DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models
Grand Canyon University DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models
After the introduction, move into the main part of the DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for DNP 815A Connecting Nursing Theory and Evidence-Based Change Models
Routinely, nurses encounter patients with varying needs, concerns, and attitudes to care. Despite the impacts of these variables on patient care, nurses must continually identify opportunities for change and address issues appropriately. Quality improvement projects utilize different nursing theories and frameworks. The current project seeks to improve outcomes among the elderly and debilitated patients using a preventive bundle to reduce pressure ulcers. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to describe the theoretical foundations, evidence-based change model, and the connection between the theory, change model and the direct practice improvement project. The section that follows describes the theoretical foundations.
Theoretical Foundations
Nurses borrow ideas of improving care quality from nursing theories. Grand and middle-range nursing theories are widely applied in direct practice improvement project. This section outlines the selected theory, clinical question, and how the theory has been applied in other practice areas.
Nursing Theory
A nursing theory is an organized body of knowledge that defines what nursing entails. Given this, nursing theories describe why nurses practice nursing and how they should approach different situations. According to Smith (2019), nursing theories provide baseline knowledge of care concepts that explain what nursing professionals should do for patients and the rationale for their actions. Such an approach to care is crucial in the ever-evolving practice since nurses should articulate evidence that validates their practice methodologies.
Imogene King Goal Attainment Theory: broadly, Imogene King’s goal attainment theory is established on the principle that nurses and patients should set mutual goals and the care process should be transactional. As Butts and Rich (2021) explained, the goal attainment theory recognizes the importance of identifying a problem through effective nurse-patient communication and setting goals that must be achieved reciprocally. The implication is that the care process is not one-sided; thus, nurses and patients must be active partners. Butts and Rich (2021) further explained that nurses use their experience and skills to initiate action, reaction, and appropriate interactions between them and care recipients. To achieve the desired outcomes, nurses must share essential information about their perceptions of the situations and care processed to enable both parties to recognize specific goals and implement mechanisms to achieve them with a clear purpose. In summary, the care process through the goal attainment theory involves five concepts/steps: identifying a problem, mutual goal setting, shared roles to attain the goal, agreeing on how to accomplish the goals, and transaction/goal attainment.
The current project involves implementing a pressure preventive bundle to reduce pressure injury incidence among elderly and debilitated patients. The first concept of the goal attainment theory is problem identification through actions and interactions. The problem is clear, and both nurses and patients understand its implications. The second concept is mutual goal setting. The patients must be involved in setting goals to ensure they understand the projected benefits of the preventive bundle and their role in making the project a success. For instance, they can set reminders for repositioning to ensure they are awake as repositioning occurs. Seeking ways to achieve the goal should also be a joint exercise since patients must understand why and when each activity occurs. Mutual goal setting will ensure the nurse and patient’s goals align.
Clinical Question: to what degree does the implementation of a pressure preventive bundle impacts pressure injury incidence when compared to routine care among elderly and debilitated patients in a long-term care facility in suburban Maryland City?
Implementing the pressure preventive bundle is expected to reduce pressure injury incidence in the long-term care facility. The nurse and patients should set mutual goals and identify measures to achieve these goals as the goal attainment theory recommends. Failing to engage the patients implies that the process will not be transactional, and the projected goals will not be achieved.
Synthesis of Theory
Imogene King’s goal attainment theory has been widely applied to set patient goals and optimize care outcomes in nursing research and evidence-based practice. Araújo et al. (2018) evaluated the effectiveness of nursing interventions based on goal attainment theory on patient care outcomes among diabetic people. In this quasi-experimental study, sixty patients were divided into intervention and control groups. In the experimental group, health goals were formulated based on King’s theory and measures to enhance adherence to treatment identified mutually between nurses and patients. The control group did not receive nursing consultations. The primary finding was high adherence to treatment in the intervention group since patients felt co-responsible for the treatment and with high decisive power (Araujo et al., 2018). Nursing consultations that improved interactions further improved adherence.
In a different study, Payamani et al. (2022) explored the impacts of applying the nursing process guided by the goal attainment theory’s concepts on patients with multiple sclerosis. In this study, the authors examined the impacts of the nursing process on patients’ quality of life (QOL) and activities of daily living (ADL) when the nursing process is based on the theory of goal attainment. Seventy patients were divided into the intervention and control groups, and the concepts of goal attainment theory were implemented in the intervention group. Payamani et al. (2022) found that the intervention group achieved a higher number of prioritized goals than the control group and reported higher QOL and instrumental ADL. The positive results underscored the effectiveness of goal attainment theory in promoting goal attainment, QOL, and instrumental ADL for patients.
