DNP-825 Population Health: Part I 

Grand Canyon University DNP-825 Population Health: Part I  – Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University DNP-825 Population Health: Part I assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for DNP-825 Population Health: Part I    

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for DNP-825 Population Health: Part I    

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University DNP-825 Population Health: Part I is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for DNP-825 Population Health: Part I    

After the introduction, move into the main part of the DNP-825 Population Health: Part I  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for DNP-825 Population Health: Part I    

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for DNP-825 Population Health: Part I    

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for DNP-825 Population Health: Part I 

Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide (Thai et al., 2021). Cigarette smoking has been identified as a major risk factor for lung cancer (Tindle et al., 2018). The purpose of this paper is to highlight lung cancer prevalence in smokers, describe disparities in at-risk individuals, define evidence-based interventions that have been aimed to improve health outcomes in at-risk individuals and elaborate on the sources of health information available for at-risk individuals.

Lung Cancer in Cigarette Smokers

Lung cancer is a major cause of mortality worldwide. It can be classified as adenocarcinomas, squamous cell carcinomas, mixed carcinomas, neuroendocrine carcinoma, large cell carcinoma and other unusual morphological variants. The incidence of lung cancer in women has shown a steady increase while in males there is a steady decrease. More than 50% of individuals with lung cancer at diagnosis usually have advanced metastatic disease (Kumar et al., 2018). Adenocarcinoma is the commonest while small-cell and squamous-cell carcinomas have a strong correlation with cigarette smoking.

Cigarette smokers are at an increased risk of lung cancer due to the carcinogens present. Cigarette smoking has been attributed to 90% of lung cancers and this includes individuals who ceased smoking. Cigarette smokers are 60 times more likely to develop lung cancer than non-smokers (Kumar et al., 2018). Other carcinogens may be implicated in lung cancer and these include asbestos, nickel, arsenic, uranium and chromium. Environmental carcinogens may lead to lung cancer in non-smokers and can also act as a predisposing factor for lung cancers in cigarette smokers (Zhu et al., 2020). Passive smokers are also at risk of developing lung cancer.

Prevalence Rates of Lung Cancer

The prevalence of lung cancer in Pennsylvania varies by state. The counties in Pennsylvania can be clustered into 5 clusters whereby cluster 1 has the highest incidences and prevalence while cluster 5 has the lowest incidences and prevalence (Camiña et al., 2022). The metropolitan areas of Pennsylvania have higher lung cancer incidence rates. Cluster 1 counties include Philadelphia, Montgomery and Delaware counties. Cluster 5 counties include York, Cumberland and Dauphin counties. The prevalence of lung cancer in cigarette smokers in Philadelphia is higher than the prevalence of lung cancer in cigarette smokers in Dauphin County (Zhu et al., 2020). The national average of lung cancer incidence rates is lower than the incidence rates for lung cancer in Pennsylvania.

Social Determinants that Lead to Disparities and Health Outcomes

The areas in Philadelphia with a high prevalence and incidence of lung cancer among cigarette smokers have been densely populated. The impacts of environmental pollution therefore can affect large populations. These areas have also been shown to have high poverty rates. This may deny access to screening and preventive services therefore at-risk individuals may only seek care when they are at advanced stages with poor prognosis (Zhu et al., 2020). Moreover, the level of education in such areas is low. Individuals may be unaware of the health impacts of cigarette smoking and therefore they may not have access to health promotion information and preventive strategies. They may therefore be unaware that cigarette smoking and other air pollutants are risk factors for lung cancer. The unemployment rates in such areas are also high (Zhu et al., 2020). This may deny access to health care and preventive programs. Air pollution has been identified as a group 1 carcinogen. Factories are sources of air pollution. Moreover, there is occupational exposure to various carcinogens within these factories (Camiña et al., 2022). These can predispose cigarette smokers to lung cancer. Carcinogens and cigarette smoking may be synergistic in lung cancer development. An example is a synergistic relationship between asbestos and cigarette smoking. Cigarette smokers exposed to asbestos have a 55-fold increased risk of developing lung cancer while non-smokers exposed to asbestos have a 5-fold risk of developing lung cancer (Kumar et al., 2018). Cigarette smokers may therefore have many disparities.

