NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
Week 3 Discussion: Pulmonary Function and Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base
Pulmonary Function
According to the case study information, how would you classify the severity of a D.R. asthma attack?
D.R.’s appearance indicates a moderate to severe asthma exacerbation. His symptoms, which include shortness of breath, wheezing, exhaustion, coughing, and nasal symptoms, suggest severe bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. The daily monitoring of peak flow rates ranging from 65-70% of his baseline, particularly in the morning, indicates inadequate airflow. The transition to frequent albuterol nebulizer therapy, despite past use of an albuterol inhaler, suggests an unsatisfactory response to normal treatment, indicating a deteriorating asthma exacerbation (Kabundji et al., 2023). The continuation of evening symptoms and the necessity for more intensive therapy highlight the severity of the aggravation.
Name the most common triggers for asthma in any given patients and specify in your answer which ones you consider applied to D.R. in the case study.
Common asthma causes include allergies, respiratory illnesses, exercise, air pollution, and irritants. In D.R.’s instance, potential triggers include airborne allergens, which cause nose symptoms and respiratory distress. The observed wet eyes and postnasal discharge indicate an allergic component. According to Jackson and Gern (2022), the recent respiratory illness may have been a factor in the sudden onset and worsening symptoms. The requirement for more intensive therapy and a decreased response to his regular albuterol inhaler may indicate the presence of numerous triggers, necessitating a comprehensive strategy for managing both allergy and infectious components of his exacerbation.
Based on your knowledge and your research, please explain the factors that might be the etiology of D.R. being an asthmatic patient.
Asthma’s etiology is complex, comprising both genetic predisposition and environmental variables. Genetic susceptibility increases an individual’s risk of having asthma, with family history frequently playing a role. The environmental factors include allergen exposure, such as airborne particles that cause an allergic reaction in vulnerable people like D.R. Respiratory infections, particularly in childhood, can influence asthma development. Kabundji et al. (2023) opine that asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction caused by a complex interplay of hereditary and environmental factors. Understanding these aspects allows for more tailored management options, such as trigger avoidance and appropriate pharmacotherapy, for asthmatic patients like D.R.
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Based on Ms. Brown admission’s laboratory values, could you determine what type of water and electrolyte imbalance does she have?
Ms. Brown’s laboratory results show hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and hyperchloremia, which suggests a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic condition (HHS). The increased serum glucose level of 412 mg/dL indicates uncontrolled diabetes, which contributes to osmotic diuresis. Serum salt and chloride levels are significantly high, indicating severe dehydration and a mainly hyperosmolar condition (Prabhu, 2023). The high potassium level could be the result of cell dehydration. Overall, Ms. Brown has the complicated electrolyte and fluid imbalances typical of HHS.
Describe the signs and symptoms to the different types of water imbalance and described clinical manifestations she might exhibit with the potassium level she has.
Ms. Brown’s hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity can cause severe dehydration, such as dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, and hypotension. Neurological symptoms associated with hypernatremia may include disorientation and fatigue. Elevated potassium levels (5.6 mEq/L) can cause mild hyperkalemia symptoms such as muscle weakness and palpitations (Umpierrez, 2020). However, the severity of hyperkalemia-related symptoms varies, and Ms. Brown’s presentation could include mild indications as a result of the modest elevation in serum potassium.
In the specific case presented, what would be the most appropriate treatment for Ms. Brown, and why?
Ms. Brown’s case requires a holistic strategy that addresses her hyperglycemia, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities. To treat her acute dehydration and hypernatremia, she requires immediate IV fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline. Concurrent insulin therapy should be initiated to control hyperglycemia and improve glucose utilization. Frequent monitoring of electrolytes, particularly sodium and potassium, is required to guide the gradual correction of imbalances (Simonetti et al., 2023). Given the potential of cerebral edema with quick changes, Ms. Brown’s overall safety and recovery depend on a cautious and controlled correction of hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity.
What do the ABGs from Ms. Brown indicate regarding her acid-base imbalance?