King’s theory of goal attainment can also improve relationships if implemented effectively. Relationship building is pivotal in enhancing cooperation, adherence, and positivity in general and specialized care. To understand these connections, Adib-Hajbaghery and Tahmouresi (2018) assessed the use of King’s goal attainment theory in the nurse-patient relationship. For nurses to achieve optimal care, processes must be based on the tenet that nursing is enabling healthy interactions and building relationships to attain health and improve well-being. Such an understanding allows nurses to perceive patient care as a process whose ultimate goal is to attain health. Viewing care as an interactive process builds healthy nurse-patient relationships since nurses incorporate patients in goal setting and support them to interact positively with the immediate environment.
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Summary
The above section on theoretical foundations explores the chosen nursing theory and its application in other nursing areas. As discussed in detail, Imogene King’s fundamental concepts include nurses and patients engaging in a transactional process to set mutual goals and identify ways of achieving them. The clinical question aligns with the goal attainment theory since nurses and patients should set mutual goals and engage in a transactional process to reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers. The next section analyzes the evidence-based change model.
Evidence-Based Change Model
Implementing evidence-based practice (EBP) requires health care professionals to combine scientific evidence, clinical expertise, and patients’ values and preferences to improve patient care outcomes. EBP models provide concepts and frameworks for implementing scientific evidence to make positive changes in patient care (Duff et al., 2020). If differently stated, EBP change models help change leaders to demystify the process of research translation into clinical practice.
Imogene King’s Conceptual System Model
The conceptual system is established on the principle that human beings are open systems interacting continuously with the environment. According to Butts and Rich (2021), King’s model reflects humans, the environment, health, and nursing as systems. The concept of a person is the most critical and contains three systems: personal, interpersonal, and social. Butts and Rich (2021) further explained that the personal system includes people (patients) who respond and cope with stimuli based on their expectations. The interpersonal system includes roles, communication, and interaction that transpire during the nursing process. The social system includes the roles, practices, and behaviors developed to address the needs of patients. In the project, patients are perceived as a combination of systems whose fundamental principles must be implemented to reduce the incidence of pressure injuries in the long-term care facility. Much emphasis is on the interpersonal system where nurse-patient communication will enable nurses and patients to make the essential transactions such as goal setting and identify the strategies for attaining those goals to maintain their health.
Clinical Question
Perceptions shape how people interact between themselves and person-to-environment transactions. However, without effective communication, nurses cannot model the desired nurse-patient interactions. Using the interpersonal system principles, communication will be fundamental in enabling nurses and patients set mutual goals, choose common strategies, and work together to implement the preventive bundle to reduce pressure injury incidence. The implication is that the goal attainment theory will be successfully implemented through transactions and helping patients perceive the process positively through continuous communication and engagement.
Synthesis of Evidence-Based Change Model
Imogene King’s conceptual system model has been widely used in current and past research. Park (2021) studied the impacts of nurse-led intervention programs based on the personal and interpersonal systems that Imogene King proposed in the conceptual system model. The model was utilized by categorizing the study’s dependent variables into personal and interpersonal systems. Adib-Hajbaghery and Tahmouresi (2018) also conceptualized the influence of personal and interpersonal systems on nurse-patient interactions. They conjectured that the nurse-patient interaction could not be effective without the nurse and patient understanding each other. Adib-Hajbaghery and Tahmouresi (2018) further mentioned that nurse-patient relationships exemplify the interpersonal system of the King’s conceptual system. In another study, Joseph et al. (2019) analyzed how King’s conceptual system and a transactional process provide a framework for effective and efficient case management. They argued that perceiving patients as interpersonal systems leads to mutual satisfaction for patients, physicians, and families.
Summary
Change models provide frameworks for implementing scientific evidence in nursing practice. Imogene King’s conceptual system model outlines how to implement goal attainment theory’s fundamental principles. The above section illustrates the change model and how it has been applied in other articles. The next section links the nursing theory and change model to the project.
