NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU
ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU
Dermatitis, Diagnostic Criteria, and Treatment Modalities
Dermatitis involves skin inflammation resulting from tremendous causes. Some of these causes involve infections, irritants, allergic reactions, and other underlying illnesses. Dermatitis diagnosis is significant for the treatment plan to be initiated and optimal health outcomes achieved (Kolb & Ferrer-Bruker, 2023). Typically, the dermatitis diagnostic criteria incorporate physical examination. Through this criteria, the healthcare practitioner will assess the skin for any signs and symptoms possibilities. While performing the physical examination, the healthcare practitioner will assess the patient regarding the medical history and symptoms experienced (Kolb & Ferrer-Bruker, 2023). Predominantly, dermatitis treatment modalities are highly based on their specific care and their severity. Some of the common treatments issued involve topical corticosteroid application for itching and inflammation management, hydrating the skin through applying moisturizers, and avoiding the common irritants associated with the conditions. In addition, antibiotics can be issued in case a bacterial infection has been linked to this health condition.
Drug Therapy for Conjunctivitis and Otitis Media Description
Conjunctivitis refers to conjunctiva inflammation which is the thin membrane encapsulating the inner eyelids and the eyes’ white part. Significantly otitis media refer to the middle ear infections as a result of infections. The suitable drug therapy for these two mentioned conditions involves chloramphenicol. Typically, chloramphenicol refers to the broad-spectrum antibiotic that is manufactured synthetically (Oong & Tadi, 2023). This medication is bacteriostatic though in high concentrations it can turn out as bactericidal (Oong & Tadi, 2023). It commonly works by inhibiting the synthesis of proteins through bindings according to the 50S ribosomal subunit and preventing bacterial protein formation directly (Oong & Tadi, 2023).
Herpes Virus Infections, Patients’ Presentation and Treatment
Herpes virus infections are commonly contracted infections capable of resulting in painful ulcers or blisters. It is caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) and spreads high through skin-to-skin contact this disease can be treated it cannot be cured (WHO, 2023). The HSV virus is categorized into HSV-1 which spreads through contact orally and results in infection within the mouth or around and HS-2 which spreads highly through engagement in sexual activities, resulting in genital herpes (WHO, 2023). On patient presentation, symptoms depend highly on the certain herpes virus contracted though it is highly likely to constitute itching, fever, tingling, painful sores, blisters, and lymph nodes that are swollen (WHO, 2023). Herpes virus infection treatment constitutes the administration of antiviral medications like famclovirir which help reduce the duration of the symptoms and manage them, promoting desirable health outcomes (WHO, 2023).
Common Primary Bacterial Skin Infections and Choice Treatment
One of the common bacterial skin infections is cellulitis. it refers to the bacterial skin infection commonly known for causing redness, pain, and swelling on the skin affected area (CDC, 2023). In case these conditions are not treated, they can spread widely resulting in adverse health issues (CDC, 2023). Another common infection is impetigo. it involves the epidermis superficial layers perceived to be contagious and caused by gram-positive bacteria (Nardi & Schaefer, 2023). Mostly children residing in hot humid climates are highly prone to contracting these health conditions (Nardi & Schaefer, 2023). The other common infection is folliculitis’. This comprises hair follicle inflammation that causes pustules to red bumps. The common treatment of choice for these three mentioned health conditions involves antibodies. This medication can be prescribed based on the infection’s severity. Examples of antibiotics involve cephalosporines or fluoroquinolones.
References
- CDC. (2023, July 6). Cellulitis: All you need to know. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/Cellulitis.html
Kolb, L., & Ferrer-Bruker, S. J. (2023, August 8). Atopic dermatitis – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448071/
Nardi, N. M., & Schaefer, T. J. (2023, July 31). Impetigo – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430974/
Oong, G. C., & Tadi, P. (2023, July 3). Chloramphenicol – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK555966/
WHO. (2023, April 5). Herpes simplex virus. World Health Organization (WHO). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/herpes-simplex-virus
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NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU Sample Response 1
Dermatitis description, diagnostic criteria, and treatment modalities:
Dermatitis is known as an alteration of the skin that is caused by exposure to external irritating agents. Dermatitis can be caused by genetic factors, environmental factors, or a combination of the two. This can be a result of a single episode of exposure or multiple episodes of exposure and usually appears as an inflammatory process (Arcangelo et al., 2016).
