NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
ST Thomas University NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
Various approaches are applied in healthcare research to analyze difficulties and improve patient care. Though each has its own advantages and disadvantages, qualitative and quantitative research designs present distinctive viewpoints. Actual practice in nursing and patient care is enhanced by incorporating these methods, which promote a complete understanding of healthcare phenomena.
One study by Scanzera and colleagues (2023) named “Barriers and facilitators to ophthalmology visit adherence in an urban hospital setting” is a perfect instance of a recent qualitative research design in nursing healthcare. With the objective to understand patients’ opinions on challenges to receiving eye care services, this investigation used semi-structured interviews. The researchers were in a position to examine the experiences and views of patients in great detail because of the qualitative technique. This also revealed subtle variables including financial restraints, lack of knowledge about eye diseases and difficulties with transportation (Scanzera et al., 2023). Through the use of thematic analysis, the academics were able to pinpoint important themes that provided insights into the hurdles to timely eye treatment and helped medical personnel better meet the wants and needs of their patients.
Conversely, a trial by Kolcu & Ergun (2020) named “Effects of a Nurse-Led Health Education Intervention on Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control in Hypertensive Patients” illustrates a current quantitative research design in nursing. It evaluated the effects of a nurse-led health education intervention on hypertension patients’ medication adherence and blood pressure control using a randomized controlled trial (RCT) methodology. With a fair technique and electronic monitoring equipment, the scholars were able to reliably monitor blood pressure readings and gather objective data on drug compliance. The study showed, through statistical analysis, that the intervention group topped the control group in terms of medication adherence and blood pressure control (Kolcu & Ergun, 2020). In controlling hypertension and fostering improved health outcomes, this proved the efficiency of nurse-led therapies.
It’s imperative to acknowledge the pros and cons of each of these two research designs when critically appraising them. Broad insights into people’s lived experiences are provided by qualitative research which helps us comprehend complicated phenomena better and inspires patient-centered treatment strategies that are integrative in form. Nevertheless, owing to its subjective nature and small sample figures, it might not be very generalizable (Olaghere et al., 2023). On the other hand, quantitative research gives objective data and makes it possible to determine cause-and-effect connections through statistical analysis which improves the validity and precision of conclusions. However, it could miss contextual elements and not fully convey the variety of patient views. In general, combining these designs in healthcare research can encourage patient care and nursing practice that is grounded in evidence.
References
Kolcu, M. & Ergun, A. (2020). Effect of a nurse-led hypertension management program on quality of life, medication adherence and hypertension management in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. Geriatrics and Gerontology International, 20(12): 1182-1189. Retrieved from: DOI: 10.1111/ggi.14068
Olaghere, A., Wilson, D.B. & Kimbrell, C. (2023). Inclusive critical appraisal of qualitative and quantitative findings in evidence synthesis. Research Synthesis Methods, 14(6): 847-852. Retrieved from: DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1659
Scanzera, A.C., Sherrod, R.M., Potharazu, A.V., Nguyen, D., Beversluis, C., Karnik, N.S., Chan, R.V.P., Kim, S.J., Krishnan, J.A. & Musick, H. (2023). Barriers and facilitators to ophthalmology visit adherence in an urban hospital setting. Translational Vision Science and Technology, 12(10): 11. Retrieved from: doi: 10.1167/tvst.12.10.11
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Sample Answer 2 for NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
Research uses qualitative and quantitative methods to collect and analyze data. Both methods seek to comprehend a phenomenon, but their philosophical foundations, data collection methods, and analytical methods differ.
Qualitative Research Design
Interpretivist qualitative studies dig in the psychological life of people, and try to find out, comprehend and assess their subjective experiences, meanings and viewpoints (‘Creswell & Creswell’, 2018). The third approach is provided when the research problem involves detailed investigation of a complicated situations or fields which cannot be restricted to only numerical data.
