DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project
Grand Canyon University DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project
After the introduction, move into the main part of the DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for DNP 810 10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project
Ten Strategic Points
The 10 Strategic Points | |
Title of Project | Title of Project Application of Continuous glucose monitoring in the management of diabetes type II |
Background Theoretical Foundation Literature Synthesis Practice Change Recommendation | Background to Chosen Evidence-Based Intervention: List the primary points for six sections. Background of the practice problem/gap at the project site Several chronic conditions negatively impact the lives of patients. Among such conditions is diabetes. Diabetes has been shown to cause numerous other complications such as kidney disease, heart disease, and stroke (Skinner et al., 2020). The other concern about diabetes is that it affects millions of people, making them not able to live normal lives. The implication is that various researchers and stakeholders have, in the past and at present, been in pursuit of effective ways or strategies to better manage diabetes. Non-the less, diabetes is still among the most prevalent chronic conditions. The interventions currently in use among patients living with diabetes majorly focus on helping patients attain better healthcare outcomes such as better glycemic control and keeping in check the risky lifestyle behaviors that may hinder the control and management of the condition. Significance of the practice problem/gap at the project site As earlier highlighted, diabetes causes other undesirable problems apart from making those who live with it to spend higher amounts of money on treatment and management. Therefore, the need to control and manage the disease has attracted the attention of several stakeholders, including nurses, doctors, and other researchers in the medical and nursing fields. There have been advancements in the management of diabetes, largely due to the new innovative technologies that have been applied in diagnostics and treatment (Haque et al., 2021). However, the annual number of people who get the disease still runs into millions. In addition, the prevalence rates have been rising in recent years, while several others die annually due to diabetes. The negative impacts caused by the disease can be lowered through using nursing interventions based on the current technology and technological applications such as continuous glucose monitoring, which can dictate the rate of practitioners ordering Continuous glucose monitoring as directed by the results to further improve outcomes. Theoretical Foundations (choose one nursing theory and one evidence-based change model to be the foundation for the project): Nursing theories are key in implementing nursing interventions as they offer a framework upon which the aspects of interventions can be based. Therefore, this project will use Dorothea Orem’s self-care theory. The theory is mainly about an individual’s ability to perform self-care as “the practice of activities that individuals initiate and perform on their own behalf to maintain life, health, and well-being (Butts & Rich, 2018). Dorothea’s theory has three interconnected sub-theories; the theory of self-care, the self-care deficit theory, and the theory of nursing systems. Create an annotated bibliography using the “Preparing Annotated Bibliographies (APA 7th)” located in the Student Success Center. https://www.gcumedia.com/lms-resources/student-success-center-content/documents/writing-center/preparing-annotated-bibliographies-apa7-mla8-turabian9.pdf utilizing the five (5) original research articles that support the evidence-based intervention. This will be the foundation of the Literature Synthesis you will have to do in DNP-820A. Beck, R. W., Riddlesworth, T. D., Ruedy, K., Ahmann, A., Haller, S., Kruger, D., … & DIAMOND Study Group. (2017). Continuous glucose monitoring versus usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving multiple daily insulin injections: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(6), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2855. This study by Beck et al. (2017) was carried out with the major objective of determining the effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 2 diabetes who were getting insulin injections. By employing a randomized controlled trial as the research design, these researchers recruited a total of one hundred and fifty-eight patients with type 2 diabetes. Seventy-nine patients were randomized into the usual care group, with the remaining half recruited into the intervention group. While the continuous glucose monitoring group used a Dexcom G4 platinum continuous monitoring system to monitor their glucose concentrations, the control groups engaged in glucose self-monitoring. The analysis of the data showed that the individuals in the intervention group experienced a better reduction in the HbA1c levels as compared to the control group (p values of 0.022), showing that the intervention was efficacious. Gilbert, T. R., Noar, A., Blalock, O., & Polonsky, W. H. (2021). Change in hemoglobin A1c and quality of life with real-time continuous glucose monitoring use by people with insulin-treated diabetes in the landmark study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 23(S1), S-35. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2020.0666 The study by Gilbert et al. (2021) aimed to assess the changes in HbA1c levels upon using a continuous glucose monitoring system. The patients recruited were two hundred and forty-eight patients, with sixty having type 2 diabetes. The participants were requested to upload their point of care HbA1c measurements to an online portal. They then used the continuous glucose monitoring devices to monitor their HbA1c values and uploaded them to the portal. Upon data analysis, the researchers noted that there was a significant reduction in the levels of HbA1c levels (p-value of <0.001). Therefore, this study also indicated the importance of continuous glucose monitoring in the management of diabetes. Heinemann, L., Freckmann, G., Ehrmann, D., Faber-Heinemann, G., Guerra, S., Waldenmaier, D., & Hermanns, N. (2018). Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes and impaired hypoglycemia awareness or severe hypoglycemia treated with multiple daily insulin injections (HypoDE): a multicentre, randomized controlled trial. The Lancet, 391(10128), 1367-1377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30297-6 This study was done by Heinemann et al. (2018). This study’s objective was to find out whether real-time continuous glucose monitoring can be used effectively in reducing the severity and incidences of hypoglycemia. In a six-month randomized controlled study, the researchers randomly assigned 75 individuals to a real-time continuous glucose monitoring group, while 74 were assigned to the control groups. The individuals in the real-time continuous glucose monitoring group were taught how to use the monitoring system. They then used the real-time continuous monitoring devices for the period of study. On the other hand, the individuals in the control group used a self-monitoring blood glucose. Upon the analysis of the data, it was noted that the individuals in the intervention group reported a significant reduction in hypoglycemic events (p-value of <0.0001). Martens, T., Beck, R. W., Bailey, R., Ruedy, K. J., Calhoun, P., Peters, A. L., … & MOBILE Study Group. (2021). Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 325(22), 2262-2272. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.7444 This article presents the findings of the research done by Martens et al. (2021). This study was done with the aim of finding the impacts of continuous glucose monitoring in improving individuals’ HbA1c levels when compared to the impact of blood glucose meter monitoring. In a randomized controlled trial, these researchers recruited a total of 175 people with type 2 diabetes. While the individuals in the intervention group used continuous glucose monitoring, the ones in the control group engaged in blood glucose meter monitoring. This study was done for a period of eight months. Upon the analysis of the data, it was noted that the individuals in the intervention group showed a substantial reduction in the HbA1c levels (p-value of 0.02). There was also a significant difference between the intervention and control groups (p-value of 0.001). Grace, T., & Salyer, J. (2022). Use of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Improves Glycemic Control and Other Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated with Less Intensive Therapy. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 24(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2021.0212. Authored by Grace & Salyer (2022), this study focused on using real-time continuous glucose monitoring in the management of patients with diabetes type to improve glycemic control. The researchers recruited patients with type 2 diabetes with basal insulin only or the noninsulin therapy. At six months, the researcher found relevant outcomes. For example, the participants showed a considerable reduction in the HbA1c levels (p-value <0.001). Therefore, the use of real-time glucose monitoring was connected with significant glycemic improvements among patients living with type 2 diabetes. Practice Change Recommendation: Validation of the Chosen Evidence-Based Intervention The standards of diabetes care have been used at the facility for years as a preference. However, this approach is to produce the expected outcomes. As such, this research proposes the use of continuous glucose monitoring as an intervention to help the patients have improved HbA1c levels. Summary of the findings written in this section. From the annotations, it is evident that the use of continuous glucose monitoring as an intervention in the management of diabetes leads to better outcomes. For example, the researchers reported significant improvement in the HbA1c levels upon the use of continuous glucose monitoring. |
Problem Statement | Problem Statement: Describe the variables/groups to project in one sentence. It is not known if the translation of continuous glucose monitoring to increase the rate of practitioners’ ordering continuous glucose monitoring would impact HbA1c levels among patients with diabetes type II. |
PICOT to Evidence-Based Question | PICOT Question Converts to Evidence-Based Question: Among adult patients with type 2 diabetes in an outpatient clinic, will the translation of Beck et al.’s research on continuous glucose monitoring increase the rate of practitioner’s ordering continuous glucose monitoring impact HgbA1C, compared to current, in 12 weeks Evidence-Based Question: Provide the templated statement. To what degree will the implementation of continuous glucose monitoring impact HbA1c levels among adult patients with type two diabetes in the outpatient clinic in Arizona? |
Sample Setting Location Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria | Sample, Setting, Location Identify sample, needed sample size, and location (project phenomena with small numbers and variables/groups with large numbers). Sample and Sample Size: The plan is to recruit an appropriate number of participants. Therefore, seventy participants living with type II diabetes will be recruited. One of the potential biases is the lack of randomization due to time constraints. Another potential bias is that the samples will be from one center, hence a lack of generalizability. The bias can be mitigated by recruiting patients from more than a center. Setting: The setting for the study is in Chinyere Awa, MD, outpatient Clinic, HoustonLocation: HoustonInclusion CriteriaPatients must be at least 18 years and have diabetes. The patient should also not form part of another study.Exclusion Criteria Individuals using technological management of diabetes, those who do not want to sign the consent forms, and those who have a mental disability will be excluded. |
Define Variables | Define Variables:Independent Variable (Intervention): continuous glucose monitoringDependent Variable (Measurable patient outcome): HbA1c levels |