Diagnostic criteria: There are two types of contact dermatitis: allergic and irritant. Both types present with linear steaks of papules, vesicles, and blisters and are very pruritic (Arcangelo et al., 2016). Lesions in atopic dermatitis also present with papules, erythema, excoriations, and lichenifications(Arcangelo et al., 2016). Treatment: Pharmacological treatment options include topical corticosteroids, systemic corticosteroids, topical immunosuppressive, and antihistamines.
Drug therapy for Conjunctivitis and Otitis Media:
Drug therapy for conjunctivitis aims to eradicate the offending organisms(when related to a bacterial infection), relieve symptoms, and quicken disease resolution (Arcangelo et al., 2016). Drug therapies include antibiotics to combat the bacteria, antihistamines for allergic conjunctivitis, mast cell stabilizers for inhibition of reactions caused by hypersensitivity, antihistamine/mast stabilizers for short-acting relief combined with long-lasting histamine impression, ophthalmic NSAIDs, vasoconstrictor, and topical steroids. (Arcangelo et al., 2016). Whereas drug therapy of otitis media is aimed at symptomatic pain relief and appropriate use of antibiotics for the prevention of complications, this therapy includes over-the-counter NSAIDs or acetaminophen for pain, and penicillins such as amoxicillin is the first-line therapy, and cephalosporins, macrolides, or clindamycin are used for those with penicillin allergies (Arcangelo et al., 2016).
Herpes Virus infections, patient presentation, and treatment:
There are seven types of herpes viruses that cause human illness through viral replication, and these include human simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) and varicella-zoster virus(VZV) (Arcangelo et al., 2016). Patients with herpes infections present with different symptomatology based on the type of herpes they’ve contracted. HSV-1 typically causes facial or oral infections with intense symptoms such as burning, tingling, or itching (Arcangelo et al., 2016). VZV may cause either chickenpox or shingles, which both have similar symptoms of fever and malaise, accompanied by itchy vesicular lesions with an erythematous base (Arcangelo et al., 2016). Treatment includes the topical agents acyclovir or penciclovir to inhibit viral DNA synthesis and systemic antiviral agents, which include acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir (Arcangelo et al., 2016).
Most common primary bacterial skin infections and the treatment of choice:
The most common primary skin infections that result from bacteria include impetigo, folliculitis, felons, paronychias, and cellulitis (Arcangelo et al., 2016). Treatment of skin infections begins with good hygiene and avoidance of irritants. Most skin infections may be treated on an outpatient basis with oral antibiotics; most skin infections can be treated by penicillins such as Augmentin and Dynapen. (Arcangelo et al., 2016). For more complicated skin infections, vancomycin, tigecycline, amikacin, gentamicin, and fusidic acid have been shown to be effective (Aiman Waheed et al., 2020).
References
Aiman Waheed, A., Afrid, I., Rauf, S., & , M. (2020). Bacteriological profile and antibiotics susceptibility patterns of complicated skin and skin structure infections in tertiary care hospitals, Peshawar. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists, 30(4), 580–586.
Arcangelo, V. P., Peterson, A. M., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, J. A. (2016). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: A practical approach (4th ed.). LWW.
NUR 600 Module 2 Discussion Describing, Diagnosing, & Treatment of Skin, Eye, & Ear Disorders STU Sample Response 2
Discussion 2
Describe dermatitis, diagnostic criteria, and treatment modalities
Dermatitis refers to inflammation of the skin that is caused by exposure to an external agent (Arcangelo et al., 2017). It can either be caused by a single exposure or multiple. There are two types of dermatitis: contact and allergic (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The diagnostic criteria is the linear streaks of papules, vesicles, and blisters that become pruritic (Arcangelo et al., 2017). There can also be underlying edema and lesions that include papules, erythema, excoriations, and lichenifications (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The most effective way to treat dermatitis is prevention and avoiding irritants or allergens (Arcangelo et al., 2017). During a mild outbreak of dermatitis, cool compresses can offer relieve and so do baths with oatmeal to release the pruritis. If the dermatitis is more severe, then ointments and gels can offer some relief and protection (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Topical corticosteroids may also be initialed (Arcangelo et al., 2017).