Qualitative research can help to collect data that is detailed, layered and thoroughly embedded where needed. Interviews, observations, focus groups, and document review are the methods used in this context to collect data directly from study participants in their environment where they reside or engage in their community activities (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). This brings forward people’s thinking patterns or the way they see things, what they do and what they think of what they experience. Quantitative research proceeds according to numbers and accounts, but qualitative research takes into consideration human complexity in the whole and tries to inspect events in their contexts.
Qualitative research is a ray of strong sunshine that limites their generalizability because of its context and the participants involved. Qualitative research encounters problems of: it is not possible to infer any causality by analyzing only small groups and it is allowed to use purposive sampling that is unreliable in generalization to the larger population (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Researchers should also practice as reflexive and transparent as they possibly can, in a research activity which is subjective, and can further induce bias in the data collection and analysis process.
Quantitative Research Design
Quantitative research design is based on positivism, which holds that reality is objective and quantifiable (Creswell & Creswell, 2018 This method is useful for hypothesis testing, variable relationships, and sample-to-population generalization.
For quantitative research, surveys, experiments, and systematic observations generate numbers (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). Statistical analysis shows relationships, patterns, and trends. In quantitative research, researchers form hypotheses based on theories or previous research and then test them with data.
Quantitative research is objective, repeatable, and generalizable. Standardised data collection, probability sampling, and statistical analysis improve reliability and validity (Merriam & Tisdell, 2016). Quantitative research will give researchers the opportunity to exactly determine the facts by comparing individuals, places, and times and so on.
From time to time this qualitative research receives the same kind of criticism that it does not relaly reflect the true nature of the human beings and their activities. One shortcoming of having a research that is quantitative is that it might overlook contextual details, experience of the subjects, and the individual meaning. This was explained by Creswell & Cornell (2018). The quantitative approach rather than capturing procisions provide facts at specific temporal intervals the dynamic of people behavior may remain unconsidered.
Coincidentally, there is no inherent contradiction between qualitative and quantitative research. Mixed-methods research combines elements of both approaches to better understand the study problem (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). For a more full picture, mixed-methods research blends qualitative and quantitative data’s depth, generalizability, and statistical rigor.
The research topic, phenomena, and purpose determine research design. To test hypotheses, examine correlations between variables, and generalize to broader populations, quantitative research is superior than qualitative research, which explores complicated, context-dependent phenomena and subjective experiences.
References
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). Sage Publications.
Merriam, S. B., & Tisdell, E. J. (2016). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (4th ed.). Jossey-Bass.
Sample Answer 3 for NUR 501 Module 2 Discussion Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
This week’s discussion is an opportunity for us to explore the world of research in the nursing field, starting with the fundamentals, which is understanding the differences between qualitative and quantitative research designs. A qualitative research design is a type of research that explores real-world problems, providing insights into various phenomena that we cannot put into numerical data (Tenny et al., 2022). Such phenomena, within the realm of nursing, range from patient and nurse experiences, to attitudes and perceptions of nurses and patients. Thus, a qualitative research design could be used to explore and gain deeper insights into participants’ attitudes, perceptions, experiences, and even behavior (Tenny et al., 2022). An example is a recent study by De Benedictis et al. (2022) to explore the experiences of frontline nurses during the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic. The advantages of conducting a study using a qualitative research design is that we can explore participants’ lived experiences, answering the questions “how” and “why.” This research design enables us to explore issues that we cannot quantify or put in numerical data. Thus, we can also say that another advantage of qualitative research designs is that they enable us to put human touch into research, enabling us to obtained nuanced insights beyond what data can explain.
Various study designs lend themselves to qualitative research, including ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, and narrative research. Ethnography is a qualitative research design involving the direct involvement of the research in the participant’s lived experiences, where the researcher attempts to gain insights by living with and observing the participant’s actions, behaviors, and events, among others, within their natural environment (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014). Grounded theory, on the other hand, involves the attempt to generate theoretical models to explain a phenomenon or relationships between various phenomena (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014). Phenomenology entails explaining why participants behave in a particular way from their own perspective, which is slightly different from what ethnography studies (observed behavior, which requires researcher’s own interpretation). Finally, the narrative research design applies the storytelling technique to provide rich and nuanced insights regarding participants’ lived experiences. As you will note, these designs have slight differences, but all rely on nonnumerical data to explain the “how” and “why” things are the way they are. That is the essence of a qualitative research design.
