DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II

Grand Canyon University DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II  – Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II    

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II    

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II      is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II    

After the introduction, move into the main part of the DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II     assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II    

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II    

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II

Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The risk factors for lung cancer are well documented and these include but are not limited to cigarette smoking, family history of lung cancer, indoor exposure to radon and occupational exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos and nickel. Moreover, group 1 carcinogens have been implicated in many cancers and air pollution belongs to this group. Air pollution from factories has been established as a risk factor for lung cancer. The relative risk of lung cancer in cigarette smokers is 60-fold compared to non-smokers (Kumar et al., 2021). The effect of carcinogens has been widely studied and they can predispose non-smokers to lung cancer while being synergistic with cigarette smoke in cancer development for cigarette smokers. Asbestos exposure can lead to a 5-fold risk of lung cancer in exposed individuals while if the exposure occurs in a cigarette smoker, the risk is 55-fold (Kumar et al., 2021). Lung cancer is a major public concern as a majority of patients are diagnosed late when the prognosis is poor and have evidence of metastases. Interventions should be developed to improve the health outcomes of cigarette smokers and address the issue of lung cancer.

Addressing Lung Cancer in Cigarette Smokers

Cigarette smoking has been identified as the cause of 87% of deaths in the United States due to lung cancer (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). Various interventions may be applied to curb lung cancer. A viable intervention would be to address the major cause of lung cancer, cigarette smoking. A probable intervention to reduce the prevalence and incidences of lung cancers in cigarette smokers is quitting cigarettes. Cigarette cessation programs can be developed to help cigarette smokers. Cigarette cessation can reduce the morbidity, mortality, prevalence and incidences of lung cancer. The deaths from lung cancer can be reduced by 38% if smoking cessation is combined with routine lung cancer screening in smokers (Tindle et al., 2018). Screening for lung cancer alone has been attributed to a reduction of cancer deaths by 20%. The dangers of continual cigarette consumption during lung cancer treatment include the risk of recurrence, treatment side effects and diminished treatment response (Minnix et al., 2018). These are indicators that quitting cigarettes is a viable option for tackling lung cancer incidence and prevalence. It has been identified that the deaths from lung cancer can be decreased by about 30-40% if smokers quit when they are diagnosed with lung cancer (Minnix et al., 2018). It is also relevant that the benefits of cigarette cessation may be similar to cancer treatment and in some cases may be superior to some of the treatment options available. Cessation may therefore increase survival rates, improve treatment response, decrease morbidity from symptoms, improve life quality and reduce the chances of recurrence after lung cancer treatment.

Plan for a Smoking Cessation Program, Stakeholders Needed and Potential Challenges

The smoking cessation program will entail education sessions, telephone calls and medication administration. The education programs will include outreach programs, seminars and health fairs. Participants will be educated on the various risk factors for lung cancer, prevention strategies and management of the health risks brought about by cigarette smoking. Cigarette smoking has been implicated in many cancers other than lung cancer and passing this information may evoke a choice for cessation. The participants and general public will also be educated on coping strategies and possible medication interventions to help in the management of tobacco addiction. Participants will also be given newsletters, brochures and placards detailing the effects of cigarette smoking on health. Participants will be required to a small commitment fee of 20$. This fee is more of a registration fee and not a fee to suffice the interventions in the program as it would be insufficient. The program is set to run for 1 year. The estimated budget for the intervention program is about 500,000$. Telephone calls will be scheduled between qualified smoking cessation counsellors and cigarette addicts to hold one on one cessations to provide support for quitting. Various stakeholders will be involved in the program. The program will require the input of physicians, pharmacists, registered nurses, trained smoking cessation counsellors, permission from local authorities to hold public gatherings, public health specialists, health educators and volunteers. Physicians can provide referrals for potential participants. The professionals in the health field can provide health education and health promotion messages to participants. Pharmacists can provide various medications that can assist in tackling tobacco addiction. These include therapeutic options such as nicotine replacement therapy. They can also offer medical advice to participants already displaying effects and diseases related to cigarette smoking.

