HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
After the introduction, move into the main part of the HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Analyzing research articles enables nursing students to nurture skills that lead to the development of effective approaches when using research evidence in clinical practice to offer improved patient care. Ethics in research is essential as it improves the reliability and credibility of discovered evidence (Amelung, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of a research article and evaluate ethics related to the study, particularly compliance to required ethical provisions like informed consent from the research participants.
| Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) | Article 1 Montejano-Lozoya, R., Miguel-Montoya, I., Gea-Caballero, V., Mármol-López, M. I., Ruíz-Hontangas, A., & Ortí-Lucas, R. (2020). Impact of nurses’ intervention in the prevention of falls in hospitalized patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6048. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17176048 |
| Point | Description |
| Broad Topic Area/Title | The broad topic is on effects of nurse interventions on fall prevention for hospitalized patients. Fall prevention among hospitalized patients requires interventions that emanate from nurses and patients. In this case, the study focuses on interventions coming from nurses and their overall effects on prevention of falls among patients. |
| Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?) | The core issue in this research is improving clinical safety as a critical part of healthcare quality through identification and avoiding of risks like falls which patients are exposed to while in hospitals, especially in acute care as they cause close to 10% of all healthcare costs among frail and older patients. |
| Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?) | The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an educational intervention focused on nurses in hospitals through systematic assessment of risks of falls in lowering their incidence and prevalence. |
| Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?) | Does the implementation of an advanced and systematized assessment by the nurses after patient’s admission to a hospital lowers the incidences of falls compared to a traditional assessment? |
| Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used) | The hypothesis for the study was: Patients admitted in units that have nurses trained in the systematic assessment of the risk of falls will experience fewer falls compared to those un units where nurses have not gotten specific training (p.3). |
| Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables | Dependent Variables Rate of falls Level of knowledge and application of the interventions Independent Variables Sex Age categorized in years and age groups Nursing units Group (control and intervention Type of nurse assessment on admission Type of Data for the Variables Ordinal data: Group, supply of oxygen Continuous: Age, nutritional status on admission (standard deviation) Categorical variables: frequencies and percentages |
| Population of Interest for Study | The population of interest for the study was nurses working in specialized units, especially acute care units where susceptibility to falls is high because of a patient’s overall condition |
| Sample | The sample comprised 581 patients with 303 participants forming the intervention group while the control group consisted of 278 patients. |
| Sampling Method | The researchers applied purposeful random sampling where they only recruited patients or participants that met their set criteria |
| Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected | The researchers collected data through various tools that included self-assessment, questionnaires and forms that nurses filled and use of systematic nurse assessment registry in all intervention units. |
| Summarize Data Collection Approach | The data was collected through getting clinical statistics, filling in of the self-assessment forms and through the assessment registry. |
| Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables. | The article analyze the collected data used statistical program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. The researchers used the Bayesian logistic regression model to as a statistical test tool. |
| Summarize Results of Study | Through the use of logistic regression model, the study demonstrates that nurse’s interventions can reduce the likelihood of falls than not having any intervention at all. For instance, the total fall incidence rate reduced to about 1.2% (p.8). The results also show that nurses can help patients attain autonomous by increasing their awareness of falls and what they can do to prevent their occurrence. |
| Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations from the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author. | Firstly, the researchers assume that nurse led interventions are superior to traditional interventions in fall management and reduction. Secondly, they assume that by only getting knowledge and education can nurses reduce falls. Thirdly, the study assumes that by having training, nurses can drastically influence fall prevention measures implemented by either patients or facilities based on their protocols. The authors assert that a “Hawthorne effect” may have happened during the study. Secondly, nurses in both groups may have altered their behavior as a result of monitoring patients under their responsibility. The study design may also be a limitation since the authors randomized hospital units and not patients as the participants in the research. |
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Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations are core to validate research findings as they demonstrate credibility and reliability of the collected data and the outcomes. Ethical considerations are the foundation of any research and focus on compliance with codes of ethics, biomedical principles, and ensuring that research findings are not influenced or have negative effects on others (Sharif et al., 2023). These ethical considerations must always ensure that the confidentiality of research subjects is attained and maintained at all times. Ethical considerations like approval of the research by Institutional Review Board (IRB), adherence to beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and just are essential to attaining a research validity and credibility (Kaya et al., 2023). For instance, under beneficence, research studies should confer benefits to the study population and community while non-maleficence implies that researchers or its evidence and application should not harm human life.
