DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement

Grand Canyon University DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement                           

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement                         

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement                         

After the introduction, move into the main part of the DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement                         

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement                           

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement

Re: Topic 3 DQ 1

Middle-range theories are basic usable structures of ideas and are more conceptual than empirical generalizations. (Liehr & Smith, 2017) Nursing theories considered middle range can be applied across populations and to persons with complex health conditions, often using qualitative research. (Liehr Smith, 2017). The Roy Adaptation Model (RAM) is a conceptual model focused on the individual and how health can be managed and improved through changing environments (Rice, 2012) (Van Patten, R.R , & Bartone, A. S., 2018). This theory is classified as a middle-range theory and is grounded in concepts that may be generalizable across populations that enhance nursing care (Tomey and Alligood, 2006) (Van Patten, R.R, & Bartone, A. S., 2018). Studies have shown the benefits of using RAM to guide projects and develop into other middle-range theories of chronic pain (Dunn, 2005) (Liehr Smith, 2017) and adaptation to diabetes (Whittmore & Roy, 2002) (Liehr Smith, 2017). These studies show the usefulness of Roy’s model as a guide for nursing research and support the credibility of the model. Using RAM as a basis to guide a quality improvement project for ESRD will be by understanding and identifying predictors of adaptation of illness. ESRD patients on dialysis have to adjust to a new normal. Diet changes, medication changes, changes to the quality of life. RAM is useful to both the basic and clinical sciences of nursing. (Liehr& Smith, 2017). The Roy Model includes three stimuli classified as Focal Stimuli, which individual is immediately confronted with; Contextual Stimuli, which refers to other contributing stimuli; and Residual Stimuli, which include factors from the environment, all comprising the combined effect of the adaptation level (Nursing Theories, 2013; Rice, 2012) (Van Patten, R.R, & Bartone, A. S., 2018). When using RAM, nursing interventions are conceptualized as the management or control of stimuli (Roy & Andrews, 1999)(Liehr & Smith, 2017).

Neuman’s systems model (NSM) is also a conceptual model that provides flexible comprehensive systems-based frameworks for nursing. Like RAM, NSM provides a holistic perspective to nursing research, practice, and education. (Nadeau & Walker, 2017). Other similarities between NSM and RAM are they are adaptable to use in changing health care systems globally. (Nadeau & Walker, 2017). NSM is used in other health disciplines such as occupational therapy and interdisciplinary health care teams. (Clark & Lowry, 2012; Memmott, Marett, Bott, & Duke, 2000). (Nadeau & Walker, 2017).

Drevenhorn, E. (2018). A proposed middle-range theory of nursing in hypertension care. International Journal of Hypertension, 2018, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2858253

Liehr, P., & Smith, M. J. (2017). Middle range theories. In J. Fitzpatrick (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Nursing Research (4th ed.). Springer Publishing Company. Credo Reference.

Nadeau, C., & Walker, P. H. (2017). Neuman’s systems model. In J. Fitzpatrick (Ed.), Encyclopedia of nursing research (4th ed.). Springer Publishing Company. Credo Reference: https://lopes.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/spennurres/neuman_s_systems_model/0?institutionId=5865

VanPatten, R.R., Bartone, A. S. (2018). The impact of mentorship, preceptors, and debriefing on the quality of program experiences, Nurse Education in Practice, Volume 35, 2019. Pages 63-68. ISSN 1471-5953. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147159531830249X

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2019.01.007.

Sample Answer 2 for DNP 815 Compare and contrast a minimum of two middle range theories and describe how one of these middle range theories could serve as a foundation for direct practice improvement

Two middle range theorists that have added to the body of knowledge are Madeline M. Leninger and Nola J. Pender. Madeline M. Leninger developed the theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality and represented it in the sunrise model. Nola J. Pender developed the Health Promotion Model and focused on individuals’ interaction with their environment in pursuit of health. Leininger’s conceptual framework has been used to study the effects or impact of culture on health-related issues using concepts from nursing and anthropology (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2019). Pender’s Health Promotion model has been used as a framework for merging nursing and the behavioral science on determinants of individual’s behavior that impact or effect health. The theory is centered on modifying one’s way of life to improve their health and wellness. Both theories are wide in scope is holistic and have been used worldwide. For example, Leininger theory has been used in multiple ethnicity and diverse cultures around the world (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2019). It has been used on families, individuals, groups, communities and organizations. Pender’s Model of Health Promotion is multidimensional and may be used in various surroundings or environment also. The model has also been used in all settings where people traverse to attain health prevention. Both theories conceptual models are very useful in nursing practice to provide efficient and effective care to clients to improve health and have been used as the conceptual framework to guide research and studies. Both theories are well represented visually and graphically by their diagrams.

Pender’s Health Promotion Model is simpler and understandable, hence parsimonious. On the contrary, Leininger’s Sunrise model is comprehensive and complex. Leininger’s theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality can be used in every area that is applicable to culture and care and applies to both individuals, groups, communities and organizations and is the only theory that focuses on culture (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2019). On the contrary Pender Health Promotion Model is limited with regards to use in cultural settings despite its diversity in groups and is more effective when applied to the individuals as they tend to be more responsible for their health (Khoshnood, Rayyani & Tirgari, 2020). Pender theory reflects a reciprocal interaction world view in which she believes that human beings can be viewed as comprehensive, universal and complete. Leininger theory presents a system perspective to the comprehension of culture. Leininger did not agree with the metaparadigms of nursing, however she still defined them within her theory (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2015). Pender’s Health Promotion Model did not clearly define the metaparadigms of nursing as they were all used interchangeable throughout the model. Pender health promotion model was derived from two theories of health behavior namely the expectancy value theory by Martin Fishbein and the social cognitive theory by Albert Bandura (Khoshnood, Rayyani & Tirgari, 2020) whereas Leininger theory of culture care universality and diversity was not borrowed from any other theory. Pender’s health promotion model concepts are very clear (Khoshnood, Rayyani & Tirgari, 2020). On the contrary, Leininger’s theory lack clarity in defining the major concepts and has incorporated many definitions to explain the theory. Leininger did not use the term operational definition. Instead, she used orientational definitions (McFarland & Wehbe-Alamah, 2019). On the contrary, Pender did not use any operational definition to explain concepts in her theory as most of the constructs used were clear and understandable.

