NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

Walden University NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

Stuck? Let Us Help You

Completing assignments can sometimes be overwhelming, especially with the multitude of academic and personal responsibilities you may have. If you find yourself stuck or unsure at any point in the process, don’t hesitate to reach out for professional assistance. Our assignment writing services are designed to help you achieve your academic goals with ease. 

Our team of experienced writers is well-versed in academic writing and familiar with the specific requirements of the NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment assignment. We can provide you with personalized support, ensuring your assignment is well-researched, properly formatted, and thoroughly edited. Get a feel of the quality we guarantee – ORDER NOW. 

Sample Answer for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

Appropriate Drug Therapy for a Patient with MDD and A History of Alcohol Abuse 

The recommended pharmacological treatment for MDD and alcohol abuse includes antidepressants and drugs for use disorder (AUD). Antidepressants include SSRIs like Sertraline, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, Citalopram, and Escitalopram. Drugs indicated for AUD Naltrexone or Acamprosate (McHugh & Weiss, 2019). Therefore, a patient can be administered Sertraline and Naltrexone or Escitalopram and Acamprosate. McHugh and Weiss (2019) established that the use of acamprosate in AUD has a similar effect in patients with and without MDD. It also promotes alcohol abstinence, which contributes to the remission of depressive symptoms.  

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are contraindicated in individuals with AUD since it poses a risk of toxicity and enhances the depressant effect of alcohol on the central nervous system (McHugh & Weiss, 2019). Remission of symptoms is anticipated within 2-6 weeks after initiating antidepressant therapy if there is treatment compliance. 

Predictors of Late Onset Generalized Anxiety Disorder 

Chronic physical and psychiatric disorders are risk factors for late-onset generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). According to Hellwig and Domschke (2019), physical disorders that are risk factors for late-onset GAD include heart failure, arrhythmias, respiratory disorders, and hyperlipidemia. Psychiatric disorders include phobia, cognitive impairment, depression, and history of GAD. Other predictors include poverty, a history of parental separation or loss, and individuals with a childhood history of adverse events. 

Potential Neurobiology Causes of Psychotic Major Depression 

Neurobiology factors that can cause psychotic MDD include abnormalities in the production of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, noradrenalin, and monoamine. MDD is attributed to reduced levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the CNS. Defects in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis are also potential causes of MDD (Kaltenboeck & Harmer, 2018). Increased serum cortisol levels and reduced suppression of cortisol production are connected with MDD. In addition, immune system dysfunction with elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers like C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukins is a potential cause of depression. Lastly, Kaltenboeck and Harmer (2018) explain that structural and functional abnormalities in the limbic-cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic pathway can potentially cause major depression.  

Symptoms Required For a Major Depression Episode to Occur 

Major depression is diagnosed based on the presence of either a depressed/sad mood or diminished interest/pleasure in activities. Other symptoms include sleeping disturbances, weight changes, appetite changes, low energy levels, psychomotor retardation, feelings of worthlessness, reduced ability to think and concentrate, and the presence of suicidal thoughts or ideations (Christensen et al., 2020).  

Classes of Drugs That Precipitate Insomnia 

The drugs that cause insomnia include Cholinesterase Inhibitors like Rivastigmine and Donepezil; Beta Agonists like Carvedilol and Metoprolol; and SSRIs like Sertraline and Fluoxetine (Krystal et al., 2019).   

Also Read:

Assessing and Treating Patients With Sleep Wake Disorders

Assessing and Treating Patients With ADHD

Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology

Assessing and Treating Patients With Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Addiction

References 

Christensen, M. C., Wong, C. M. J., & Baune, B. T. (2020). Symptoms of major depressive disorder and their impact on psychosocial functioning in the different phases of the disease: do the perspectives of patients and healthcare providers differ?. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 280. 

Hellwig, S., & Domschke, K. (2019). Anxiety in late life: an update on pathomechanisms. Gerontology, 65(5), 465-473. https://doi.org/10.1159/000500306 

Kaltenboeck, A., & Harmer, C. (2018). The neuroscience of depressive disorders: A brief review of the past and some considerations about the future. Brain and neuroscience advances, 2, 2398212818799269. https://doi.org/10.1177/2398212818799269 

Krystal, A. D., Prather, A. A., & Ashbrook, L. H. (2019). The assessment and management of insomnia: an update. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA), 18(3), 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20674 

McHugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2019). Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive Disorders. Alcohol research: current reviews, 40(1), arcr.v40.1.01. https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01 

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

1. In 3 or 4 sentences, explain the appropriate drug therapy for a patient who presents with MDD and a history of alcohol abuse. Which drugs are contraindicated if any, and why? Be specific. What is the timeframe that the patient should see the resolution of symptoms? 