Ms. Brown’s arterial blood gas (ABG) readings indicate metabolic acidosis, with a low pH of 7.30 and a bicarbonate level of 20 mEq/L. Based on Prabhu’s (2023) recommendations, this acid-base imbalance is most likely caused by the acute dehydration and hyperosmolarity that accompany hyperglycemia in the context of her diabetes. The respiratory component, with a PaCO2 of 32 mmHg, is comparatively compensatory, representing the respiratory reaction to metabolic acidosis.
Based on your readings and your research, define and describe Anion Gaps and its clinical significance.
The anion gap is a computed parameter that represents the difference between the measured cations (sodium and potassium) and anions (chloride and bicarbonate) in serum. An enlarged anion gap indicates the existence of unmeasured anions, which is commonly associated with metabolic acidosis (Sun et al., 2020). Clinically, anion gap analysis helps to identify various acid-base diseases and guides diagnostic tests. Conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis can enlarge the gap, revealing important information about the underlying pathophysiology and guiding effective therapeutic interventions.
References
Kabundji, D., Eyassu, M., Musonda, J., & Musekiwa, A. (2023). Severity of and associated triggers for acute asthma attack in patients presenting to an emergency department. General Practitioner, 4(2), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.36303/sagp.0165
Jackson, D. J., & Gern, J. E. (2022). Rhinovirus Infections and Their Roles in Asthma: Etiology and Exacerbations. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 10(3), 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.006
Prabhu, S. R. (2023). Imbalances in fluids and electrolytes, Acids and bases: An overview. Textbook of General Pathology for Dental Students, 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31244-1_14
Umpierrez, G. E. (2020). Hyperglycemic crises: Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Diabetes Complications, Comorbidities and Related Disorders, 595–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36694-0_21
Simonetti, G. D., Lava, S. A. G., Milani, G. P., & Bianchetti, M. G. (2023). Differential diagnosis and management of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders. Pediatric Kidney Disease, 905–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11665-0_34
Sun, T., Cai, C., Shen, H., Yang, J., Guo, Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, B., Ding, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Anion Gap Was Associated with Inhospital Mortality and Adverse Clinical Outcomes of Coronary Care Unit Patients. BioMed Research International, 2020, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4598462
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NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
Sample Answer 2 for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic disease of the air passages characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways (Hashmi et al., 2023). Symptoms of asthma include shortness of breath, cough, and wheezing. Asthma is a common illness with a wide range of severity, from a minor wheeze to a sudden, life-threatening airway closure. According to Hashmi et al. (2023), asthma affects around fifteen to twenty percent of the country’s population.
Severity of Asthma Attack
D.R. is a 27-year-old man, who presents to the Family Care Clinic with chief complaints of increasing shortness of breath, wheezing, fatigue, cough, stuffy nose, watery eyes, and postnasal drainage which began four days ago. D.R. states he began self-treating with frequent nebulizer therapy which no longer provided the usual relief. Based on the symptoms experienced, D.R.’s asthma attack is classified as moderate to severe. It is critical to categorize the severity of asthma episodes so that suitable treatment options can be implemented (Khajotia, 2008).
Asthma Triggers
The true cause of asthma is unknown, and it may vary from person to person. However, asthma frequently occurs when the immune system reacts severely to a substance in the lungs (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2022). Asthma triggers are things that cause or make asthma symptoms worse. Some of these triggers include indoor allergens such as dust and mold, outdoor allergens such as pollen, physical activity, respiratory infections, and poor air quality may also be considered common triggers. In D.R.’s case, given the fact that he presents with symptoms such as a stuffy nose, watery eyes, and postnasal drainage it can be indicative that allergens triggered his asthma attack. Also, D.R. reported that he has had increasing shortness of breath, fatigue, wheezing, and cough, these symptoms can indicate a respiratory infection which can also be a factor that triggered his asthma attack.
Etiology
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition that affects people of all ages. It is caused by inflammation and muscle stiffness around the airways, making it difficult to breathe. The etiology of this disease is complex and still not fully understood (Hashmi et al., 2023). Based on the information provided in the case study, the factors that might be the etiology of D.R. being an asthmatic patient include genetics, environmental exposure, and certain allergies. According to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2022), having a family history of asthma can increase an individual risk of having the disease. Also, an individual propensity to allergy and exposure to tobacco smoke or any other inflammatory gases can cause asthma.