Project Design | Project Design: This project will use a quality improvement approach. You must be able to explain and cite the difference between research and quality improvement (one paragraph each). Quality Improvement: A quality improvement is an initiative or project focused on improving patient care efforts and outcomes. Research: Research entails replicating or testing new ideas to improve the standard practice and current knowledge. Summarize: This proposed project focuses on the application of continuous glucose monitoring to improve patient outcomes such as HbA1c levels among patients living with diabetes. |
Purpose Statement | Purpose Statement: Provide the templated statement. The purpose of this quality improvement project is to determine if the implementation of continuous glucose monitoring would impact HbA1c levels among adult patients with diabetes. This project will be piloted over a twelve-week period in an urban primary care clinic in Arizona. |
Data Collection Approach | Data Collection Approach: The gender and age of the patients will be collected. The patient’s knowledge of continuous glucose monitoring will also be evaluated. The patients’ glycemic control will be measured, and the baseline data will be obtained from the electronic health records. Data from EHR has been shown to be reliable and valid.The reliability of the Revised Brief Diabetes Knowledge Test instrument is (α ≥ 0.70), while the validity ranges from 0.83 to 0.96Describe the step-by-step process you will use to collect the data, explain where the data will come from, and how you will protect the data and participants. 1. Baseline data will be obtained from the facility’s EHR. 2. The patient’s HbA1c will be measured after the intervention, and the two values will be compared. The results will also be compared between the intervention and the control group. For protection, data will be coded, while access will only be given to authorized persons. Various potential ethical issues include informed consent, which is one of the exclusion criteria, where the patients who refuse to sign the form will be excluded. While no potential conflict of interest is expected, there is a possibility of anonymity of data vs. confidentiality. The project will adhere to the principle of Belmont by ensuring that no harm is done to the patients. Patients will also be encouraged to participate in the study without coercion freely. Besides, none will be unfairly excluded from participating in the study. Patient data will also be protected to remain confidential and unauthorized access blocked. |
Data Analysis Approach | Data Analysis Approach: The participant’s data will be analyzed using the IBM SPSS statistics software. Pre- and post-test results data will be described using descriptive statistics. In addition, paired sample t-test and Pearson’s correlation will be used. A statistician will also be used. Potential data bias can result in the possible improved glycemic control could be as a result of the intervention and other self-care activities that the patient undertakes outside the study. One way of mitigating data is through the use of an appropriate study design. |
References | Beck, R. W., Riddlesworth, T. D., Ruedy, K., Ahmann, A., Haller, S., Kruger, D., … & DIAMOND Study Group. (2017). Continuous glucose monitoring versus usual care in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving multiple daily insulin injections: a randomized trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 167(6), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2855. Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2018). Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. Gilbert, T. R., Noar, A., Blalock, O., & Polonsky, W. H. (2021). Change in hemoglobin A1c and quality of life with real-time continuous glucose monitoring use by people with insulin-treated diabetes in the landmark study. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 23(S1), S-35. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2020.0666 Grace, T., & Salyer, J. (2022). Use of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring Improves Glycemic Control and Other Clinical Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated with Less Intensive Therapy. Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics, 24(1), 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1089/dia.2021.0212. Haque, W. Z., Demidowich, A. P., Sidhaye, A., Golden, S. H., & Zilbermint, M. (2021). The Financial Impact of an Inpatient Diabetes Management Service. Current Diabetes Reports, 21(2), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-020-01374-0. Heinemann, L., Freckmann, G., Ehrmann, D., Faber-Heinemann, G., Guerra, S., Waldenmaier, D., & Hermanns, N. (2018). Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes and impaired hypoglycemia awareness or severe hypoglycemia treated with multiple daily insulin injections (HypoDE): a multicentre, randomized controlled trial. The Lancet, 391(10128), 1367-1377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30297-6 Martens, T., Beck, R. W., Bailey, R., Ruedy, K. J., Calhoun, P., Peters, A. L., … & MOBILE Study Group. (2021). Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 325(22), 2262-2272. doi:10.1001/jama.2021.7444 Skinner, T. C., Joensen, L., & Parkin, T. (2020). Twenty‐five years of diabetes distress research. Diabetic Medicine, 37(3), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14157. |
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Conclusion of the Case Study
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a form of genetic brain condition that is extremely rare and progressive. It is defined by the gradual degeneration of nerve cells in the brain, which ultimately leads to emotional problems, cognitive loss, and movement that is not under the person’s control. HD is a genetic disorder passed on as an autosomal dominant trait during conception. The purpose of this paper is to conclude the previous three assignments on HD and discuss ethical considerations in HD, how genetics can improve care and health outcomes, and patient education plan for HD.
