DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients?

Grand Canyon University DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients?-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients? assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients?                           

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients? depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients?                         

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients? is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients?                         

After the introduction, move into the main part of the DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients? assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients?                         

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients?                           

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients? 

Re: Topic 4 DQ 2

Pharmacodynamic variability arises because of the relationship between drug concentration and effect. Within either instance, these specific genealogical variants enacting mediations pertaining to concentrations of drugs or their coinciding outcomes are increasingly being recognized as sources of variable drug action — ‘pharmacogenetics’ (Lin, 2007). Mutations, the changes in the sequences of genes in DNA, are one source of genetic variation (Lin, 2007). Another source is gene flow, or the movement of genes between different groups of organisms (Lin, 2007). Finally, genetic variation can result from sexual reproduction, which leads to the creation of new combinations of genes (Lin, 2007). When concerning responses towards administered drugs, differing populace, especially when involving ethnic vulnerability towards adverse drug reactions, are impacted when concerning polymorphisms residing within the genealogical scape. Genetic variation frequencies differ among different ethnicities, which may be associated with variation in susceptibility to adverse drug reactions among diverse populations. Variation in response to equivalent drug concentrations arises because of various factors, such as differences in receptor number and structure, receptor-coupling mechanisms, and physiological changes in target organs resulting from differences in genetics, age, and health (Lin, 2007).

Variations in drug response may be pharmacodynamic, implying inter-individual differences in the response of receptors in equal concentrations of the drug. In addition, it may also be pharmacokinetic, indicating that individuals receiving the same drug dose will have different drug concentrations in their body fluids (Hartmanshenn et al., 2016). Moreover, both inheritance and acquisition of either instance of variance are sure to follow. Variations in receptor sensitivity occur, but few inherited or acquired instances have well-documented clinical relevance. Should the therapeutic index reside at a decreased level or the causal relationship of the response as well as dosage does not retain a level of steepness, the concentration within the specific drug of the receptor region will not be critical, and causes of kinetic variation are unlikely to be clinically significant (Hartmanshenn et al., 2016). However, it is the many causes of kinetic variation, including effects due to drug formulation and changes in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs (Hartmanshenn et al., 2016). Analyzing and predicting variability due to these factors is desirable if consideration of dynamics suggests drug concentration will determine therapeutic efficacy.

References

Hartmanshenn, C., Scherholz, M., & Androulakis, I. P. (2016). Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models: approaches for enabling personalized medicine. Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, 43(5), 481-504.

Lin, J. H. (2007). Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variability: a daunting challenge in drug therapy. Current drug metabolism, 8(2), 109-136.

Sample Answer 2 for DNP 810 How does the variability of responses result in tailoring pharmacologic agents to the care of these patients? 

About three in five Americans aged 20 years and above take prescription drugs on a monthly basis and many either encounter adverse drug reactions or reduced treatment efficacy. The strong genetic component of altered drug response in patients is well known and attributed to variants affecting drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (Schärfe, Tremmel, Schwab, et al., 2017). Everyone’s body is different and each patient act differently to drugs, and failure to understand the variations will lead to drug toxicity and adverse drug reactions. Some of the genetic factors that could influence drug response includes, absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, due to body weight, genetic conditions, genetic polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzymes, height, race, receptor sensitivity, and sex.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite the availability of several pharmacologic treatment options for hypertension, only fewer patient of North Americans achieves target blood pressure goals.  Extrinsic and intrinsic factors play a potentially different pathophysiology of hypertension in African American population and others. Polymorphism in these genes may be responsible for the high prevalence and increased severity of hypertension. Typically, African American patients require a high dosage of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or combined therapy with low-dose diuretics to reduce blood pressure effectively.

As a DNP prepared nurse, it is important to remember that a person should be treated holistically to ensure the right drug at the right dose and the right time is prescribed to maximize the effect and minimize harm to the patient.

Schärfe, C.P.I., Tremmel, R., Schwab, M. et al. Genetic variation in human drug-related genes. Genome Med 9, 117 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-017-0502-5

DNP 810 Topic 5 DQ 1 Sample Answer

Bias is any trend or deviation from the truth in data collection, data analysis, interpretation, and publication that can cause false conclusions. Bias can occur either intentionally or unintentionally. Intention to introduce bias into someone’s research is not moral. Nevertheless, considering the possible consequences of biased research, it is almost equally irresponsible to conduct and publish biased research unintentionally (Gardenier JS, Resnik DB, 2019). Bias distorts the truth, it interferes with the ability to truly understand the environments around us. It is the most challenging obstacle for researchers. It is worth pointing out that every study has its confounding variables and limitations. Confounding effects cannot be completely avoided. While Personal bias happens when the research results are altered due to personal beliefs, customs, attitudes, culture, and errors among many other factors. It also means that the researcher must have analyzed the research data based on his/her beliefs rather than the views perceived by the respondents (Scott K, McSherry R, 2019) In research studies having a well-designed research protocol explicitly outlining data collection and analysis can assist in reducing bias. Feasibility studies are often undertaken to refine protocols and procedures. Bias can be reduced by maximizing follow up and where appropriate in randomized control trials analysis should be based on the intention to treat principle, a strategy that assesses clinical effectiveness because not everyone complies with treatment and the treatment people receive may be changed according to how they respond. Bias research has been criticized for lacking transparency in relation to the analytical processes employed (Smith, J., & Noble, H. 2018). 

A quality improvement DPI project could be affected or reduced by the random selection of participants since I am using a clinic setting and in the case of clinical trials randomization of participants into comparison groups. Also, some participants might withdraw from the study or be lost due to failed follow-up. This can result in sample bias or change the characteristics of participants in comparison groups.  In qualitative research purposeful sampling has advantages when compared to convenience sampling in that bias is reduced because the sample is constantly refined to meet the study aims. Premature closure of the selection of participants before analysis is complete can threaten the validity of a qualitative study. This can be overcome by continuing to recruit new participants into the study during data analysis until no new information emerges, known as data saturation. 

References 

Gardenier JS, Resnik DB. The misuse of statistics: concepts, tools, and a research agenda. Account Res. 2019;9:65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08989620212968. [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 

Scott K, McSherry R. Evidence-based nursing: clarifying the concepts for nurses in practice. Nursing in Critical Care, 2019: 3; 67-71 p 1089. 

Smith, J., & Noble, H. (2018). Bias in research. Evidence-Based Nursing, 17(4), 100-101. https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2018-101946