Various challenges may be encountered in the implementation of this program. This program may be inaccessible to others who may benefit from it (Minnix et al., 2018). This may stem from geographical barriers and travel costs which may not be feasible. This program can be tackled by offering online support opportunities and maximizing telephone calls. Toll-free numbers can be provided to ease this. Registration fees can also be moderated based on income estimations (Chiu et al., 2021). The awareness of the program may be an issue. This can be broadened by the promotion of the program. Promotion can be done through televised advertisements, radio advertisements and billboards. Moreover, social media pages can also be developed to create public awareness. Physicians and other healthcare professionals can play a central role in promotion (O’Keeffe et al., 2018). They can target possible patients with tobacco addiction in the hospital setting, discuss the program with other health providers during hospital meetings and dispense brochures regarding the program to patients and other caregivers. The financial requirements may be significant. This may need the involvement of potential donor organizations and other forms of charity.

Health Promotion Theory

A theory that can be applied is the health belief theory (Pribadi & Devy, 2020). Participants in the program can be educated regarding cigarette smoking and its potential consequences. They can be educated on lung cancer risks related to cigarette smoking behaviour. They can also be educated on the benefits of cessation. They can also be enlightened on challenges to cessation and the coping strategies that can be applied (Upadhyay et al., 2019). With this information, tobacco addicts can gain insight into their susceptibility to cigarette diseases including lung cancer, the consequences of continual smoking, the benefits of cessation and some of the challenges in cessation and coping difficulties (Pribadi & Devy, 2020). These may provide the addicts with information to evaluate their risk for lung cancer and other consequences to enable them to make informed decisions regarding their smoking behaviour (Upadhyay et al., 2019). It may spark a drive to quit smoking behaviour and the potential to seek cigarette cessation programs.

Expected Outcomes

The expected outcomes include an increased number of participants enrolled with time, decreased incidences and prevalence of lung cancer and decreased prevalence of smoking (Minnix et al., 2018). Moreover, the focus, efficiency and quality of the telephone sessions are expected to improve as counsellors gain more experience with time. The number of clients supported through telephone sessions is expected to increase. Awareness and access to the program are also expected to increase. If the expected outcomes are not realised, the promotion of the program can be increased to create more awareness. The participants can be given evaluation forms to assess their satisfaction. The participants can also be questioned on the challenges that hinder cessation and the potential triggers for relapse (Tindle et al., 2018). Moreover, new processes and strategies can be developed to promote the growth and success of the program.

Contributors to Lung Cancer in Cigarette Smokers

The influence of environmental pollution plays a key role in lung cancer incidences in smokers. These pollutants increase the risk of progression to malignancy. Genetic differences among smokers can play a role. Some groups of smokers are at more risk of developing cancer due to genetics. Moreover, individuals with a family history of lung cancer may compound their risk of lung cancer with cigarette smoking (Kumar et al., 2021). Poverty may deny smokers access to screening programs and interventions such as curative surgery for early lesions. Low levels of income may also deny this vulnerable population access to preventive programs and medications to manage addiction (Minnix et al., 2018). A low level of education impacts awareness of the consequences of cigarette smoking and access to health promotion information.

Advocacy for Cigarette Smokers

I can support labour laws that mandate employers to provide safe working conditions for employees to mitigate occupational exposure to carcinogens. Carcinogens may increase their risk of lung cancer. Some of these individuals live in poverty. I can support family income supplementation programs and these can reduce the inequality in income (Oerther & Rosa, 2020). This can enable them to afford screening programs and curative treatments, especially at the early stages of disease. I can also take part in health education programs that educate them on prevention measures, the dangers of cigarette smoking, coping strategies and the benefits of cigarette cessation (Chiu et al., 2021). I can also collaborate with other health professionals to provide the best care and education for this group to ensure that they make informed decisions about their care. I can also support organizations and agencies that advocate for insurance for marginalised groups (Oerther & Rosa, 2020). Different areas of health can advocate for equity by maintaining the ethical principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice and non-maleficence. Additionally, I can consult management teams to include disadvantaged groups in their budgets to help in minimizing health care costs and provide treatment waivers (Chiu et al., 2021). These can improve health of these groups.