Parts 1-3
Huntington’s disease
HD is a movement disorder that results in neurologic and behavioral symptoms that usually become apparent from 30 to 50 years and worsen in the next one to two decades of a patient’s life. It causes chorea, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and dementia during middle age, and most patients eventually require institutionalization. It is estimated that 30,000 people in the United States (US) have HD, and another 20,000 to 50,000 are presumed to carry the gene (McColgan & Tabrizi, 2018). Males and females are equally affected at a time in their lives when they are highly productive. Studies reveal that children born to parents with HD have a one in two chance of having the disorder and can pass it on to their children. This risk increases to one in three if both parents have the disease.
Laboratory Testing
Lab testing for HD includes genetic testing for the disease using blood samples. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and fragment sizing are also performed on the cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeat region of the HTT gene to identify or rule out HD (Kim et al., 2020). These tests are conducted on individuals with a family history of HD, regardless of whether or not they have HD symptoms. In most cases, the findings of the lab tests are coupled with those of other neurological examinations.
Indications for Chromosomal Analysis
The direct test for the HD gene involves cysteine-adenosine-guanine (CAG) analysis and repeat length. The chromosomal analysis enables healthcare providers to offer genetic counseling and psychological support services that facilitate predictive testing in a timely, sensitive, and informed fashion (Goldman et al., 2021). Indications for chromosomal analysis in HD include predictive testing in an asymptomatic person at risk for carrying the HD gene to confirm a suspected HD diagnosis and for prenatal and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). The common reasons for predictive testing include making plans on marriage, reproduction, finances, and the need to alleviate uncertainty (Goldman et al., 2021).
Confirmatory testing by chromosomal analysis of the HD gene is indicated at or following a clinical diagnosis of HD. A CAG replicate expansion in a patient with HD symptoms validates the clinical impression and supports HD diagnosis. In prenatal diagnosis, Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) and amniocentesis indicate if the parent is at risk or is positive for the HD gene (Garrett et al., 2019). CVS is performed from 10-12th week gestation, while amniocentesis is done from 14th to 20th week. Furthermore, the PGD test is conducted on a single cell obtained through a needle biopsy from the eight-cell embryo. The chromosomal analysis is carried out on the DNA from the single-cell, facilitating the detection of the HD replicates sizes for the specific embryo. It is worth noting that children should not undergo chromosomal analysis for HD except if there is a medically convincing reason, like a clinical diagnosis or a strong clinical suspicion of HD (Garrett et al., 2019). In these circumstances, the chromosomal analysis should come after a thorough neurological and neuropsychological examination.
Origin of Huntington’s Disease and Considerations for Practice and Patient Education
The HD gene is evident from conception and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means that every offspring of an affected parent, regardless of sex, has a 50% probability of inheriting the HD gene. HD is a single gene disorder attributed to a mutation in the HD gene (IT15) on chromosome 4 (Ghosh & Tabrizi, 2018). This causes unusual replication of the DNA sequence CAG, which normally codes for the amino acid glutamine. It results in a large protein called huntingtin, which has an extended stretch of polyglutamine residues that build up within neurons contributing to HD through unknown mechanisms. The more CAG replicates, the earlier the onset of HD and the more acute its expression (Ghosh & Tabrizi, 2018). The number of CAG replications increases with consecutive generations when the father transmits the mutation and can cause increasingly adverse phenotypes within a family over time.
In clinical practice, the clinician should consider that there is no existing treatment for HD, and the only approach to prevent gene transmission is for affected individuals to avoid having biological children. Patient education should involve genetic counseling, which is crucial for the offspring of patients with HD. The DNP-nurse should educate patients at risk for HD to be tested to establish whether they have an HD gene mutation. However, before the test, the DNP-nurse should counsel patients to ensure that they have voluntarily decided to undergo testing (McColgan & Tabrizi, 2018). Besides, counseling helps identify whether the advantages of knowing the results outweigh the risks of a positive result like mental distress.