Recent controlled trial findings suggest that the best course of therapy for depression and alcohol dependency that co-occur is the combination of the antidepressant sertraline and the alcohol treatment drug naltrexone (Anker, 2019).Sertraline and naltrexone together have shown full remission of patients’ depressive symptoms and alcohol consumption between 8 to 12 weeks, with an early improvement in symptoms occurring within the first four weeks of usage (Thom et al., 2019).Antidepressants with an overdose risk, such as nortriptyline, duloxetine, or bupropion, are contraindicated in depressed people with a history of alcohol use(McHugh & Weiss, 2019). Because they may raise the risk of suicide, benzodiazepines are also not recommended. 

2. List 4 predictors of late-onset generalized anxiety disorder.  

• Being female 
• A life adverse event that has occurred recently. 
• Having chronic physical medical conditions like heart failure, arrhythmia, respiratory disorders, and dyslipidemia among others. 
• History of mental disorders like depression, phobia, and GAD (Park & Zarate, 2019). 

3. List 4 potential neurobiology causes of psychotic major depression. 

• Hypersensitive to stress (Thom et al., 2019). 
• Serotonin deficiency  
• Propensity for major depressive disorder 
• Higher amounts of dopamine 

4. An episode of major depression is defined as a period lasting at least 2 weeks. List at least 5 symptoms required for the episode to occur. Be specific. 

• A decline in vigor or fatigue (Mullen, 2018). 
• Depression 
• Anhedonia 
• Sleep issues 
• A feeling of worthlessness 

5. List 3 classes of drugs, with a corresponding example for each class, that precipitate insomnia. Be specific.  

• Dopamine agonists, which include various Parkinson’s disease treatments like pramipexole and apomorphine. 
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), like sertraline and Prozac (Mullen, 2018). 
• Decongestants and cold medications, such as oxymetazoline and phenylephrine. 

References 

Anker, J. (2019). Co-Occurring Alcohol Use Disorder and Anxiety: Bridging the Psychiatric, Psychological, and Neurobiological Perspectives. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.03 

McHugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2019). Alcohol Use Disorder and Depressive Disorders. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(1). https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01 

Mullen, S. (2018). Major depressive disorder in children and adolescents. Mental Health Clinician, 8(6), 275-283.https://doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2018.11.275 

Park, L. T., & Zarate Jr, C. A. (2019). Depression in the primary care setting. New England Journal of Medicine, 380(6), 559-568.DOI: 10.1056/NEJMcp1712493 

Thom, R., Silbersweig, D. A., & Boland, R. J. (2019). Major depressive disorder in medical illness: a review of assessment, prevalence, and treatment options. Psychosomatic Medicine, 81(3), 246-255.DOI: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000678‌ 

Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6630 WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

Anatomy of the Neuron

Neurons are information messengers with three main parts namely the cell body, axon, and the dendrites (Kringelbach et al., 2020). The cell body is made up of a nucleus and cytoplasm and produces protein required to construct other parts of the neuron. The axon, on the other hand, extends from the cell body and carries signals away from the cell body while the dendrites carry signals toward the cell body and have numerous synapses to receive the signal from nearby neurons. Upon stimulation, neurons transmit an electrical impulse that passes through the dendrite, to the cell body, axon, axon terminal, and finally, the stimulus is passed (Kringelbach et al., 2020). At the axonal terminal, the axon releases neurotransmitters that depolarize neighboring cells through synapses and by binding to the membrane of the dendrite.

Subcortical Structures

Other structures within the brain are subcortical structures that act as information hubs for the nervous system. Their main role is to relay and modulate information circulating in different areas of the brain. They include the basal ganglia, limbic structures, pituitary gland, and the diencephalon (Malinowski, 2019). 

The limbic systems play a great role in learning and memory addiction.  The systems provide the anatomical substrate for emotions and motivated behaviors, including the circulatory for reward-related events and stress responses. Specifically, the hippocampus is used to mediate a cognitive/spatial form of memory. It controls learning and declarative memory which covers the memory of facts and events (Malinowski, 2019).  The dorsal striatum also helps in memory by mediating the stimulus-response habit memory. Addiction on the other hand is linked to the limbic system through the orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate gyrus (Malinowski, 2019).