Linking Nursing Theory, Change Model, to the Direct Practice Improvement Project
Pressure injuries are a significant threat to patient outcomes since they threaten patient safety and care quality and increase morbidity and hospitalization. Addressing the problem will reduce the incidence of pressure injuries in the site that primarily relies on standard care practices. Therefore the purpose of this quantitative quasi-experimental project was to determine to what degree the implementation of a pressure preventive bundle would impact pressure injury incidence when compared to current practice among elderly and debilitated patients in a long-term care facility in Maryland within 60 days.
Conclusion
Imogene King’s theory of goal attainment theory presumes that nurses and patients set goals that must be achieved reciprocally. The transaction process enables the two crucial parties of the nursing process to set goals and navigate situations while communicating with a clear purpose. King’s conceptual system model provides a framework for implementing the goal attainment theory. Its interpersonal system principles will be instrumental in implementing the DPI project by ensuring the nurse-patient relationship is transactional, and each understands the other. The nurse theory supports the change model by establishing patient care as a transaction. The model supports the theory by affirming the importance of a transactional relationship and provides a framework for implementing the theory’s basic concepts. The theory and the model support the purpose of the project since nurse-patient communication, and mutual goal setting will be instrumental in the project’s success.
References
Adib-Hajbaghery, M., & Tahmouresi, M. (2018). Nurse–patient relationship based on the Imogene King’s theory of goal attainment. Nursing and Midwifery Studies, 7(3), 141-144. doi: 10.4103/2322-1488.235636
Araújo, E. S. S., Silva, L. D. F. D., Moreira, T. M. M., Almeida, P. C. D., Freitas, M. C. D., & Guedes, M. V. C. (2018). Nursing care to patients with diabetes based on King’s Theory. Revista Brasileira De Enfermagem, 71, 1092-1098. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2016-0268
Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2021). Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Duff, J., Cullen, L., Hanrahan, K., & Steelman, V. (2020). Determinants of an evidence-based practice environment: An interpretive description. Implementation Science Communications, 1(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43058-020-00070-0
Joseph, S. S., George, R. A., Jose, R., & Sebastian, B (2021). Application of a nursing care protocol based on King’s Theory of Goal Attainment: A pre-experimental study. PJMHS, 15(12), 3481-3484. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115123481
Park, B. M. (2021). Effects of nurse-led intervention programs based on goal attainment theory: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Healthcare 2021, 9, 699. https://doi.org/10.3390/
Payamani, F., Khatiban, M., Soltanian, A., Ghiasian, M., & Borzou, S. R. (2022). The effect of applying the nursing process based on the Theory of Goal Attainment on activities of daily living and quality of life in persons with multiple sclerosis during COVID-19 pandemic: A clinical trial. Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971-),1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11845-022-03104-9
Smith, M. C. (2019). Nursing theories and nursing practice. FA Davis.
DNP 815 DPI Project Milestone Outline of 10 Strategic Points
10 Strategic Points Document for a Quality Improvement Project
Ten Strategic Points
The 10 Strategic Points | |
Title of Project |
Utilizing preventive care bundle to reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers among elderly and debilitated patients. |
Background Theoretical Foundation Literature Synthesis Practice Change Recommendation
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List the primary points for six sections.
All patients require quality care irrespective of their conditions, age, knowledge, and other factors. As primary care providers, nurses should explore opportunities for quality improvement in practice sites to ensure patient needs are adequately addressed. Pressure ulcers significantly threaten patient safety and care quality and increase morbidity and hospitalization (Darvall et al., 2018). As a result, nurses should identify and implement appropriate evidence-based interventions to improve quality. The practicum site primarily relies on routine pressure ulcer prevention. Although it is somewhat effective, outcomes can be further improved through other creative practices.
As mentioned above, pressure injuries are a significant risk to patient safety. Increasing morbidity, cost, and hospitalization hampers organizational functions, patient-provider relationships, and patients’ trust in care providers. As change leaders, nurses should guide organizations in implementing quality improvement projects to improve health outcomes. A preventive care bundle will be instrumental in reducing pressure ulcer incidence hence achieving better care outcomes. Implementing it implies reducing the gap between the current and the desired health outcomes.
Nursing theories are organized knowledge bodies that define what nursing involves and why nurses should do it. They provide a way to deliver care and respond to situations. Imogene King’s Goal Attainment theory suits this project. Hence it will be used to guide implementation. Its conceptual framework will be used as the change model. The theory’s fundamental principle is that nursing care is transactional; health is attained through the nurse-patient relationship (Butts & Rich, 2021). In this case, the nurse and patient goals and functions should be in line with each other. As a result, the nurse and patient should have a mutual understanding of needs, objectives, and the expected outcomes of the preventive bundle and related interventions.