Evidence-Based Interventions for Cigarette Smokers

Cigarette smokers have been introduced to cigarette cessation programs to help addicts quit. Awareness has also been created of the dangers of cigarette smoking (Coughlin et al., 2020). This has included providing warnings on cigarette packets, public campaigns against cigarette smoking and media education programs. Additionally, screening programs for cigarette smokers have been introduced to screen for lung cancers and offer timely management (Akanbi et al., 2019). Factories have also been encouraged to use renewable sources of energy and avoid toxic raw materials as a measure to curb air pollution. Incentives have been provided to protect factory workers from occupational exposure to carcinogens.

The government has also raised taxes on tobacco products and imposition of ‘no smoking’ policies as a means of reducing cigarette smoking (Hersi et al., 2019). Bans have also been imposed on advertisements and promotions that encourage cigarette smoking. These interventions have been effective as they have been able to reduce the rate of cigarette consumption. Early stages of lung cancers have also been identified in cigarette smokers and appropriate treatments have been administered (Coughlin et al., 2020). The number of addicts in cessation programs has also increased. A lot still needs to be done to reduce the proportion of cigarette smokers but these incentives have been shown to work. 

Availability of Consumer Health Information

Information about lung cancer, its risks and prevention are readily available from health information websites, health articles and health books (Demner-Fushman et al., 2019). Cigarette smokers can access this information and this can guide their behavior and provide them with relevant information. They may also find healthcare options for their illnesses. They may find health facilities and rehabilitation centers that can help them with their addiction and treat any causes of morbidity. Moreover, they may find published research articles that relate cigarette smoking and lung cancer or other cancers and this may motivate them to quit. Cigarette smokers may also find health promotional information that may improve their health. 

Conclusion

Lung cancer is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in both men and women. The risk factors include cigarette smoking and other environmental carcinogens such as air pollution and occupational exposure to nickel, chromium and asbestos. Cigarette smoking is a proven and major risk factor for lung cancer. 

Also Read

DNP-825 Benchmark – Population Heath: Part II

DNP 825A Reflective Journal

DNP 825 Population Management Syllabus

References

Akanbi, M. O., Carroll, A. J., Achenbach, C., O’Dwyer, L. C., Jordan, N., Hitsman, B., Bilaver, L. A., McHugh, M. C., & Murphy, R. (2019). The efficacy of smoking cessation interventions in low‐ and middle‐income countries: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Addiction, 114(4), 620–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14518

Camiña, N., McWilliams, T. L., McKeon, T. P., Penning, T. M., & Hwang, W.-T. (2022). Identification of spatio-temporal clusters of lung cancer cases in Pennsylvania, USA: 2010–2017. BMC Cancer, 22, 555. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-022-09652-8

Coughlin, S. S., Vernon, M., Majeed, B., Clary, C., Moore, J., Islam, K. M., & Tingen, M. S. (2020). Tobacco Cessation, Rural Residence, and Lung Cancer. Journal of Environment and Health Sciences, 6(1), 1–4. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7644114/

Demner-Fushman, D., Mrabet, Y., & Ben Abacha, A. (2019). Consumer health information and question answering: helping consumers find answers to their health-related information needs. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz152

Hersi, M., Traversy, G., Thombs, B. D., Beck, A., Skidmore, B., Groulx, S., Lang, E., Reynolds, D. L., Wilson, B., Bernstein, S. L., Selby, P., Johnson-Obaseki, S., Manuel, D., Pakhale, S., Presseau, J., Courage, S., Hutton, B., Shea, B. J., Welch, V., & Morrow, M. (2019). Effectiveness of stop smoking interventions among adults: protocol for an overview of systematic reviews and an updated systematic review. Systematic Reviews, 8(28). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-018-0928-x

Kumar, V., Abbas, A. K., Aster, J. C., & Perkins, J. A. (2018). Robbins Basic Pathology (10th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Elsevier.