References
Hashmi, M. F., Tariq, M., & Cataletto, M. E. (2023, August 8). Asthma. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430901/
Khajotia, R. (2008). Classifying Asthma Severity and Treatment Determinants: National Guidelines Revisited. Malaysian Family Physician : The Official Journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 3(3), 131–136. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4170364/
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2022, March 24). Asthma – Causes and Triggers | NHLBI, NIH. Www.nhlbi.nih.gov. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/asthma/causes
Sample Answer 3 for NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
CASE STUDY 2
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Electrolyte imbalances are common as a result of electrolyte loss, shifts in specific electrolytes, or relative concentration changes caused by water loss (Constable, 2017). Common electrolyte abnormalities are hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, hypocalcemia, hypochloremia, and hypophosphatemia. Acid-base imbalances, known as acidemia or alkalemia, occur when acid is added and alkali reserves are depleted, or when acid is lost while alkali reserves increase (Constable, 2017). Ms. Brown is a 70-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes who has been too ill to get out of bed for the past two days. On admission, her laboratory values showed elevated glucose, sodium, potassium, and chloride. Ms. Brown’s arterial blood gas levels showed a normal pH and low PaCO2, PaO2, and HCO3. Based on these laboratory results, it’s evident that the water and electrolyte imbalance that Ms. Brown is experiencing is hypernatremia, hyperkalemia, and hyperchloremia.
Signs and Symptoms of Water Imbalance and Treatment
Fluid and electrolyte balance is a key concept to understand for maintaining homeostasis, and for a successful treatment of many metabolic disorders (Balci, 2013). The signs and symptoms associated with hypernatremia include excessive thirst, lethargy, muscle twitching, and spasms. The symptoms associated with hyponatremia include nausea, vomiting, headache, and seizures. The clinical manifestations that Ms. Brown may experience with her potassium level are symptoms that correlate with hyperkalemia. These symptoms include fatigue, muscle cramps, unusual heartbeat, and chest pains. These symptoms are created due to the increased level of potassium in the bloodstream. In this case, the indicated treatment would be to treat Ms. Brown with insulin to help bring down her glucose. According to Li and Vijayan (2014), insulin therapy can also be used to bring down potassium levels, because it forces potassium into the cells that are later excreted via the renal system. Also Ms. Brown should receive intravenous fluid therapy to help improve her electrolyte imbalance.
Acid-Base Imbalance and Anion Gaps
An arterial blood glass is a test that measures the levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate in the blood. Based on the arterial blood gas results, shows that Ms. Brown may be in metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis occurs when the chemical balance of acids in the blood becomes unbalanced. This causes a decrease in bicarbonate levels in the body making it more acidic. Anion gaps are a common blood test that measures the difference between positively charged ions and negatively charged ions (Pandey & Sharma, 2019). A high anion gap means the blood is more acidic than normal indicating acidosis is occurring in the body.
References
Balci, A. K. (2013). General characteristics of patients with electrolyte imbalance admitted to emergency department. World Journal of Emergency Medicine, 4(2), 113. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.02.005
Constable, P. (2017). Disturbances of Free Water, Electrolytes, Acid-Base Balance, and Oncotic Pressure. 113–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00005-x
Li, T., & Vijayan, A. (2014). Insulin for the treatment of hyperkalemia: a double-edged sword? Clinical Kidney Journal, 7(3), 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfu049
Pandey, D. G., & Sharma, S. (2019). Biochemistry, anion gap. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539757/
Module 5 Discussion
Gastrointestinal Function: Definition of Constipation and Risk Factors
Hard, dry stools and irregular or painful bowel motions are symptoms of constipation. Inadequate fiber consumption, dehydration, inactivity, some medications (such as antacids and opioids), ignoring the need to defecate, changes in routine or lifestyle, and medical conditions like hypothyroidism or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are all risk factors that contribute to constipation (McRae, 2020). According to my personal experience, constipation may be better managed by increasing fiber consumption (via fruits, vegetables, and whole grains), keeping hydrated, and sticking to an exercise regimen.