Darvall, J. N., Mesfin, L., & Gorelik, A. (2018). Increasing frequency of critically ill patient turns is associated with a reduction in pressure injuries. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 20(3), 217-222. https://europepmc.org/article/med/30153784. Darvall et al. (2018) evaluated the effects of changing from a 5-hourly to 3-hourly turns on pressure injury incidence among critically ill patients. The study was founded on the tenet that prolonged immobility is a significant risk factor for pressure injuries; thus, increasing mobility would reduce the risk. The authors conducted pre-post intervention evaluation study for six months in an intensive care unit. They compared outcomes between patients under 5-hourly and 3-hourly turns. The primary finding was that a change in turn frequency from 5 hours to 3 hours halved the incidence of pressure injuries among critically ill patients. Similar outcomes are expected in the proposed project after implementing the preventive bundle. Lavallée, J. F., Gray, T. A., Dumville, J., & Cullum, N. (2019). Preventing pressure ulcers in nursing homes using a care bundle: A feasibility study. Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(4), e417-e427. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12742 In this study, Lavallée et al. (2019) explored the effectiveness of a care bundle in preventing pressure ulcers in nursing homes. The study was founded on the principle that many people living in nursing homes are at risk of developing pressure ulcers. In response, Lavallée et al. (2019) conducted a mixed methods feasibility study of the effectiveness of a care bundle through a before-and-after care design. The incidence rate was evaluated five weeks before implementing the bundle and continued for nine weeks during the bundle implementation phase. The primary finding was that ulcer prevention techniques such as repositioning, skin inspection, and checking support services enhanced the quality of care delivered. Accordingly, the study affirmed the potential for the intervention, and similar outcomes are expected in the current project. Mitchell, A. (2018). Adult pressure area care: preventing pressure ulcers. British Journal of Nursing, 27(18), 1050-1052. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2018.27.18.1050 In this study, Mitchell (2018) analyzed the effectiveness of different interventions in preventing pressure ulcers (PUs). The dominant prevention strategies included application of risk assessment tools and the SSKIN bundle. Mitchell (2018) observed that risk assessment should be conducted regularly within a maximum of eight hours to all patients. The SSKIN bundle is a preventive strategy that includes five components: Surface, Skin, Keep moving, Incontinence and moisture, and Nutrition and hydration (Mitchell, 2018). Among many suggestions, nurses should provide patients with equipment and support services to relieve pressure and prevent skin damage. The prevention package should also contain continuous skin assessment to manage existing pressure ulcers and prevent further skin damage. The study underscores the effectiveness of preventive bundle hence a crucial reference for developing the proposed project. Pickham, D., Berte, N., Pihulic, M., Valdez, A., Mayer, B., & Desai, M. (2018). Effect of a wearable patient sensor on care delivery for preventing pressure injuries in acutely ill adults: A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (LS-HAPI study). International Journal of Nursing Studies, 80, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.12.012. Routine repositioning of at-risk patients is highly recommended for preventing hospital acquired pressure injuries. In response, Pickham et al. (2018) evaluated the effectiveness of a wearable patient sensor in improving care delivery and patient outcomes in acutely ill patients. The role of the sensor was to increase the total time with turning compliance. The study was conducted in two ICUs in California and included two groups. The first group received turning care based on traditional turn reminders and practices (n = 653) while the other group received real-time, optimized turning practices through a wearable patient sensor (n = 659). The primary finding was that optimizing turning through a wearable patient sensor had a significant protective effect against the development of pressure injuries. The study underscores the effectiveness of a preventive bundle that contains different practices in reducing the incidence of pressure ulcers. Tayyib, N., Asiri, M. Y., Danic, S., Sahi, S. L., Lasafin, J., Generale, L. F., … & Reyes, M. (2021). The Effectiveness of the Skincare Bundle in Preventing Medical-Device Related Pressure Injuries in Critical Care Units: A Clinical Trial. Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 34(2), 75-80. Doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000725184.13678.80 Preventive bundles have different components hence different outcomes. Tayyib et al. (2021) examined the effects of a medical device-elated pressure injury (MDRPI) preventive bundle on the incidence of pressure injuries among critically ill patients. The study was conducted in a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia with the primary outcome being the development of MDRPI. The primary finding was that the skincare bundle intervention lowered the MDRPI cumulative incidence. Similarly, the proposed project can achieve similar outcomes after implementation.