Describe the drug therapy for Conjunctivitis and Otitis Media
Conjunctivitis treatments vary due to the type of conjunctivitis. There is viral, bacterial, and allergic conjunctivitis (Mehdi et al., 2023). Bacterial conjunctivitis is typically treated with topical antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin eye drops (Mehdi et al., 2023). Viral conjunctivitis is able to resolve itself over time and focuses on alleviating symptoms with lubricating eye drops or cool compresses (Mehdi et al., 2023). The best way to avoid allergic conjunctivitis is to avoid the allergens that would provoke a reaction. If exposed, it can be managed with an antihistamine to alleviate itchiness and inflammation (Mehdi et al., 2023s ). Otitis media is identified as inflammation of the middle ear and can vary based on the severity of the infection (Mehdi et al., 2023). it can be caused by a bacterial infection and treatment can include oral antibiotics like amoxicillin (Mehdi et al., 2023). The patient can also benefit from pain-relieving medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen.
Discuss Herpes Virus infections, patient presentation, and treatment
There are seven types of herpes virus that are associated with human illnesses: herpes simplex virus 1, herpes simplex 2, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, human herpes virus 6, and human herpes virus 8 (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Herpes infections could be passed by sexual activity or by a contact/droplet route that is associated with chicken pox and shingles. Risk factors can be age, being female, a recent transplant, human immunodeficiency virus, and cancer (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Herpes can present on the mouth, pharynx, lips, face, or genitals as lesions that are highly contagious until they crust over. Chicken pox and shingles virus result in lesions or blisters clustered in one area or all over the body (Arcangelo et al., 2017). For oral infections, Benadryl elixir and aluminum hydroxide/magnesium hydroxide mixed in a 1:1 solution can be used as an oral rinse four times a day, and sucking on popsicles can provide relief (Arcangelo et al., 2017). For chickenpox, the treatment of choice is managing symptoms until lesions are able to crust over and chances of infecting others are minimal (Arcangelo et al., 2017). A shingles infection may benefit from an antiviral (valacyclovir) if caught within the first 48 hours and neurogenic medication for the pain. Another beneficial treatment would be to avoid stress and to keep up with a healthy immune system to avoid re-occurrence (Arcangelo et al., 2017).
Describe the most common primary bacterial skin infections and the treatment of choice
Common primary bacterial skin infections include impetigo, bullous impetigo, folliculitis, felons, paronychias, and cellulitis (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Impetigo and bullous impetigo are superficial skin infections that are characterized by honey-colored crusts and vesicles. Treatment can be topical and oral antibiotics like mupirocin and dicloxacillin (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Cellulitis is an infection of the deeper layers of the skin that results in redness, warmth, swelling, and pain (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The treatment of choice for cellulitis is an oral or intravenous antibiotic such as cephalexin and clindamycin (Arcangelo et al., 2017). This infection is also resistant to penicillin and cephalosporins (Arcangelo et al., 2017). Folliculitis is a fiscal infection of the hair follicle that can be attributed to acne medication and removing hair in various ways that cause bacterial growth (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The treatment of choice is topical antibiotics (Arcangelo et al., 2017). The other bacterial skin infections are treated mainly with broad-spectrum penicillins (Arcangelo et al., 2017).
References
Arcangelo, P. V., Peterson, M. A., Wilbur, V., & Reinhold, A. J. (2017). Pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice: a practical approach (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Mehdi, S., Raza, S., Hassan, Z., Khan, A., Manzoor, M., & Karim, M. (2023). Diagnostic accuracy of tympanometry for diagnosis of fluid the middle ears of children with otitis media with effusion staking myringotomy as gold standard. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 73(1), 21–24. https://doi.org/10.51253/pafmj.v73i1.7873
NUR 600 Module 2 Assignment Begin Research for Your Drug Projects
Bibliography Review on Gabapentin
Gabapentin is an antiepileptic medication that is structurally similar to GABA and operates via a distinct mode of action. It interacts with GABA receptors in the central nervous system and may lead to increased production of GABA in neurons (Anderson et al., 2020). Gabapentin may be useful for people who did not react to antidepressants or mood stabilizers and has few adverse effects. It has effectively managed fast cycling and mixed bipolar episodes in individuals who could not find sufficient relief with carbamazepine and valproate. Gabapentin seems to have more anxiolytic and antiagitation effects compared to carbamazepine or valproate. It might also be beneficial as a therapy for those with antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia. The typical final dosage of gabapentin ranges from 900 to 2000 mg per day when prescribed for its antidepressant or mood-stabilizing properties. Evidence indicates that it reduces hyperalgesia after induced pain in human subjects. This work aims to evaluate research papers on the efficacy of gabapentin in pain control.