Clinical Manifestations of Constipation in R.H.
Constipation is likely the cause of R.H.’s symptoms, which include infrequent bowel movements, firm stools, and difficulties starting bowel motions with extended straining. The need for three pillows to sleep upright and the presence of bloating might also point to a connection with constipation. Although not stated in the case study, other symptoms that are often linked to constipation include pain in the abdomen, a sensation that the stool is not completely passing out, and even tiny quantities of blood that may be caused by straining (McRae, 2020). For an all-encompassing evaluation and treatment strategy, it is essential to recognize these signs.
Possibility of Anemia as a Complication
From the information given in the case study, anemia is one possible adverse effect of chronic constipation. Anemia may develop over time as a result of hemorrhoids or anal fissures caused by persistent constipation, which in turn cause gradual, chronic blood loss. It is essential to rule out other medical issues or dietary deficits as possible causes of anemia. If R.H.’s anemia is a consequence of his constipation, a complete assessment, including blood testing, is required to confirm or rule it out, as described by Werth & Christopher (2021). In my opinion, general health and wellness must deal with constipation and its related difficulties as soon as possible by making lifestyle changes and using the right medical treatment.
Endocrine Function: Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Clinical Manifestations
C.B., a member of the Winnebago Indian tribe, is one of several Native Americans whose diabetes mellitus is more common than the national average. African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Americans are among other groups who have a higher risk (Avilés-Santa et al., 2020). Varieties in genetics, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status may explain the observed prevalence differences. For early identification and treatment, it is critical to identify groups with a greater risk.
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is the most likely diagnosis based on C.B.’s symptoms. Her left foot has recently become weak and numb, and she has an increased need to pee at night, all of which point to uncontrolled hyperglycemia impacting her circulatory and neurological systems. The metabolic alterations associated with diabetes are also supported by the weight increase, particularly in the last six months (Avilés-Santa et al., 2020). These symptoms, together with her three-year history of high cholesterol and blood sugar, highlight the need for prompt management to avoid consequences linked to uncontrolled diabetes.
Glycemia Values in the Context of Bacterial Pneumonia
Due to the stress reaction induced by the illness, C.B.’s glycemia readings may rise if she were to get bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia and other infections may cause an upregulation of insulin resistance and consequent increases in blood glucose levels due to the release of catecholamines and cortisol, which are hormones that work to regulate blood sugar levels (Eshwara et al., 2020). Keeping an eye on her glycemic levels while she is sick is essential, and she may need to make some changes to her diabetes treatment plan to get it under control enough to avoid problems.
Non-Pharmacologic and Pharmacologic
It is recommended that non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies be included in the first therapy for C.B. Modifications to one’s way of life, such as eating a balanced diet with a focus on limiting carbs, increasing physical activity, and regulating one’s weight, would constitute non-pharmacologic interventions. For self-management to be successful, it is vital to monitor glucose levels continuously and check blood sugar levels regularly (Eshwara et al., 2020). Insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs may be part of her pharmacologic treatment plan for her hyperglycemia. C.B. and her healthcare professionals must work together to develop a personalized strategy that targets cardiovascular risk factors in addition to glycemic management. The key to effective treatment is educating patients on the significance of taking their medicines as prescribed and making other lifestyle adjustments.
References
Avilés-Santa, M. L., Monroig-Rivera, A., Soto-Soto, A., & Lindberg, N. M. (2020). Current state of diabetes mellitus prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Latin America: challenges and innovative solutions to improve health outcomes across the continent. Current diabetes reports, 20, 1-44.
Eshwara, V. K., Mukhopadhyay, C., & Rello, J. (2020). Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults: An update. The Indian journal of medical research, 151(4), 287.
McRae, M. P. (2020). Effectiveness of fiber supplementation for constipation, weight loss, and supporting gastrointestinal function: a narrative review of meta-analyses. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 19(1), 58-64.
Werth, B. L., & Christopher, S. A. (2021). Potential risk factors for constipation in the community. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(21), 2795.