On the other hand, a quantitative research design involves conducting studies with specific focus using narrowly defined research designs to generate statistical or numerical data that can explain relationships and more (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014). The goal of a quantitative research design is to provide objective, unbiased interpretation. The data generated in a quantitative study can be used to explain, describe, as well as predict relationships between two or more variables. In such studies, which often involve manipulation of variables, researchers clearly define their variables to facilitate analysis post-study (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014). Other important elements of a quantitative research design include a hypothesis (research’s prediction), study groups (randomized or conveniently sampled based on common, desirable characteristics), and outcomes (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014). Quantitative research designs come in three types, including correlational, quasi-experimental, and descriptive research. Correlational research designs help researchers investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between two or more variables, such as the study of the relationship between sleep quality and cardiovascular health (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014). A quasi-experimental research design, on the other hand, evaluates the underlying cause of a problem to study its impact or influence on variables, without necessarily meeting the rigor of a true experimental design (Ingham-Broomfield, 2014). Finally, a descriptive research design offers an opportunity to numerically describe existing things or relationships, or discover a new meaningful by gleaning through data (example, Ojedoyin & Jegede, 2022). Choosing a quantitative research design depends on the kind of relationships a researcher wants to investigate and whether this research would require a true experimental or quasi-experimental design to accomplish. Thank you all!
References
De Benedictis, A., Gualandi, R., Saccoccia, S., Pensieri, C., Piredda, M., De Micco, F., Marchetti, A., Facchinetti, G., Pasquarelli, A. A., De Carolis, C., Di Blasio, I., Tartaglini, D., & Alloni, R. (2022). Back to the roots of nursing: Qualitative study on the experience of nurses in the front line during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, 903517. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.903517
Ingham-Broomfield, R. (2014). A nurse’s guide to quantitative research. Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(2), 32-38. https://www.ajan.com.au/archive/Vol32/Issue2/4Broomfield.pdf
Ojedoyin, O. E., & Jegede, A. S. (2022). A quantitative study of nurses’ perception to advance directive in selected private and public secondary healthcare facilities in Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC Medical Ethics, 23(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-022-00825-5
Tenny, S., Brannan, J. M., & Brannan, G. D. (2022). Qualitative study. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470395/
NUR 600 NUR 501 Module 3 Assignment Middle Range Theory Utilization & Application Paper STU
Middle Range Theory Utilization & Application Paper
Nurses work in diverse healthcare settings, encountering patients with varying needs. Nurses’ professional and ethical obligation underlines the need for a detailed assessment of the needs and an effective response through holistic care. Nursing theories provide frameworks for implementing and evaluating patient care. Middle-range theories are more specific in focus and verifiable than grand nursing theories, allowing them to offer more concrete connections between theory and practice (Smith et al., 2023). Understanding their application and relevance in the clinical practice can help nurses deliver excellence, irrespective of the setting. The purpose of this paper is to explore a middle-range theory with particular attention to its utilization and application in practice.
Components of the Theory
Nursing practitioners and researchers develop theories based on their experiences with patient care and a critical evaluation of interventions that improve outcomes. Katharine Kolcaba developed the Theory of Comfort (TC) in 1994 based on the observed or provided patient care in various settings like the operating room, medical/surgical units, and long-term facilities (Vo et al., 2020; Schmidt & Brown, 2024). The theory’s basic components include elements that enhance comfort: relief, ease, and transcendence. From Kolcaba’s perspective, comfort is the holistic experience acquired after the relief, ease, and transcendence needs are addressed (Lin et al., 2023; Martin et al., 2022). Relief denotes the unmet comfort needs that are typically severe. Hence, relief occurs when a comfort need is met. The element of ease stresses the need to prevent issues that make someone uncomfortable; thus, it is associated with calmness and contentment. Transcendence means a care experience that enables the person to overcome health problems or pain.
