wang & Kattan, 2020). On the other hand, in randomized-controlled trials, the research controls the experiment to find out casual relationships, for example, between treatment and outcome.
Advantages and disadvantages of cohort studies.
A cohort study gives the ability to observe multiple outcomes associated with either multiple or single exposures. Another advantage is that cohort studies allow researchers to study unusual or rare exposures, which is difficult with other experimental approaches (Camm & Fox, 2018). Additionally, cohort studies are not prone to selection bias since the outcome is not known prior to baseline exposure and exposures are assessed before the occurrence of the outcome.
The first disadvantage of cohort study design is that it is costly and time-consuming. The second limitation is that it requires following a large population and for over a long period (Wang & Kattan, 2020). The third disadvantage is that losses to follow-up can occur, leading to bias in association measures.
Characteristics of a correlational study
- The researcher cannot manipulate any variable since the research is non-experimental. Instead, the research only observes and measures the relationship(Paul, 2019).
- The two correlational variables have a dynamic pattern between them.
- Observes historical patterns and events
Pyramid level and meaning for cohort studies
In the evidence pyramid, cohort studies fall in level III. The highest level of evidence in the pyramid is the systematic reviews and meta-analysis followed by randomized controlled trials at level two. Level three means that cohort studies have a fairly high level of evidence that can be used to make clinical decisions.
References
Camm, A., & Fox, K. (2018). Strengths and weaknesses of ‘real-world’ studies involving non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Open Heart. , 5(1), e000788. https://doi.10.1136/openhrt-2018-000788.
Paul, A. (2019). Descriptive and correlational study of the epidemiological, clinical and etiological characteristics of peritonitis in the surgical department of the HUEH during the period from January 2013 to December 2018: A protocol study. International Journal of Surgery Protocols, 18. 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isjp.2019.10.001.
Wang, X., & Kattan, M. (2020). Cohort Studies: Design, Analysis, and Reporting. CHEST, S72-S78.
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Sample Answer 2 for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
What is the fundamental difference between the method you have chosen (either the case-control or cohort method) and the randomized controlled trial?
As iterated by our textbook, in a case-control study there are two groups of participants. One group is considered the cases and in this group all of the participants have the identified outcome and the other group is considered the controls and these participants do not have the identified outcome. The presence of the outcome is determined and then research moves backwards looking for the exposures and interventions and a calculation is made in a proportional manner. The fundamental difference between the case-control method and the randomized controlled trial is in the selection of participants. In the randomized control trial, these participants are chosen randomly to receive an intervention and/or a treatment in order to determine effectiveness through evaluation as opposed to the specifics of the two groups in a case-control study and their identifying factors as being cases or controls (Curley, 2020).
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the study method you chose (case-control or cohort study)?
An advantage of case-control studies is that it allows an opportunity to study participants who already have the identified outcome and determine the probability of a certain risk or exposure as being a cause of that outcome.
With that said, a disadvantage of case-control studies is that the calculations are expressed as odds ratios and is not exactly a clear determinate of risk (Curley, 2020). In addition, as iterated by Crump (2020) another disadvantage of case-control studies is that there is an increased chance for recall bias to occur in the cases group. This means that the cases group may make additional associations with what are “known exposures” to their outcomes than were experienced.
What are the characteristics of a correlational study?
A correlational study is a descriptive study that allows an opportunity for a relationship between variables to be determined. One characteristic of correlational studies is that data is collected on groups or populations as opposed to individual participants. It is also referred to as, or known as, ecologic studies. Another characteristic of correlational studies is that the data is easily accessible from sources such as vital records, census numbers and hospital records. In addition, another characteristic is its ability to find seasonal patterns, as well as trends that occur on a long-term basis as well in focused occurrences of events (Curley, 2020).
Where does the method you chose (case-control or cohort study) fall on the research pyramid? What does where it is on the research pyramid mean?
According to our Lesson in Week 2, the case-control method falls as the fourth from the top on the research pyramid (Chamberlain University School of Nursing, 2022). This means that its credibility is in the lower half of the hierarchy of evidence and is less credible than the methods above it (being Cohort-Studies, Randomized Controlled Trials and Systematic Reviews) and more credible than those below it (being Case Series/Case Reports, and Editorials/Expert Opinion).
Chamberlain University College of Nursing. (2022). NR503NP Week 2 Lesson: Epidemiology and Health Care Research. [Online Lesson]. https://chamberlain.instructure.com/courses/110344/pages/week-2-lesson-epidemiology-and-health-care-research?module_item_id=16012019
Curley, A.L. (2020). Population-based nursing: Concepts and competencies for advanced practice. (3rd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
Crump, K. (2020). The potential effects of recall bias and selection bias on the epidemiological evidence for the carcinogenicity of glyphosate. Risk Analysis, 40(4), 696-704. https://chamberlain.primo.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/01CUCON_INST/f6kb8f/cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_2331632785Links to an external site.