Leininger’s model has been used to guide research and work in collaboration with her theory. Leininger developed the ethno nursing research method which has been used in much research in various cultures (Alligood, 2018). There have been increased awareness to transcultural nursing and nurses have been using the model to participate in research regionally and internationally. This theory was used to research an ethnohistorical comparative view about care and caring among Taiwanese Americans. Nurses have been participating in workshops, conferences, seminars and continuing education to understand and become more culturally sensitive. On a global scale Leininger theory could be used to perform a study on the cultural experience of patient safety cultures in Arab territories. In this case culture would be appreciated from a different perspective (Elmontsri et al., 2017). In our setting, as nurse leader Leininger theory could be used to determined how nurse’s background influences their attitudes to work and the care they administer to their clients. Pender model has also been used in clinical settings, research and nursing education. Pender’s Health Promotion Model has been developed from research and has been used as the conceptual framework for numerous research on client from all age range (Khodaveisi et al.,2017). A scale name the health promoting lifestyle profile was initiated to determine aspects of health promoting behavior. The model has been used for research locally, regionally and internationally. There is also an adolescent lifestyle profile that was developed which shows that the model can be used on all age group. The model has been used in a study in Iran, observing the health behaviors of Iranian men, living in Tehran (Sanaati et al., 2021). Both theorists have added to the body of knowledge of nursing in practice and research.

References  

Alligood, M.R. (2018). Nursing Theorists and Their Work. Elsevier.

Elmontsri, M., Almashrafi, A., Banarsee, R., & Majeed, A. (2017). Status of patient safety culture in Arab countries: a systematic review. BMJ Open, 7(2), e013487. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013487

Khodaveisi, M., PhD, Omidi, A., Ms, Farokhi, S., Ms, & Soltanian, A. R., PhD (2017). The Effect of Pender’s Health Promotion Model in Improving the Nutritional Behavior of Overweight and Obese Women. International journal of community-based nursing and midwifery, 5(2), 165–174.

Khoshnood, Z., Rayyani, M., & Tirgari, B. (2020). Theory analysis for Pender’s health promotion model (HPM) by Barnum’s criteria: A critical perspective. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 32(4) doi:https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2017-0160

McFarland, M. R., & Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. (2019). Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity and Universality: An Overview with a Historical Retrospective and a View Toward the Future. Journal Of Transcultural Nursing, 30(6), 540–557. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1177/1043659619867134

McFarland, M. R., & Wehbe-Alamah, H. B. (2015). Leininger’s Culture Care Diversity and Universality: A Worldwide Nursing Theory. Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Meleis, A.I. (2021). Situation Specific Theories: Development, Utilization, and Evaluation in Nursing. Springer International Publishing.

Sanaati, F., Geranmayeh, M., Behboodi Moghadam, Z., Zareiyan, A., Samadaee Gelehkolaee, K., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2021). A population-based study of health-promoting behaviors and their predictors in Iranian males, 2019. Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique, 79(1), 23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-021-00543-1

DNP 815 Topic 3 DQ 2 Sample Answer

Middle range theories, introduced into the nursing profession in the late 1990s, focus on narrower, more specific concepts (Mintz-Binder, 2019). These theories can be applied to a large variety of clinical practices in various healthcare settings. A search of the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) with key words middle range theories and nursing generated many articles that applied these theories to nursing practices. Paul (2020) published “Development of the middle-range theory of wound itch”, an article that focused on a middle range theory involving wound healing and the management of the sensation wound itch. Scratching a wound itch, or an uneasy sensation of a healing wound, can harm a patient’s wound healing progress and lead to mental distress (Paul, 2020). While the problem of the feeling of itch has been discussed frequently in literature and within daily practice, the treatment of the itch is rarely researched or handled in the clinical setting, noting the complex physiological process of an itch as one of the reasons it is not well understood (Paul, 2020).  

In the article, the author discusses the process in which Levine’s conservation model was applied to the problem of wound itch, with the development of the “theory of itch” (Paul, 2020). Levine’s theory focuses on the human being as a whole, along with the environment they live and thrive within as part of the whole being (Paul, 2020). Paul applied four concepts to the idea of wound itch: the idea of fight or flight, physiological inflammatory response, psychological stress, and perceptual awareness of the itch (Paul, 2020). The itch is an inflammatory response of the immune system as the cells of the skin are healing. The sensation creates a fight or flight response within the patient, causing the patient to experience psychological distress. The constant perception or feeling of the itch, often without the ability to decrease the sensation due to the itch being located within the wound bed, leads to additional stress of the patient, often contributing to depression, anxiety, and frustrations (Paul, 2020). By understanding the many dimensions, nurses are able to realize wound itch is an agonizing complication of the wound healing process that requires a thorough and individualized plan of care for the patient. Middle-range theory provides framework and structure to specific problems in clinical settings (Mintz-Binder, 2019).   

Mintz-Binder, R. (2019). The connection between nursing theory and practice. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy!, 17(1), 6–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000549615.05397.55  

Paul, J. C. (2020). Development of the middle-range theory of wound itch. British Journal of Nursing, 29(20). https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2020.29.20.s32