Gene Mutation of Huntington’s Disease
The HD gene mutation occurs as multiple repeats of the particular base triplet CAG, which increases the gene’s length. HD is passed on as a dominant Mendelian gene. An autosomal dominant trait with a high penetrance means that an individual who inherits just one mutated allele has almost a 100% probability of developing HD (Gatto et al., 2020). Individuals who inherit the HD gene mutation from their father have an early onset of the disease and a shorter life expectancy than those who inherit it from their mother. Furthermore, there are differences in HD based on the size or length of the HD gene mutation. The longer the mutation, the more critical the HD is at an earlier age. Patients commonly have the HTT allele with CAG repeats ranging from 36 to 55. Besides, persons with the juvenile-onset disorder typically have CAG repeats above 60 (Gatto et al., 2020). However, individuals with alleles ranging from 27 to 35 do not exhibit signs of HD but are inclined to repeat instability.
How Genetics Can Influence Policy Issues
The genetic composition of a single disease and a person’s genetic makeup guide clinical decision-making. We are currently in a period where specific genetic knowledge has become crucial to effective health care delivery. When no therapies are available, genetic tests are used to prevent an affected child’s conception or birth (Chapman et al., 2020). However, genetic tests have led to various policy issues and advocacies on the need for policies to regulate genetic testing. The current genetic policies do not guarantee that adequate data on the predictability of genetic tests will be obtained before they get into clinical practice (Ruhl et al., 2020). They do not also assure that high laboratory quality will be maintained once tests are utilized clinically and that genetic test results will benefit individuals who are tested.
Genetic tests have been associated with adverse social consequences like discrimination and breaches of confidentiality, which are barriers to testing. This has influenced the development of policies to minimize these consequences to promote a wide acceptance of genetic tests. Besides, there has been a demand for the enactment of government policies to promote the safe and effective implementation of genetic tests (Ruhl et al., 2020). Furthermore, genetics has influenced policy with laws being developed requiring laboratories conducting genetic tests to have special quality assurance procedures. The US Task Force on Genetic Testing advocates for a policy that requires health organizations to invent new genetic tests to present to institutional review boards, protocols for determining the clinical validity, including sensitivity and positive predictive value, and utility of the test (Chapman et al., 2020). Genetic testing has also led to policy issues on the need to have healthcare providers being mandated to provide quality pretest and post-test education and counseling to patients.
Nutritional Influences For Huntington’s disease
HD is an autosomal dominant hereditary disorder, and no nutritional causes have been identified as causes of the disease. Nonetheless, patients with HD develop motor, cognitive, psychiatric, and communication problems, necessitating consideration of nutritional factors. Christodoulou et al. (2020) explain that micronutrients like vitamin C, D, and E, are vital elements usually needed in small amounts. They are essential in maintaining the physiological function, promoting good health, and the growth and development of a person. Studies have established the importance of micronutrients like vitamin C, vitamin E, flavonoids, and carotenoids as exogenous antioxidants that can eliminate free radicals that cause neurodegeneration.
Macronutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, are essential for maintaining normal human body functions, including neuronal health. For instance, fatty acids curb the risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia. Studies have shown the positive impact of the Mediterranean Diet (MD) on neurodegenerative disorders (Christodoulou et al., 2020). Persons who adhere to the diet have a lower incidence of dementia and Alzheimer’s since MD has beneficial effects in decreasing cognitive decline. Poor nutrition significantly affects functioning in patients with neurological conditions (Christodoulou et al., 2020). Thus, it is crucial to ensure optimal nutrition in patients with HD so that these difficulties are not worsened by poor diet.
Process of Nutritional Assessment and Counseling
Nutritional assessment is a vital initial step in enhancing and maintaining nutritional status. It helps identify medical complications affecting the nutritional status and monitor individuals’ growth and weight trends. Besides, it is used to identify dietary habits that hinder improving health or increase the risk of disease and informs nutrition education and counseling (Ferrie, 2020). On the other hand, nutrition counseling is a participative process between a patient and a counselor that utilizes findings from the nutrition assessments to prioritize interventions to enhance nutritional status (Ferrie, 2020). Nutritional counseling helps to establish patient preferences, barriers to behavior change, and probable interventions to overcome the barriers.
