NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
Walden University NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
Appropriate Drug Therapy for a Patient with MDD and A History of Alcohol Abuse
The recommended pharmacological treatment for MDD and alcohol abuse includes antidepressants and drugs for use disorder (AUD). Antidepressants include SSRIs like Sertraline, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Citalopram, and Escitalopram. Drugs indicated for AUD Naltrexone or Acamprosate (McHugh & Weiss, 2019). Therefore, a patient can be administered Sertraline and Naltrexone or Escitalopram and Acamprosate. McHugh and Weiss (2019) established that the use of acamprosate in AUD has a similar effect in patients with and without MDD. It also promotes alcohol abstinence, which contributes to the remission of depressive symptoms.
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are contraindicated in individuals with AUD since it poses a risk of toxicity and enhances the depressant effect of alcohol on the central nervous system (McHugh & Weiss, 2019). Remission of symptoms is anticipated within 2-6 weeks after initiating antidepressant therapy if there is treatment compliance.
Predictors of Late Onset Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Chronic physical and psychiatric disorders are risk factors for late-onset generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). According to Hellwig and Domschke (2019), physical disorders that are risk factors for late-onset GAD include heart failure, arrhythmias, respiratory disorders, and hyperlipidemia. Psychiatric disorders include phobia, cognitive impairment, depression, and history of GAD. Other predictors include poverty, a history of parental separation or loss, and individuals with a childhood history of adverse events.
Potential Neurobiology Causes of Psychotic Major Depression
Neurobiology factors that can cause psychotic MDD include abnormalities in the production of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and monoamine. MDD is attributed to reduced levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the CNS. Defects in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are also potential causes of MDD (Kaltenboeck & Harmer, 2018). Increased serum cortisol levels and reduced suppression of cortisol production are connected with MDD. In addition, immune system dysfunction with elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukins is a potential cause of depression. Lastly, Kaltenboeck and Harmer (2018) explain that structural and functional abnormalities in the limbic-cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic pathway can potentially cause major depression.
Symptoms Required For a Major Depression Episode to Occur
Major depression is diagnosed based on the presence of either a depressed/sad mood or diminished interest/pleasure in activities. Other symptoms include sleeping disturbances, weight changes, appetite changes, low energy levels, psychomotor retardation, feelings of worthlessness, reduced ability to think and concentrate, and the presence of suicidal thoughts or ideations (Christensen et al., 2020).
Classes of Drugs That Precipitate Insomnia
The drugs that cause insomnia include Cholinesterase Inhibitors like Rivastigmine and Donepezil; Beta Agonists like Carvedilol and Metoprolol; and SSRIs like Sertraline and Fluoxetine (Krystal et al., 2019).
Also Read:
Assessing and Treating Patients With Sleep Wake Disorders
Assessing and Treating Patients With ADHD
Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology
Assessing and Treating Patients With Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Addiction
References
Christensen, M. C., Wong, C. M. J., & Baune, B. T. (2020). Symptoms of major depressive disorder and their impact on psychosocial functioning in the different phases of the disease: do the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers differ?. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 280.
Hellwig, S., & Domschke, K. (2019). Anxiety in late life: an update on pathomechanisms. Gerontology, 65(5), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500306
Kaltenboeck, A., & Harmer, C. (2018). The neuroscience of depressive disorders: A brief review of the past and some considerations about the future. Brain and neuroscience advances, 2, 2398212818799269. https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212818799269
Krystal, A. D., Prather, A. A., & Ashbrook, L. H. (2019). The assessment and management of insomnia: an update. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 18(3), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20674
McHugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2019). Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive Disorders. Alcohol research: current reviews, 40(1), arcr.v40.1.01. https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01
Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
- In 3 or 4 sentences, explain the appropriate drug therapy for a patient who presents with MDD and a history of alcohol abuse. Which drugs are contraindicated if any, and why? Be specific. What is the timeframe that the patient should see the resolution of symptoms?
Recent controlled trial findings suggest that the best course of therapy for depression and alcohol dependency that co-occur is the combination of the antidepressant sertraline and the alcohol treatment drug naltrexone (Anker, 2019).Sertraline and naltrexone together have shown full remission of patients’ depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption between 8 to 12 weeks, with an early improvement in symptoms occurring within the first four weeks of usage (Thom et al., 2019).Antidepressants with an overdose risk, such as nortriptyline, duloxetine, or bupropion, are contraindicated in depressed people with a history of alcohol use(McHugh & Weiss, 2019). Because they may raise the risk of suicide, benzodiazepines are also not recommended.
- List 4 predictors of late-onset generalized anxiety disorder.
- Being female
- A life adverse event that has occurred recently.
- Having chronic physical medical conditions like heart failure, arrhythmia, respiratory disorders, and dyslipidemia among others.
- History of mental disorders like depression, phobia, and GAD (Park & Zarate, 2019).
- List 4 potential neurobiology causes of psychotic major depression.
- Hypersensitive to stress (Thom et al., 2019).