Kolcaba suggested that holistic care that enhances comfort is implemented under four domains: physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and environmental. According to Lin et al. (2023), the physical domain is primarily about bodily sensations and functions, while the psychospiritual aspect represents elements such as self-esteem, life meaning, and connection to a higher power. The third domain, sociocultural, refers to someone’s relationships with others, mainly family and friends. The environmental domain represents the external world, like nature (Vo et al., 2020). The needs under each domain should be addressed to enhance comfort.
The comfort theory’s philosophical underpinnings are that humans respond to multidimensional stimuli holistically, and comfort is the outcome of the holistic process that influences healthy choices. In this case, patients and their families are motivated to engage in health-seeking behaviors once their comfort is enhanced. The desire to engage fully in healthy choices may occur consciously or subconsciously, provided that a stimulus (comfort) is present.
Structural Aspects of the Theory
Kolcaba’s theory is established on the Conceptual Framework for Comfort Theory (Appendix A). The framework proposes that the process of achieving positive patient outcomes starts with healthcare professionals (HCPs) assessing the patients’ or family members’ comfort needs (Lin et al., 2023). The detailed assessment of these needs guides HCPs in designing appropriate interventions while considering intervening variables. In a clinical setting, intervening variables are factors that nursing professionals cannot easily change, such as financial resources and the patients’ extent of social support (Lin et al., 2023). Next, HCPs evaluate comfort before and after implementing the interventions. Adherence to this process promotes health-seeking behaviors and enhances the institution’s integrity. Dominant markers of improved integrity include a higher value, financial stability, and the wholeness of an institution at the community, state, and national levels.
Application in a Practice Area
Patients visiting the emergency unit have complex physical and mental health needs. Their conditions are characteristically painful, necessitating a caring and comfortable care environment. Kolcaba’s comfort theory helps to answer various questions regarding care for critically ill patients. For instance, TC helps nursing professionals design care that will effectively respond to the stressful experiences of children and adults during emergency room visits. As Freire et al. (2020) noted, integrating the theory into inpatient care can help nursing practitioners to create comfort and behaviors that make patients and their families comfortable. Importantly, TC helps to answer the question of how nurses can structure the care process to prevent adverse physiological complications and ensure improvements in the patient’s mental and physical health.
Emergency care necessitates a holistic procedure to promote healing and encourage health-seeking behaviors. Given this, Lin et al. (2023) stressed the need for nurses to implement solutions that relieve patients and help them identify the causes of their discomfort and overcome it. As nurses design interventions to address patient needs, they should strive to address needs to accomplish relief, ease, and transcendence, as the TC proposes. The TC framework suggests a procedural approach where the critical outcome (comfort) is measured before and after the intervention (Lin et al., 2023). A similar approach is appropriate in emergency settings to ensure the desired health goals and guide nurses in making the necessary treatment adjustments as situations prompt. The outcome-driven nature of TC and its focus on comfort validate its applicability in emergency settings.
A theory’s strengths and weaknesses help healthcare practitioners determine its relevance and appropriateness in practice. A key strength of the TC is its observable and easily measurable variables. Therefore, it is easy to implement and evaluate. Besides, comfort is a critical component of patient care needed for patients in all settings. However, which is a considerable limitation, it is challenging to determine whether all patients seek and approve genuine encounters that enhance comfort (Vo et al., 2020). Despite the differences in patient values and preferences, TC application promotes positive care experiences in general.
Use of Theory in Clinical Practice
Theories provide frameworks for structuring patient care, executing processes, and measuring outcomes. Nursing research demonstrates TC as a suitable model for promoting holistic care. In this case, nurses apply it to address the patients’ multidimensional needs as the environmental, social, and physical conditions necessitate. For instance, Freire et al. (2020) evaluated its application in the context of patients with chronic kidney disease. Guided by the fundamental concepts of the TC, care providers addressed issues causing discomfort related to physical, environmental, psychospiritual, and social variables. Freire et al. (2020) found that the approach enabled healthcare professionals to assist patients holistically based on promoting comfort. These findings highlight the significance of TC in clinical settings and why it should be used to maximize patient outcomes.