In line with motor control, the nigra striatal region offers two anatomically and functionally distinct portions knowns as the substantia nigra pars compacta and the substantia nigra pars reticulata.

Glial Cells

Other essential components in the central nervous system are the glial cells. They include the astrocytes whose role is to maintain the environment for neuronal signaling by controlling the level of neurotransmitters surrounding the synapses (Hirbec et al., 2020). Equally, oligodendrocytes wrap around the axons forming a protective layer called myelin sheath which enhances neuron signaling. The cells also include microglia, ependymal cells, and radial glial whose roles are clearing dead cells or removing harmful toxins, maintaining homeostasis, and regenerating neurons and other glial cells like astrocytes and oligodendrocytes respectively.

Neuron Communication

Neurons communicate with each other through synaptic transmission. A chemical synapse is registered at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the dendrite of the postsynaptic neuron (Malinowski, 2019). The dendrite picks up signals and passes the signals down to the axon, into the axon terminals, and into the synapses. The role of the chemical synapse is to transform the electrical signal in the presynaptic cell’s axon into a chemical signal and back into an electrical signal in the postsynaptic cell.

Neuroplasticity

Brain plasticity denotes the ability of the brain to reorganize itself and form new neural connections in response to extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli.  Through axonal sprouting, the undamaged axons develop new nerve endings and reconnect neurons with severed or injured links (Mateos-Aparicio & Rodríguez-Moreno, 2019). For instance, undamaged brain sites of stroke patients rewire themselves to take over functions of the damaged brain sites. Similarly, the undamaged axons sprout nerve endings that connect with other undamaged nerve cells to form new neural pathways (Mateos-Aparicio & Rodríguez-Moreno, 2019).   For example, exposing the brain to specific grammatical rules helps it process and develop language.

References

Hirbec, H., Déglon, N., Foo, L. C., Goshen, I., Grutzendler, J., Hangen, E., … & Escartin, C. (2020). Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia, 68(9), 1692-1728. https://doi.org/10.1002/glia.23780

Kringelbach, M. L., Cruzat, J., Cabral, J., Knudsen, G. M., Carhart-Harris, R., Whybrow, P. C., … & Deco, G. (2020). Dynamic coupling of whole-brain neuronal and neurotransmitter systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(17), 9566-9576. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1921475117

Malinowski, M. N. (2019). Anatomy of the brain and brain stem. In Deer’s Treatment of Pain (pp. 49-59). Springer, Cham.

Mateos-Aparicio, P., & Rodríguez-Moreno, A. (2019). The impact of studying brain plasticity. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 13, 66. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2019.00066

NURS 6630 Assessing and Treating Patients With ADHD Sample

Assessing and Treating Patients With ADHD 

In the case study provided, a primary care practitioner suggested the patient, a Caucasian girl of eight years old, for therapy after her teacher expressed concern that she could have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Based on Katie’s teacher’s evaluation using the “Conner’s Teacher Rating Scale-Revised,” it has been observed that she displays signs of inattentiveness, being easily distracted, having difficulty retaining previously learned information, and struggling in spelling, reading, and arithmetic. She tends to focus on select topics and has a limited attention span. Her teacher says she seems disinterested and often gets distracted during her studies. Katie disregards instructions, initiates tasks without completing them, and overlooks her academic responsibilities. Katie’s parents strongly deny that their daughter has ADHD. According to the patient’s mother, Katie would exhibit hyperactive behavior if she had ADHD. She also notes that her daughter consistently displays respectful behavior and rarely shows signs of defiance or emotional outbursts. The patient’s diagnosis is Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive presentation, as determined by the mental status examination results.  

Developing a treatment plan for young children with mental health problems can be challenging due to the safety concerns associated with this age group. To ascertain the most efficacious prescription strategies, it is critical to consider the unique characteristics of each patient, which may influence how pharmaceuticals are metabolized within the organism and their interactions with its diverse systems. Several factors, including the child’s underlying condition, age, race or ethnicity, gender, and presence of symptoms, play a crucial role in determining the most appropriate treatment regimen (Nazarova et al., 2022). This paper centers on the decision-making process for managing an 8-year-old with ADHD who predominantly displays inattentive behavior. 