Conclusion

Lung cancer can cause significant morbidity and is a common cause of mortality among cigarette smokers. Cigarette cessation has been identified as a viable option to reduce the incidences, prevalence and mortality of lung cancer in cigarette smokers. Various stakeholders such as health professionals and donors may be needed for the success of cessation programs. Identification and management of potential challenges in cessation programs may promote the success of such programs. Various patient inequalities exist and this may predispose them to various diseases. Tackling patient inequalities and upholding ethical considerations can improve access to quality care and lead to improved patient outcomes.

Also Read

DNP 825A Reflective Journal

DNP 825 Population Management Syllabus

References

Chiu, P., Cummings, G. G., Thorne, S., & Schick-Makaroff, K. (2021). Policy advocacy and nursing organizations: A scoping review. Policy, Politics & Nursing Practice, 22(4), 271–291. https://doi.org/10.1177/15271544211050611

Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., & Aster, J. C. (2021). Robbins Basic Pathology (V. Kumar, A. K. Abbas, & J. C. Aster, Eds.; 10th ed.). Elsevier – Health Sciences Division.

Minnix, J. A., Karam-Hage, M., Blalock, J. A., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2018). The importance of incorporating smoking cessation into lung cancer screening. Translational Lung Cancer Research, 7(3), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2018.05.03

Oerther, S. E., & Rosa, W. E. (2020). Advocating for equality: The backbone of the Sustainable Development Goals. The American Journal of Nursing, 120(12), 60–62. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NAJ.0000724256.31342.4b

O’Keeffe, L. M., Taylor, G., Huxley, R. R., Mitchell, P., Woodward, M., & Peters, S. A. E. (2018). Smoking as a risk factor for lung cancer in women and men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 8(10), e021611. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021611

Pribadi, E. T., & Devy, S. R. (2020). Application of the Health Belief Model on the intention to stop smoking behavior among young adult women. Journal of Public Health Research, 9(2), 1817. https://doi.org/10.4081/jphr.2020.1817

Tindle, H. A., Stevenson Duncan, M., Greevy, R. A., Vasan, R. S., Kundu, S., Massion, P. P., & Freiberg, M. S. (2018). Lifetime smoking history and risk of lung cancer: Results from the Framingham heart study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 110(11), 1201–1207. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy041

Upadhyay, S., Lord, J., & Gakh, M. (2019). Health-information seeking and intention to quit smoking: Do health beliefs have a mediating role? Tobacco Use Insights, 12, 1179173X19871310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179173X19871310

Sample Answer 2 for DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II

The promotion of optimum health outcomes for high-risk populations is important in nursing practice. Often, nurses adopt evidence-based practices to optimize the care outcomes of these populations. Evidence-based practices are adopted from clinical researches with a consideration of the patient’s values and nurses’ expertise in addressing care needs of their populations (Melnyk et al., 2021). The initial project identified African Americans as a high-risk population for obesity. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose an intervention that is applicable to addressing this problem, implementation plan, potential challenges, a theory that will be used, and expected outcomes from the change. It also focuses on other factors predisposing African Americans to obesity and advocacy role for DNP-prepared nurses.

Proposed Evidence-Based Intervention

The proposed evidence-based intervention to address obesity among high-risk African Americans is the implementation of community-based interventions comprising physical activity and nutrition. Community-based interventions focus on transforming the risk factors for obesity at the community levels. The interventions target a large number of the affected and those at risk rather than interventions delivered in healthcare settings. The rise in obesity and overweight rates in America has largely been attributed to a reduction in the utilization of healthy lifestyles and behaviors by the population. For example, Berry et al., (2018) report that there has been a continuous decline in children and adult engagement in physical activity over the last four decades. The authors also note an increase in sedentary activities in the entire population in the USA, translating into the high rates of obesity (Berry et al., 2018). Therefore, community-based interventions comprising physical activity and nutritional modification may result in lifestyle and behavioral change among African Americans for their health and wellbeing.