Thai, A. A., Solomon, B. J., Sequist, L. V., Gainor, J. F., & Heist, R. S. (2021). Lung cancer. The Lancet, 398(10299), 535–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00312-3

Tindle, H. A., Stevenson Duncan, M., Greevy, R. A., Vasan, R. S., Kundu, S., Massion, P. P., & Freiberg, M. S. (2018). Lifetime Smoking History and Risk of Lung Cancer: Results From the Framingham Heart Study. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 110(11), 1201–1207. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djy041

Zhu, Y., McKeon, T. P., Tam, V., Vachani, A., Penning, T. M., & Hwang, W.-T. (2020). Geographic Differences in Lung Cancer Incidence: A Study of a Major Metropolitan Area within Southeastern Pennsylvania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), 9498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249498

Sample Answer 2 for DNP-825 Population Health: Part I 

High-risk populations are increasingly predisposed to health problems that affect their health and wellbeing. Nurses and other healthcare providers play the crucial role of implementing population-based interventions that minimize the risk exposure of these populations to the health problems. An example of high-risk group in the society is females unvaccinated against human papilloma virus (HPV). HPV is a common virus causing cancers such as cervical cancers in the population (Kjaer et al., 2021). Therefore, this paper explores the issue of the increased risk of cervical cancer among unvaccinated females in America.

High-Risk Group and Population Health Problem

The selected high-risk group is the unvaccinated populations against HPV virus in America. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the latest HPV vaccination data as per 2017 was that about 49% of the adolescents were up to date with their vaccine schedules. About 66% of the adolescents received their initial dose of the vaccine series in 2017. However, the CDC notes that 51% of the adolescents have incomplete HPV vaccine series and 56% of them have not received the required dose of meningococcal conjugate vaccine. The statistics also shows that fewer adolescents residing in rural areas are getting HPV vaccine as compared to those residing in urban areas (CDC, 2022c). The population health problem of focus is cervical cancer. HPV vaccine has been shown to significantly reduce the risk of being affected by cervical cancer. For example, all the HPV vaccines have demonstrated a high efficacy rate (close to 100%) in preventing HPV-type related persistent infection, adenocarcinoma in situ, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CDC, 2022b). The unvaccinated populations are highly predisposed to these conditions, hence, the high-risk group for this paper.

Comparing Prevalence Rate

As noted above, the selected health problem is the unvaccinated status among adolescents in America. A comparison between the HPV vaccination status in New York and Texas states is made. According to statistics in each of these states, the HPV vaccination rate is higher in Texas state than it is in New York state. Accordingly, 54.9% of the children and adolescents in Texas have received HPV vaccine. This places Texas at number 31 out of 50 in the states with the highest rates of HPV vaccinations (Cancer.org, n.d.). The statistics of HPV vaccination status in New York state shows an increase by 70% over the last five years. However, its rates in the counties are below that of Texas. For example, the prevalence rate of HPV vaccination is 35% in Warren County, 29.4% in Albany, 27.1% in Greene, 16.5% in Schoharie, 21.7% in Columbia, and 22.3% in Saratoga (Darmanjian, 2022).

Social Determinants that Lead to Disparities

There exist social determinants that contribute to disparities in the uptake of HPV vaccines. One of them is education. Low educational level is associated with poor uptake of HPV vaccines in a population. The educational level also affects the awareness level on the importance of the vaccine in preventing different cancers. The other social determinant is culture (Maness & Thompson, 2019). Culture affects the utilization of the existing services, including HPV vaccines. Culture may contribute to stereotypes and negative perceptions towards the need for HPV vaccines. The other determinant is access to and availability of HPV vaccines. Experiences such as unavailability of HPV vaccines in local healthcare organizations hinder the uptake due to the challenges such as costs incurred in accessing them in distant facilities. Socioeconomic factors also act as determinants of HPV vaccine uptake. There is low uptake of HPV vaccines among individuals from low socioeconomic backgrounds (de Munter et al., 2021). Factors such as barriers to access to primary care experienced by these individuals affect their utilization of health promotion services such as HPV vaccinations (Doornekamp et al., 2020).