Decision Point One 

Decision and Justification 

Katie will initially be started on chewable 10 mg Ritalin (methylphenidate) pills, which will be taken orally every morning. The 2018 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline suggests that methylphenidate should be the initial pharmacological intervention for children over five and adolescents with ADHD (Mechler et al., 2022). Methylphenidate inhibits the reabsorption of dopamine and norepinephrine, as demonstrated in a recent study by Nazarova et al. (2022). The selective inhibition of these neurotransmitter transporters causes an increase in dopamine and NE concentrations in the synaptic cleft (Groom and Cortese, 2022). The chewable version is often advised for youngsters since it contains sweeteners that assist in hiding the medication’s taste. Methylphenidate treatment for ADHD in youth is thought to be safe when used for two years (Drechsler et al., 2020). Following up on prescribed exams is essential, especially for heart rate and pulse monitoring. 

When children take bupropion, their behavior may alter. They may become more aggressive and agitated, have depressed symptoms, or have thoughts of harming themselves (Castells et al., 2020). Therefore, it was not an optimal decision. For this reason, Intuniv was not chosen because of the significant risks associated with it, including syncope, bradycardia, and psychological symptoms such as depression, hallucinations, and thoughts of suicide (Lilja et al., 2022). 

Expected Outcome 

In the next four weeks, the patient is anticipated to have reduced symptoms associated with ADHD (Young et al., 2021). Throughout this timeframe, the individual is expected to enhance her capacity to concentrate, maintain attention, communicate with efficacy, execute mathematical assignments, and exhibit mastery in spelling. Her cognitive advancement will persist throughout this phase. 

Ethical Considerations 

Considering the kid’s age of eight, it falls within the parents’ legal jurisdiction to make decisions regarding her health. To assist them in making informed choices about their daughter’s health, the PMHNP should educate parents about the condition and available treatments (Rodrigues et al., 2020).  

Decision Point Two 

Decision and Justification 

The second intervention was taking a 20 mg extended-release Ritalin dosage every morning. Extended-release medications typically exhibit a gradual onset of action. Medications are commonly administered in a controlled manner and gradually released into the patient’s circulatory system throughout the day. After consumption, some of the drug is quickly absorbed; this usually happens in the early morning (Mechler et al., 2022). These medications provide a practical choice for patients seeking a single tablet that provides long-lasting symptom relief (Groom & Cortese, 2022). According to Nazarova et al. (2022), the administration of this medication is limited to a single dose per day, which enhances its degree of simplicity and convenience. The patient exhibited an increased pulse rate, a known and extensively studied adverse effect of Ritalin. According to Drechsler et al. (2020), this effect is anticipated to diminish over time.  

Because the client may have symptoms later in the day after the drug’s effects have dissipated, it is recommended against continuing the methylphenidate dosage (Castells et al., 2020). Lilja et al. (2022) suggest a possible increase in non-suicidal behavior among young individuals linked to the use of Adderall. Based on the evidence, it may not be recommended to transition from Ritalin to Adderall. 

Expected Outcome 

The patient should expect the extended-release medication to sufficiently manage their symptoms throughout the day for the following four weeks (Young et al., 2021). Significant improvement will be observed in the patient’s execution within an educational setting. The negative impacts of an increased heart rate will dissipate during this stage.   

Ethical Considerations 

The decision made by the PMHNP took into consideration the patient’s autonomy. The patient preferred gaining knowledge about the medication’s possible side effects and long-term efficacy rather than delving into its mode of action. To improve clients’ psychological well-being, it is essential to exercise professional judgment and make decisions with utmost consideration for their interests (Rodrigues et al., 2020).     

Decision Point Three 

Decision and Justification 

It was advised to maintain the patient’s medication regimen for the third intervention and reassess after four weeks. The patient said the medicine reduced the adverse effects of a raised heart rate. Existing research indicates that the reduction of ADHD symptoms usually occurs within a period of eight to twelve weeks after determining the optimal dosage of Ritalin (Mechler et al., 2022). The medicine may be administered for a lengthy period at safe levels with no notable adverse effects (Drechsler et al.,2020). As a consequence, it is recommended that patients be re-evaluated after four weeks. Extended use of Ritalin may minimize the frequency of adverse effects by creating drug tolerance, hence enhancing its safety profile (Groom & Cortese, 2022).    

Research has indicated that administering lower doses of Ritalin has been associated with favorable outcomes and a reduced risk of adverse effects (Castells et al., 2020). Therefore, there is no need to increase the dose to 30 mg. During the latest consultation, a patient’s heart rate peaked at 92, which falls within the expected range for her age. Thus, it was concluded that an ECG is unnecessary (Lilja et al., 2022). 