Evidence Supporting the Proposal

Evidence-based data supports the use of community-based interventions to address the problem of obesity among high-risk populations. Berry et al., (2018) implemented a community-based weight management program targeting African American and white low-income children in the USA. Community-based intervention that focused on physical activity and dietary modification was associated with a significant reduction in weight among the African American and white children in the intervention groups than in control group. The program also led to increased engagement in physical activity and improved stress management among African American parents in the intervention groups (Berry et al., 2018).

 Frerichs et al., (2020) found similar results in their study where a community-based lifestyle change intervention targeting African Americans in two rural counties in North Carolina led to significant positive improvement in healthy eating and physical activity. The improvements were more pronounced in the intervention group as compared to the control group (Frerichs et al., 2020). Based on these studies, community-based intervention is effective in addressing the problem of obesity among the affected or at-risk African Americans. The proposed intervention is realistic and appropriate for the population since it raises awareness among them and stimulates change. It does not require significant use of resources other than transforming the participants’ lifestyles and behaviors, hence, its efficacy.

Implementation Plan

A systematic approach to implementing the proposal will be adopted. The first step will be identifying obese and those at-risk patients at the outpatient department. African American patients visiting the department for assessment will be assessed to determine their weight status. Those found obese or at risk of obesity will be informed about the project and recruited if they are willing to participate in it. The second step will be organizing for a community meeting with them. They will be educated about the community-based interventions they should embrace for weight reduction. Nurses will be trained on the project implementation, as they will be largely involved in the delivery of the interventions. Weekly follow-ups will be done to determine the participants’ experiences and their adherence levels.

The implementation will involve collaboration with interprofessional stakeholders. They will include nurses and nutritionists working in the facility. Community stakeholders will include religious leaders and informers. Permission for the project will be sought from the hospital and local community leadership. Some costs will be incurred in implementing the project. The cost will include that used in training nurses and nutritionists, transportation, printing brochures, data collection, analysis, and presentation, and follow-up costs. The estimated cost of the project is $30000.

Potential Challenges to Implementation and Addressing them

Some challenges may be experienced in implementing the community-based intervention. One of them is resistance from the potential participants. Potential participants may not be willing to take part in the community-based intervention. Factors such as lack of information and their busy schedules may contribute to their resistance (Spetz et al., 2019). Interventions such as educating them about the benefits of the intervention and holding the meetings over the weekend will be adopted to overcome this challenge.

The other challenge that may be experienced is poor adherence by the participants. The proposed intervention seeks to transform the participants’ lifestyles and behaviors. As a result, it may be difficult for them to adhere to the recommended dietary and physical activity regimes. This challenge will be addressed by providing follow-up services on a weekly basis and developing plans that align with the abilities and needs of the participants. The other challenge that may be experienced is inadequate support from the hospital. Support in forms such as financial, material, and human resource is crucial for the success of the proposal (Lotfi Fatemi et al., 2019). Inadequate support will affect its outcomes, hence, the adoption of interventions such as aligning the objectives of the project with those of the organization.

Theory

The health belief model is an appropriate theory that can be used to support the implementation of the proposed community-based intervention. The health belief model is a theory that provides insights into the ways in which people change their behaviors. The theory offers understanding of the relationship that exist between health behaviors and motivation. The theory asserts that factors such as peoples’ desire to get well or avoid illness and their belief on the positive impact of their actions guide human behavior. This model provides increases understanding of the factors that may influence African Americans to change their behaviors. They include their perceived risk of illness or disease susceptibility due to obesity, perceived severity, capacity to engage in skills to promote health, benefits vs costs, and cues for action (Houlden et al., 2021). The role of nurses when utilizing this model is to stimulate interest for change by raising the awareness of African Americans on their health risks.