Evidence-Based Interventions

Evidence-based interventions can be adopted to increase the uptake of HPV vaccinations by the populations at risk. Several strategies have been explored to achieve this outcome. Gilkey et al., (2019) demonstrated the effectiveness of local adaptation using healthcare providers to reach and increase the uptake of HPV vaccines by the population. The results of their study showed that using physicians and nurses in increasing the access and uptake of HPV vaccine increased the coverage and perception of the population towards immunization. The use of education, information, and communication activities, multicomponent strategies, and reminder-based innovations have shown to be effective in increasing the uptake and utilization of HPV vaccinations (Acampora et al., 2020; Gilkey et al., 2019). Other effective interventions include narrative education, community outreach programs, financial incentives, and motivational behavioral interventions (Mavundza et al., 2021).

Electronic or Online Consumer Health Information

An example of an online consumer health information that can be used by the population is the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website. The website has comprehensive information about the importance of getting the HPV vaccine. It provides factual statistics about the effectiveness of the vaccine in preventing different types of infections, including cancers (CDC, 2022a).

Conclusion

Unvaccinated individuals are high-risk group for infections, including cervical cancer. HPV vaccine is an effective treatment that offers protection against cervical cancer and other types of HPV-associated infections. Evidence-based interventions for increasing the uptake of HPV vaccine exist. Therefore, healthcare providers should advocate the adoption of evidence-based interventions to enhance vaccination uptake by the population.

References

Acampora, A., Grossi, A., Barbara, A., Colamesta, V., Causio, F. A., Calabrò, G. E., Boccia, S., & de Waure, C. (2020). Increasing HPV Vaccination Uptake among Adolescents: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), Article 21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217997

Cancer.org. (n.d.). HPV Vaccine and Cancer Prevention in Texas. Retrieved November 13, 2022, from https://www.cancer.org/healthy/hpv-vaccine/hpv-texas.html

CDC. (2022a, March 18). Why Get the HPV Vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/parents/vaccine/six-reasons.html

CDC. (2022b, May 6). HPV Vaccine | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/vaccines.html

CDC. (2022c, October 7). HPV Vaccination: Understanding HPV Coverage | CDC. https://www.cdc.gov/hpv/partners/outreach-hcp/hpv-coverage.html

Darmanjian, S. (2022, March 17). HPV vaccination rates up among New York adolescents. WWTI – InformNNY.Com. https://www.informnny.com/top-stories/hpv-vaccination-rates-up-among-new-york-adolescents/

de Munter, A. C., Klooster, T. M. S. t., van Lier, A., Akkermans, R., de Melker, H. E., & Ruijs, W. L. M. (2021). Determinants of HPV-vaccination uptake and subgroups with a lower uptake in the Netherlands. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1848. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11897-0

Doornekamp, L., van Leeuwen, L., van Gorp, E., Voeten, H., & Goeijenbier, M. (2020). Determinants of Vaccination Uptake in Risk Populations: A Comprehensive Literature Review. Vaccines, 8(3), 480. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8030480

Gilkey, M. B., Parks, M. J., Margolis, M. A., McRee, A.-L., & Terk, J. V. (2019). Implementing Evidence-Based Strategies to Improve HPV Vaccine Delivery. Pediatrics, 144(1), e20182500. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2018-2500

Kjaer, S. K., Dehlendorff, C., Belmonte, F., & Baandrup, L. (2021). Real-World Effectiveness of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Against Cervical Cancer. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 113(10), 1329–1335. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab080

Maness, S. B., & Thompson, E. L. (2019). Social Determinants of Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake: An Assessment of Publicly Available Data. Public Health Reports (Washington, D.C.: 1974), 134(3), 264–273. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354919838219

Mavundza, E. J., Iwu-Jaja, C. J., Wiyeh, A. B., Gausi, B., Abdullahi, L. H., Halle-Ekane, G., & Wiysonge, C. S. (2021). A Systematic Review of Interventions to Improve HPV Vaccination Coverage. Vaccines, 9(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070687