The first step in nutritional assessment is interviewing the patient and examining pertinent medical records, diagnostic tests, and patient surveys. This helps to establish whether the patient has a dietary problem, and interpreting the data helps develop a nutritional diagnosis. This step should be thorough to prevent the whole process from breaking down and the patient from failing to obtain the desired results (Ferrie, 2020). The next step is formulating a nutritional diagnosis, which defines the problems that the nutritional counselor has identified in the assessment stage. The diagnosis determines the appropriate course of action, including nutritional supplements, recommended dietary interventions, and exercise programs.
The third step is nutrition intervention, which involves the nutritional counselor providing recommendations and interventions to address each patient’s unique nutritional problems. This is the action phase whereby the patient and counselor execute the care plan and has four basic steps: Food and lifestyle recommendations, nutritional education, nutritional counseling, and coordination of nutritional care (Ferrie, 2020). The last stage is the monitoring and evaluation phase, whereby the counselor monitors the client’s progress and adjusts interventions per health change. The counselor reviews the effective nutrition interventions and those that need retooling.
Part 4
Ethical Considerations for Huntington’s Disease
The ethical principles surrounding HD include respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, and beneficence. Respect for autonomy should be considered in genetic counseling. The choice to undergo a predictive test chromosomal analysis for HD must always be informed, deliberated, and freely chosen (Chapman et al., 2020). Nonmaleficence should also be considered in genetic counseling, and the clinician should ensure that the test will not cause potential psychological harm to the patient. Thus, during genetic counseling, patient education should be provided to psychologically prepare individuals and mitigate psychological distress caused by positive results (Chapman et al., 2020). Beneficence in genetic testing should be considered, especially in children who should not be subjected to chromosomal analysis unless there is a medically convincing reason, like a clinical diagnosis or a strong clinical suspicion of HD.
How Genetics Can Improve Care And Health Outcomes While Reducing Cost To Usual Practices
Genetics can improve care by informing healthcare professionals of an individual’s risk for a particular disease including in the prenatal, newborn, childhood, and adult contexts. Besides, genetics are used as a screening tool for diseases and to characterize diseases, which inform the best care to implement in a patient (Green et al., 2020). This lowers the cost of care since health professionals identify a specific treatment approach rather than conducting trial and error of various therapies leading to high costs. Genetics also enhances the selection of pharmacological treatments and therapies designed to aim at the underlying disease genomics resulting in better health outcomes (Green et al., 2020). Furthermore, genetics guide the management of symptoms in genetic-related diseases resulting in better outcomes and reduced medical costs.
Changes In Approaches To Care When New Evidence Warrants Evaluation Of Other Options For Improving Outcomes Or Decreasing Adverse Events
When new evidence justifies the assessment of other options to improve outcomes or reduce adverse events, a series of action steps are undertaken. It takes several weeks to months to implement the change based on the nature of the practice change. Strategies that are used to promote the implementation of the new evidence include audit and feedback of the new evidence, change champions, use of clinical reminders and practice prompts, interactive education, and educational outreach (Engle et al., 2021). These strategies seek to improve providers’ awareness of the new evidence to modify their practice in order to improve health outcomes and minimize adverse events. Furthermore, leaders in the clinical care setting promote the change by encouraging and teaching employees about the change in practice.
Patient Education Plan For Huntington’s Disease
The education plan to educate patients on HD will enhance the quality of life for patients and their caregivers. It will also seek to educate and train patients to develop coping strategies to handle psychosocial stressors. The first step will be to assess patients’ knowledge level about HD, which will determine the area to emphasize during education. The second step will include educating patients on the general knowledge of HD, including clinical manifestations, risk factors, associated genetics, and genetic testing options. In addition, I will educate patients on the non-pharmacological approaches used to manage the disease symptoms, including psychological therapies available to mitigate the associated psychological distress. Teaching strategies that will be incorporated include brainstorming, discussions, and lecture. Education materials like pamphlets will be provided for patients to refer. The Teach-back method will be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the teaching plan. Patients will be instructed to explain what they have learned using their words, and this will be used to determine the degree to which they have understood.
Conclusion
HD is a neurodegenerative disorder genetically inherited as an autosomal dominant trait during conception. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and fragment sizing are used to confirm or rule out HD. Ethical considerations in HD surround the ethical principles of respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, and beneficence. The patient education plan for HD will include teaching patients about the clinical manifestations, risk factors, and non-pharmacological management approaches to improve the quality of life.
References
Chapman, C. R., Mehta, K. S., Parent, B., & Caplan, A. L. (2020). Genetic discrimination: emerging ethical challenges in the context of advancing technology. Journal of Law and the Biosciences, 7(1), lsz016. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsz016
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