Expected Outcome 

It is expected that the child’s ADHD symptoms will improve in the following week if they continuously adhere to the prescribed treatment plan (Young et al., 2021). It is anticipated that she will succeed in her scholarly endeavors. There won’t be any adverse effects.     

Ethical Considerations 

The primary ethical goal of a nurse is to give precedence to improving a patient’s overall health while preventing any possible damage. The patient conveyed contentment over the outcomes of the therapy. It is crucial to adhere to the recommended dosage while also considering the patient’s autonomy to consistently assess the efficacy of the treatment (Rodrigues et al., 2020). 

Conclusion 

An eight-year-old with symptoms consistent with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was recruited as a case study participant. When devising a treatment strategy, it is essential to consider many patient-specific variables that influence the metabolism, elimination, absorption, distribution, and interactions of medications inside the body. The appropriate medications depend on the client’s clinical symptoms, mental diagnosis, and demographic traits, such as age, race, and gender (Young et al., 2021). Based on the factors mentioned, it was decided to administer a 10mg Ritalin tablet in an edible format daily (Mechler et al., 2022). The recommendations of medical experts primarily influenced the decision. These experts have conducted research and concluded that the treatment is effective for alleviating ADHD symptoms and safe for use in kids (Groom & Cortese, 2022). According to Castells et al. (2020), it has been found that bupropion and Intuniv may have a higher likelihood of leading to unfavorable outcomes in kids and teens. Following four weeks, the patient revisited the clinic and provided an update on their symptoms, noting a decrease in symptoms alongside an observed increase in heart rate.  

The second strategy involved modifying the course of therapy to LA Ritalin 20mg, which was administered in the morning to ensure sustained therapeutic effects during the day (Drechsler et al., 2020). It is not recommended to use Adderall due to the heightened risk of suicide and the challenges in maintaining a proper dosage (Lilja et al., 2022). The decision to continue medication and reassess the patient after four weeks was predicated on the patient’s worsened symptoms of ADHD and the lack of adverse effects associated with an increased heart rate (Nazarova et al., 2022). Safety considerations may exclude the need for electrocardiograms or dose adjustments of Ritalin in some circumstances. In light of many moral quandaries, the PMHNP regularly demonstrated adherence to ethical norms, including but not limited to beneficence, fairness, and respect for patient autonomy, in our decision-making process (Rodrigues et al., 2020). 

References 

Castells, X., Ramón, M. A., Cunill, R., Olivé, C., & Serrano, D. (2020). Relationship between treatment duration and efficacy of pharmacological treatment for ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Meta-analysis of 87 randomized controlled clinical trials. Journal of Attention Disorders, 25(10), 1352–1361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054720903372 

Drechsler, R., Brem, S., Brandeis, D., Grünblatt, E., Berger, G., & Walitza, S. (2020). ADHD: current concepts and treatments in children and adolescents. Neuropediatrics, 51(05), 315–335. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1701658 

Groom, M. J., & Cortese, S. (2022). Current pharmacological treatments for ADHD. In Current topics in behavioral neurosciences (pp. 19–50). https://doi.org/10.1007/7854_2022_330 

Lilja, M., Sandblom, E., Lichtenstein, P., Serlachius, E., Hellner, C., Bhagia, J., & Halldner, L. (2022). The effect of autistic traits on response to and side-effects of pharmacological ADHD treatment in children with ADHD: results from a prospective clinical cohort. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11689-022-09424-2 

Mechler, K., Banaschewski, T., Hohmann, S., & Häge, A. (2022). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment options for ADHD in children and adolescents. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 230, 107940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107940 

Nazarova, V. A., Соколов, А. В., Chubarev, V. N., Tarasov, V. V., & Schiöth, H. B. (2022). Treatment of ADHD: Drugs, psychological therapies, devices, complementary and alternative methods, and trends in clinical trials. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1066988 

Rodrigues, R., Lai, M., Beswick, A., Gorman, D. A., Anagnostou, E., Szatmári, P., Anderson, K. K., & Ameis, S. H. (2020). Practitioner Review: Pharmacological treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children and youth with autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 62(6), 680–700. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13305 

Young, J. R., Yanagihara, A., Dew, R. E., & Kollins, S. H. (2021). Pharmacotherapy for Preschool Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Current Status and Future Directions. CNS Drugs, 35(4), 403–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40263-021-00806-z