- Serotonin deficiency
- Propensity for major depressive disorder
- Higher amounts of dopamine
- An episode of major depression is defined as a period lasting at least 2 weeks. List at least 5 symptoms required for the episode to occur. Be specific.
- A decline in vigor or fatigue (Mullen, 2018).
- Depression
- Anhedonia
- Sleep issues
- A feeling of worthlessness
- List 3 classes of drugs, with a corresponding example for each class, that precipitate insomnia. Be specific.
- Dopamine agonists, which include various Parkinson’s disease treatments like pramipexole and apomorphine.
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), like sertraline and Prozac (Mullen, 2018).
- Decongestants and cold medications, such as oxymetazoline and phenylephrine.
References
Anker, J. (2019). Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder and Anxiety: Bridging the Psychiatric, Psychological, and Neurobiological Perspectives. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.03
McHugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2019). Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive Disorders. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01
Mullen, S. (2018). Major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Mental Health Clinician, 8(6), 275-283.https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2018.11.275
Park, L. T., & Zarate Jr, C. A. (2019). Depression in the primary care setting. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(6), 559-568.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1712493
Thom, R., Silbersweig, D. A., & Boland, R. J. (2019). Major depressive disorder in medical illness: a review of assessment, prevalence, and treatment options. Psychosomatic Medicine, 81(3), 246-255.DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000678
Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment
Anatomy of the Neuron
Neurons are information messengers with three main parts namely the cell body, axon, and the dendrites (Kringelbach et al., 2020). The cell body is made up of a nucleus and cytoplasm and produces protein required to construct other parts of the neuron. The axon, on the other hand, extends from the cell body and carries signals away from the cell body while the dendrites carry signals toward the cell body and have numerous synapses to receive the signal from nearby neurons. Upon stimulation, neurons transmit an electrical impulse that passes through the dendrite, to the cell body, axon, axon terminal, and finally, the stimulus is passed (Kringelbach et al., 2020). At the axonal terminal, the axon releases neurotransmitters that depolarize neighboring cells through synapses and by binding to the membrane of the dendrite.
Subcortical Structures
Other structures within the brain are subcortical structures that act as information hubs for the nervous system. Their main role is to relay and modulate information circulating in different areas of the brain. They include the basal ganglia, limbic structures, pituitary gland, and the diencephalon (Malinowski, 2019).
The limbic systems play a great role in learning and memory addiction. The systems provide the anatomical substrate for emotions and motivated behaviors, including the circulatory for reward-related events and stress responses. Specifically, the hippocampus is used to mediate a cognitive/spatial form of memory. It controls learning and declarative memory which covers the memory of facts and events (Malinowski, 2019). The dorsal striatum also helps in memory by mediating the stimulus-response habit memory. Addiction on the other hand is linked to the limbic system through the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus (Malinowski, 2019).
In line with motor control, the nigra striatal region offers two anatomically and functionally distinct portions knowns as the substantia nigra pars compacta and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
Glial Cells
Other essential components in the central nervous system are the glial cells. They include the astrocytes whose role is to maintain the environment for neuronal signaling by controlling the level of neurotransmitters surrounding the synapses (Hirbec et al., 2020). Equally, oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons forming a protective layer called myelin sheath which enhances neuron signaling. The cells also include microglia, ependymal cells, and radial glial whose roles are clearing dead cells or removing harmful toxins, maintaining homeostasis, and regenerating neurons and other glial cells like astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively.
Neuron Communication
Neurons communicate with each other through synaptic transmission. A chemical synapse is registered at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron (Malinowski, 2019). The dendrite picks up signals and passes the signals down to the axon, into the axon terminals, and into the synapses. The role of the chemical synapse is to transform the electrical signal in the presynaptic cell’s axon into a chemical signal and back into an electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell.
Neuroplasticity
Brain plasticity denotes the ability of the brain to reorganize itself and form new neural connections in response to extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli. Through axonal sprouting, the undamaged axons develop new nerve endings and reconnect neurons with severed or injured links (Mateos-Aparicio & Rodríguez-Moreno, 2019). For instance, undamaged brain sites of stroke patients rewire themselves to take over functions of the damaged brain sites. Similarly, the undamaged axons sprout nerve endings that connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form new neural pathways (Mateos-Aparicio & Rodríguez-Moreno, 2019). For example, exposing the brain to specific grammatical rules helps it process and develop language.
References
Hirbec, H., Déglon, N., Foo, L. C., Goshen, I., Grutzendler, J., Hangen, E., … & Escartin, C. (2020). Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia, 68(9), 1692-1728. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23780
Kringelbach, M. L., Cruzat, J., Cabral, J., Knudsen, G. M., Carhart-Harris, R., Whybrow, P. C., … & Deco, G. (2020). Dynamic coupling of whole-brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(17), 9566-9576. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921475117
Malinowski, M. N. (2019). Anatomy of the brain and brain stem. In Deer’s Treatment of Pain (pp. 49-59). Springer, Cham.
Mateos-Aparicio, P., & Rodríguez-Moreno, A. (2019). The impact of studying brain plasticity. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 13, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066