TC is also applied as a guide for improving the mental health of healthcare practitioners. As Vo et al. (2020) stated, nurses working in demanding work environments, such as caring for COVID-19 patients, experience health issues that can be addressed through interventions that implement the TC recommendations. In this study, the authors highlight some practices for nurses to optimize their mental health following the TC framework. For instance, practicing nurses were advised to take vacations to attain environmental relief, ease, and transcendence. Mediation and engaging in appropriate religious practices were identified as suitable practices for achieving and sustaining psychospiritual transcendence (Vo et al., 2020). Given the critical need for a mentally stable workforce, such practices should be reinforced, and nurses supported accordingly.
Evaluation of Theory
Nursing literature explains the key concepts and domains of the TC straightforwardly. The concepts are explained, and their practice application is demonstrated in detail, making it easy to understand and link with the present patient care. The theory is also demonstrated as universally applicable in clinical practice and with specific procedures that introduce excellent nursing practice (Martins et al., 2022). Regarding anticipated difficulties, there are no specific tools to measure comfort accurately and universally. In this case, it would be challenging to determine whether maximum comfort has been accomplished after a particular intervention or whether some adjustments are necessary. Regarding the strategies to make TC more usable or applicable to practice, Castro et al. (2021) found that an interdisciplinary approach to its implementation in oncology palliative care optimizes patient outcomes. Accordingly, interprofessional collaboration should be stressed when delivering patient care guided by the TC framework.
Conclusion
Patients require high-quality care that addresses their multidimensional needs comprehensively. Nursing theories provide frameworks for structuring patient care to achieve specific outcomes. TC’s fundamental principle is comfort, which is characterized by relief, ease, and transcendence. As discussed in this paper, TC can be applied in emergency care and other settings to maximize comfort in a healing environment. It is also the foundation of holistic care and a guide for mental health promotion among nursing professionals. To make it more applicable to practice, healthcare professionals should embrace an interdisciplinary approach to deliver the best outcomes for patients and families.
References
Castro, M. C. F. D., Fuly, P. D. S. C., Santos, M. L. S. C. D., & Chagas, M. C. (2021). Total pain and comfort theory: implications in the care to patients in oncology palliative care. Revista Gaúcha de Enfermagem, 42, e20200311. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-1447.2021.20200311
Freire, S. D. M. L., Melo, G. A. A., Lima, M. M. D. S., Silva, R. A., Caetano, J. Á., & Santiago, J. C. D. S. (2020). Contexts of experience of being (un) comfortable in patients with chronic kidney disease. Escola Anna Nery, 24, e20190326. https://doi.org/10.1590/2177-9465-EAN-2019-0326
Lin, Y., Zhou, Y., & Chen, C. (2023). Interventions and practices using Comfort Theory of Kolcaba to promote adults’ comfort: an evidence and gap map protocol of international effectiveness studies. Systematic Reviews, 12(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02202-8
Martins, A. G., Sousa, P. P., & Marques, R. M. (2022). Comfort: theoretical contribution to nursing. Cogitare Enfermagem, 27, e85214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/ce.v27i0.87723
Sepahvand, F., Valizadeh, F., & Khanjarian, F. (2021). Application of Kolcaba’s theory of comfort for a 12-year-old epileptic adolescent admitted to the emergency room: a case study. Interdisciplinary Journal of Acute Care, 2(1), 31-41. DOI: 10.22087/ijac.2021.146338
Schmidt, N. A., & Brown, J. M. (2024). Evidence-based practice for nurses: Appraisal and application of research. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Smith, M. J., Liehr, P. R., & Carpenter, R. D. (Eds.). (2023). Middle range theory for nursing. Springer Publishing Company.
Vo, T. (2020). A practical guide for frontline workers during COVID-19: Kolcaba’s comfort theory. Journal of patient Experience, 7(5), 635-639. https://doi.org/10.1177/2374373520968392
Appendices
Appendix A: Conceptual Framework for Comfort Theory