Patient care standards should be improved progressively. Practice change through quality improvement projects can effectively improve outcomes. As a result, the preventive bundle will produce more desirable outcomes than routine pressure ulcer prevention strategies. It presents an excellent opportunity for reducing pressure ulcers and overall care cost.
The annotated research underscores the benefits of a preventive care bundle in reducing the incidence of pressure ulcers. Recommended practices include a change in turn frequency to increase mobility, optimizing turning practices using a wearable sensor, repositioning, skin inspection, and checking support services. The preventive bundle should combine different practices, and the studies confirm its effectiveness in reducing pressure injuries. |
Problem Statement |
Describe the variables/groups to project in one sentence. The preventive bundle is expected to reduce the incidence of pressure ulcers in the facility but the magnitude of the impact can only be established after implementing the project and analyzing the outcomes. |
PICOT to Evidence-Based Question |
In elderly and debilitated patients, will the implementation of a pressure preventive bundle reduce the incidence of pressure injury within 60 days? Evidence-Based Question: Provide the templated statement. To what extent will the implementation of a pressure preventive bundle reduce the incidence of pressure injury among elderly and debilitated patients in the long-term care facility? |
Sample Setting Location Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria |
Identify sample, needed sample size, and location (project phenomena with small numbers and variables/groups with large numbers).
Participants should be patients of sound mind, willing to participate in the study, and not part of another related or unrelated study.
Participants unwilling to participate, of unsound mind, or likely to leave the country within the study period will be excluded. Those unable to read and write will be excluded too. |
Define Variables |
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Project Design |
This project applies a quality improvement approach. You must be able to explain and cite the difference between research and quality improvement (one paragraph each).
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Purpose Statement |
Provide the templated statement. The purpose of this quality improvement project is to determine if the implementation of a Care Bundle Intervention would impact pressure ulcer prevention among elderly and debilitated patients in a long-term-care facility. The project will be piloted over an eight-week period in a suburban Maryland city in a long term care facility. |
Data Collection Approach |
1. Record patients’ essential demographics. 2. Obtain the baseline data from the EHRs. 3. Measure the incidence of pressure ulcers before and after the intervention and compare outcomes. A reduction of incidence by over 50% will be considered statistically significant. 4. Ensure the data is inaccessible to unauthorized personnel
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Data Analysis Approach |
Data will be analyzed through comparative data analysis. The difference between the incidence before and after the project will be used to compute the percentage difference. Statistically significant outcome: a reduction by 0.5 Clinically significant outcome- value <0.5 |
References | CMS.gov. (2021). Quality measurement and quality improvement. https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Quality-Initiatives-Patient-Assessment-Instruments/MMS/Quality-Measure-and-Quality-Improvement-#:~:text=Quality%20improvement%20is%20the%20framework,%2C%20healthcare%20systems%2C%20and%20organizations. Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2021). Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice. Jones & Bartlett Learning. Darvall, J. N., Mesfin, L., & Gorelik, A. (2018). Increasing frequency of critically ill patient turns is associated with a reduction in pressure injuries. Critical Care and Resuscitation, 20(3), 217-222. https://europepmc.org/article/med/30153784. Lavallée, J. F., Gray, T. A., Dumville, J., & Cullum, N. (2019). Preventing pressure ulcers in nursing homes using a care bundle: A feasibility study. Health & Social Care in the Community, 27(4), e417-e427. https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12742 Mitchell, A. (2018). Adult pressure area care: preventing pressure ulcers. British Journal of Nursing, 27(18), 1050-1052. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2018.27.18.1050 Pickham, D., Berte, N., Pihulic, M., Valdez, A., Mayer, B., & Desai, M. (2018). Effect of a wearable patient sensor on care delivery for preventing pressure injuries in acutely ill adults: A pragmatic randomized clinical trial (LS-HAPI study). International Journal of Nursing Studies, 80, 12-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.12.012. Tayyib, N., Asiri, M. Y., Danic, S., Sahi, S. L., Lasafin, J., Generale, L. F., … & Reyes, M. (2021). The Effectiveness of the Skincare Bundle in Preventing Medical-Device Related Pressure Injuries in Critical Care Units: A Clinical Trial. Advances in Skin & Wound Care, 34(2), 75-80. Doi: 10.1097/01.ASW.0000725184.13678.80 |