Sample Answer 3 for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
One thing was evident as I read all the different research and methods. It was clear how confusing and complex it can be, and I further noticed that all categories and methodologies have biases and flows. Additionally, it can be easily manipulated to produce the desired outcome. In so much that our week three literature points out “scientific misconduct (fraud),” and I can absolutely see so many avenues where this can happen (Curley, 2019).
The concern with scientific misconduct helped me understand the importance of peer review journals. Other experts in the field of research closely analyze the validity, application, outcome, bias, and many more to ensure it is a reliable study with the least amount of bias. According to Tantra, peer review subjects the author’s work to scrutiny by experts in the field, and it is more likely to produce high-quality research. (Tantra, 2019).
Another aspect of helping maintain research integrity is keeping interested parties away from the research. For example, suppose a pharmaceutical company wants to approve a new medication. In that case, they should not conduct the research, nor should they sponsor a third party to conduct the research—especially very profitable interventions. A term called “sponsorship bias” refers to the concept that industries are more likely to fund research that produces results in Aline with their commercial interests. (Leefmann, 2021).
In conclusion, I think the gold standard of research is knowing who is conducting the research. Who is sponsoring, and for what purpose. Knowing the motives first and then moving on to the quality of the research. Because as we all found out in this class, it is not that simple to understand.
References:
Curley, A. L. (2019). Population-based nursing: Concepts and competencies for advanced
practice (3rd ed.). Springer Publishing Company.
Leefmann, J. (2021). How to assess the epistemic wrongness of sponsorship bias? The case of
manufactured certainty. Frontiers in Research Metrics and
Analytics, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2021.599909Links to an external site.
Tantra, R. (2019). Peer-review publications. A Survival Guide for Research Scientists, 77- 86
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05435-9_7Links to an external site.
Sample Answer 4 for NR 503 Week 3: Discussion- Epidemiological Methods and Measurements
Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your discussion, I have learned that the fundamental difference between the case-control method and the randomized controlled trial is in the selection of participants. The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard for clinical research (Partlett et al., 2020). In an RCT, participants are randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group. The experimental group receives the intervention being tested, while the control group does not receive the intervention. The researcher then compares outcomes between the two groups to determine whether the intervention was effective. The case-control method is a type of observational study that is often used to study rare diseases or exposures (Bayot et al., 2021). In a case-control study, researchers identify subjects who have been diagnosed with a disease (cases) and subjects who do not have the disease (controls). They then compare exposure to a potential risk factor between the two groups.
References
Bayot, M. L., Brannan, G. D., Brannan, J. M., & Tenny, S. (2021). Human Subjects Research Design. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537270/Links to an external site.
Partlett, C., Hall, N. J., Leaf, A., Juszczak, E., & Linsell, L. (2020). Application of the matched nested case-control design to the secondary analysis of trial data. BMC medical research methodology, 20(1), 1-8. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12874-020-01007-wLinks to an external site.
Week 4: Open Forum Discussion
This is a required, but not graded open forum. Please feel free to post questions related to content or assignments.
Hello Professor and Class!
For the open discussion this week, I decided to go over a few of the concepts from the Midterm study guide just to help myself study!
Concomitant Diseases are defined as “occurring or existing at the same time as something else. In medicine, it may refer to a condition a person has or a medication a person is taking that is not being studied in the clinical trial he or she is taking part in” (National Cancer Institute, n.d.). This means that when a patient has heart disease, but also diabetes, and is in a study for diabetes treatment, the heart disease would be a concomitant disease.
SSRIs are known to have interactions with a few different herbal and homeopathetic treatments. The most important interaction is between SSRIs and St. Johns Wort. St. Johns Wort is a plant that is thought to help mild depression. However, “as a result of its ability to induce CYP3A4, 2E1, 2C9 and P-glycoproteins,” it is dangerous in conjunction with SSRIs (Bleakly, 2016). This can cause “transplant rejections, reducing the effectiveness of oral contraceptives causing unintended pregnancies, and studies demonstrate reduced levels and effectiveness of warfarin, digoxin, methadone and some benzodiazepines” (Bleakly, 2016).
It has been found that for pregnant patients with heart failure that diuretics are the best drug of choice. There is no evidence that diuretics harm the baby whatsoever and “the use of diuretics in circumstances where the mother becomes symptomatic on the basis of increased preload complicating left ventricular dysfunction justifies the use of diuretic therapy as first-line treatment” (Anthony & Silwa, 2016). Beta Blockers should only be taken if the life of the mother or child are at risk and ACE Inhibitors, Spironolactone, or Nitroglycerine should not be taken at all (Anthony & Silwa, 2016).
References
Anthony, J., & Sliwa, K. (2016). Decompensated Heart Failure in Pregnancy. Cardiac Failure Review, 2(1), 20–26. http://doi.org/10.15420/cfr.2015:24:2
Bleakly, S. (2016). Antidepressant drug interactions: Evidence and clinical significance. Progress in Neurology and Psychiatry. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/pnp.429
National Cancer Institute. (n.d.). Definition of concomitant. National Institutes of Health. Retrieved from https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/concomitant