Bibliography Review
Anderson et al. (2020) conducted a randomized controlled trial that revealed that administering gabapentin before and after posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis resulted in a notable decrease in opioid consumption and visual analog pain scales during the initial two postoperative days. This finding highlights the efficacy of incorporating gabapentin into a multimodal pain control protocol. The study conducted by Tubog et al. (2023) examined the safety and efficacy of perioperative gabapentin in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. The study found that gabapentin is a suitable choice for managing postoperative pain in bariatric surgery. In a recent study conducted by Bao et al. (2021), it was found that the combination of gabapentin and opioids was more effective in reducing neuropathic cancer pain compared to using opioids alone.
Davari et al. (2020) performed a comprehensive review and meta-analysis, concluding that both pregabalin and gabapentin are efficacious in managing neuropathic pain linked to spinal cord injury. According to Fan et al. (2021), a comprehensive analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) indicated that gabapentin might be a viable therapy for chronic pelvic pain (CPP) in women. Additional research is required to investigate the extended advantages and confirm the safety of this treatment in the future since it is currently a preliminary trial.
Table of Evidence
Authors | Date | Article Name | Location | Page Number |
Anderson et al. (2020) | 05 February 2020 | Multimodal pain control in adolescent posterior spinal fusion patients: a double-masked, randomized controlled trial to validate the effect of gabapentin on postoperative pain control, opioid use, and patient satisfaction | USA | 177–185 |
Tubog et al. (2023) | November 19, 2022 | Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin on Postoperative Pain Management After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis | USA | 322-330 |
Bao et al. (2021) | Dec 24, 2020 | The efficacy of gabapentin combined with opioids for neuropathic cancer pain: a meta-analysis | China. | 637–644 |
Davari et al. (2020) | January 1, 2020 | Pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis | Korea | 3-12 |
Fan et al. (2021) | 04 October 2021 | Gabapentin has Longer-Term Efficacy for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: A Systematic Review and Pilot Meta-analysis. | China | 1673–1689 |
Conclusion
The articles above demonstrate the prospective efficacy of gabapentin in the treatment of pain. According to studies, Gabapentin is additionally employed in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, a painful condition that develops following shingles. Gabapentin functions within the brain to alleviate pain and prevent seizures associated with specific nervous system disorders. It is not prescribed for minor injuries, arthritis, or other common pain.
References
Anderson, D. E., Duletzke, N. T., Pedigo, E., & Halsey, M. F. (2020). Multimodal pain control in adolescent posterior spinal fusion patients: a double-masked, randomized controlled trial to validate the effect of gabapentin on postoperative pain control, opioid use, and patient satisfaction. Spine Deformity, 8(2), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43390-020-00038-z
Bao, H., Wu, Z., Wang, Q., Wang, J., Zhang, L., Meng, L., & Feng, H. (2021). The efficacy of gabapentin combined with opioids for neuropathic cancer pain: a meta-analysis. Translational Cancer Research, 10(2), 637–644. https://doi.org/10.21037/tcr-20-2692
Davari, M., Amani, B., Amani, B., Khanijahani, A., Akbarzadeh, A., & Shabestan, R. (2020). Pregabalin and gabapentin in neuropathic pain management after spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Korean Journal of Pain, 33(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2020.33.1.3
Fan, X., Ren, Y., Xi, F., Wu, H., Ye, X., Jiang, Y., & You, F. (2021). Gabapentin has Longer-Term Efficacy for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain in Women: A Systematic Review and Pilot Meta-analysis. Pain and Therapy, 10(2), 1673–1689. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-021-00330-4
Tubog, T. D., Harmer, C. M., Bramble, R. S., Bayaua, N. E., & Mijares, M. (2023). Efficacy and Safety of Gabapentin on Postoperative Pain Management After Bariatric Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 38(2), 322–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2022.04.017