Expected Outcomes

One of the expected outcomes of the proposed intervention is the positive change in lifestyle and behaviors among African Americans with obesity or those at a risk. The other outcome is the reduction in morbidity due to obesity among African Americans. The other outcome is the sustainability of the positive lifestyles and behavioral decisions African Americans make. The outcomes will be measured by following the project participants. Baseline data will be collected for comparison with the data obtained at the end of the project (Berry et al., 2018). The plan that will be considered if the project does not produce the desired outcomes would be investigating if the participants engaged in the recommended activities as prescribed. The approach to resource utilization will also be re-evaluated to determine if there were any inefficiencies.

Other Factors Contributing to the Health Issue

Some of the other factors that contribute to the increased risk of African Americans being affected by obesity is culture. Culture affects the dietary practices and choices in a population. The other factor relates to the social determinants of health. The prevalence of obesity is high in African Americans who have low educational attainment, unemployed, poor, and living in unhealthy environments (Siddharth & Sharma, 2018; Williams et al., 2018). I can advocate for social justice, ethical policies, and equity for the African Americans at risk and affected by obesity in my role as a DNP-prepared nurse. An example is by ensuring that the policies being adopted incorporate their needs and concerns. The policies should also enhance their access to and utilization of the existing resources, including healthcare (Abbasinia et al., 2020). I can also educate them about their rights and needs and how to achieve them, to stimulate interest among them and empower them to play roles that contribute to their health.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the proposed approach to address obesity among African Americans is implementing community-based intervention comprising physical activity and dietary modification. Interprofessional collaboration will be adopted. The expected outcomes include a reduction in disease risks and rate of obesity among African Americans. DNP-prepared nurses can advocate the adoption of measures that address the needs of African Americans at a risk of or affected by obesity.

References

Abbasinia, M., Ahmadi, F., & Kazemnejad, A. (2020). Patient advocacy in nursing: A concept analysis. Nursing Ethics, 27(1), 141–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0969733019832950

Berry, D. C., McMurray, R. G., Schwartz, T. A., & Adatorwovor, R. (2018). Benefits for African American and white low-income 7–10-year-old children and their parents taught together in a community-based weight management program in the rural southeastern United States. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6006-4

Frerichs, L., Bess, K., Young, T. L., Hoover, S. M., Calancie, L., Wynn, M., McFarlin, S., Cené, C. W., Dave, G., & Corbie-Smith, G. (2020). A Cluster Randomized Trial of a Community-Based Intervention Among African-American Adults: Effects on Dietary and Physical Activity Outcomes. Prevention Science, 21(3), 344–354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-019-01067-5

Houlden, S., Hodson, J., Veletsianos, G., Reid, D., & Thompson-Wagner, C. (2021). The health belief model: How public health can address the misinformation crisis beyond COVID-19. Public Health in Practice, 2, 100151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhip.2021.100151

Lotfi Fatemi, N., Karimi Moonaghi, H., & Heydari, A. (2019). Perceived Challenges Faced by Nurses in Home Health Care Setting: A Qualitative Study. International Journal of Community Based Nursing and Midwifery, 7(2), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.30476/IJCBNM.2019.44883

Melnyk, B. M., Tan, A., Hsieh, A. P., & Gallagher-Ford, L. (2021). Evidence-Based Practice Culture and Mentorship Predict EBP Implementation, Nurse Job Satisfaction, and Intent to Stay: Support for the ARCC© Model. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 18(4), 272–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12524

Siddharth, S., & Sharma, D. (2018). Racial Disparity and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in African-American Women: A Multifaceted Affair between Obesity, Biology, and Socioeconomic Determinants. Cancers, 10(12), Article 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers10120514

Spetz, J., Stone, R. I., Chapman, S. A., & Bryant, N. (2019). Home And Community-Based Workforce For Patients With Serious Illness Requires Support To Meet Growing Needs. Health Affairs, 38(6), 902–909. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2019.00021

Williams, A. S., Ge, B., Petroski, G., Kruse, R. L., McElroy, J. A., & Koopman, R. J. (2018). Socioeconomic Status and Other Factors Associated with Childhood Obesity. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 31(4), 514–521. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2018.04.170261