Based on these ethical aspects, the study’s findings are beneficial for nurses and patients in inpatient settings since they increase provider’s knowledge and use of better interventions to reduce falls. The study asserts that no patient was harmed during the investigation and sought approval from the Institutional review board. Imperatively, the authors ensured that all participants could be part of the research only do so through their informed consent and independence. The research followed ethical consideration as it ensured that all participants are not coerced to be part of the investigation (Montejano-Lozoya et al., 2020). For instance, eight participants declined to be part of the study. The authors also reported no fatalities during the research implying that they followed all protocols. The authors also declared no conflict of interests in their work.
Conclusion
Analysis of research articles is critical for nurses to understand the concepts and ethical considerations used by authors for effective implementation in care settings. Analysis ensures that nurses and other healthcare providers understand the underlying aspects of research and its use in healthcare to improve patient safety and outcomes like reducing and preventing falls among patients in hospitals. The implication is that through the analysis, nurses get insights and better understanding of evidence-based practice (EBP) interventions and their application in health settings or clinical practice.
References
Amelung, V. E. (2019). Healthcare management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Kaya, G., Yamakawa, M., Shigeuchi, M., & Naritomi, H. (2023). Discrepancy between Patients’ and Nurses’ Estimates of Patients’
Activities of Daily Living for Fall Risk Assessment: A Quantitative Observational Study. Open Journal of Nursing, 13(3), 196-206. DOI: 10.4236/ojn.2023.133012
Montejano-Lozoya, R., Miguel-Montoya, I., Gea-Caballero, V., Mármol-López, M. I., Ruíz-Hontangas, A., & Ortí-Lucas, R. (2020).
Impact of nurses’ intervention in the prevention of falls in hospitalized patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6048. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17176048
Sharif, L., Almutairi, K., Sharif, K., Mahsoon, A., Banakhar, M., Albeladi, S., … & Wright, R. (2023). Quantitative research on the
impact of COVID‐19 on frontline nursing staff at a military hospital in Saudi Arabia. Nursing Open, 10(1), 217-229.
DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1297
Sample Answer 2 for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
| Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) | Article 1 Wang, Y., Li, M., Zhao, X., Pan, X., Lu, M., Lu, J., & Hu, Y. (2019). Effects of continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes using mobile health application: A randomized controlled trial. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34(3), 1025-1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2872 |
| Point | Description |
| Broad Topic Area/Title | Effects of continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes using mobile health application: A randomized controlled trial |
| Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?) | This research by Wang et al. (2019) sought to address the problem of difficulties in treating and managing type 2 diabetes. According to these researchers, this condition is a worldwide problem that affects millions of people and may lead to negative clinical and social impacts on patients. Even though the use of mobile health applications has been applied as a clinical intervention, the researchers argued that the therapeutic impact of continuous care using this strategy was still not clear. |
| Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?) | The purpose of this study was to study the clinical effects of continuous care for individuals with type 2 diabetes using mobile health applications in comparison to traditional discharge nursing. |
| Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?) | What is the clinical impact of using mobile health applications in continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes? |
| Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used) | The use of mobile health applications in continuous care of type 2 diabetes patients will have a positive impact |
| Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables | Dependent variables: Disease awareness levels (Nominal), self-management abilities (ordinal), fast blood glucose (continuous numerical), and postprandial blood glucose levels (continuous numerical) Independent variables: continuous care based on mobile health applications (Nominal) |
| Population of Interest or Study | Adults (age 30 to 60 years) with type 2 diabetes |
| Sample | The sample size was 120 participants randomized into the control and intervention group (60 each). |
| Sampling Method | Simple randomization |
| Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected | Questionnaires were used as the major strategy for data collection |
| Summarize Data Collection Approach | The questionnaire used in collecting data on aspects such as disease awareness had nine questions where the participants were expected to answer the questions and rate them from 1 to 10 on a Likert scale. Self-management ability was measured through content measurement developed by the Rand Corporation, and it covered a total of six dimensions and eleven items. |
| Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables. | Data analysis was done using SPSS. As part of the analysis, the count data was statistically described by using percentages and rates. Measurement data were presented as standard deviation and means for continuous variables, while categorical variables were presented as proportions with percentages. While independent sample t-tests were applied for continuous variables, the Chi-squared test was applied for categorical variables. |
| Summarize Results of Study | Upon the use of the mobile health app, the patients showed significant improvements regarding disease awareness levels, postprandial blood glucose levels, fast blood sugar, glycemic hemoglobin, and self-management abilities (all had a p-value of less than 0.05, showing statistical significance) |
| Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations of the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author. | -As indicated in the article, the only assumption was that there would be a drop rate of 20% among the participants. There were various limitations. For example, lack of generalizability. There was no verification of the long-term impacts of the intervention as it was only done for six months. – A potential limitation is that the study only considered participants aged between 30-60 years, which only further limited the study’s generalizability. |
Ethical Considerations
It is important to explore various ethical considerations that may have occurred when sampling, collecting data, analyzing data, or publishing the results. Researchers need to adhere to established research ethics and ethical requirements used in guiding the research process. One of such ethical considerations is confidentiality. During the data collection process, the researchers had to code the patient information and data to help lower the chances of unauthorized access to individuals who did not have the codes. Data encryption was also used as part of the data collection process to help lower the chances of unauthorized access by third parties. The researchers also had to obtain informed consent, where the potential study subjects were expected to provide consent by assigning an agreement. In addition, as part of the process, consent was obtained from the healthcare facility leaders to allow data collection, while ethical clearance was obtained from the ethics committee to allow the research to proceed. The other potential ethical considerations that may have occurred during the research was in choosing the participants. The researchers used simple randomization to ensure that everyone considered for the research had equal chances of benefiting from the outcome. Therefore, through such a sampling process, the researchers were able to randomize the participants into two groups. Data analysis was also performed following the standards data analysis guidelines to ensure accuracy and data security. The authors declared that they had no conflict of interest in the work, which is an important ethical consideration during the publication of research findings. Therefore, it is important to note that there were various potential ethical considerations throughout the research process, right from data collection to the publication of the research findings.
References
Wang, Y., Li, M., Zhao, X., Pan, X., Lu, M., Lu, J., & Hu, Y. (2019). Effects of continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes using mobile health application: A randomized controlled trial. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34(3), 1025-1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2872
Sample Answer 3 for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) | Matthews, F. E., Stephan, B. C., Robinson, L., Jagger, C., Barnes, L. E., Arthur, A., … & Dening, T. (2016). A two-decade dementia incidence comparison from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies I and II. Nature communications, 7, 11398. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11398 |
Point | The quantitative article elaborates on the global increase in the number of people who have dementia. There is the use of quantitative approaches to establish the prevalence of dementia among different populations. The authors use various statistical tests to institute and determine changes over the given time on dementia incidences. The article utilizes the MRC Cognitive Function as well as the Ageing Study to address some aspects of the research. Through the use of data collected in different areas of study, the authors can predict the global increase in the future number of individuals who have dementia. According to the article, there is a lack of multicentre population-based research that have detected changes over a given period on the incidences of dementia. Also, the article entails data analysis and interpretation processes; the researchers or the authors elaborate on the methodology used in the processes of data collection and how the analysis was done to prove the hypotheses and to provide answers to the research questions. The article consists of elaborate analysis and there is also the use of data to support the claims. The discussion in the article answers the research questions. Also, the article proves the hypothesis and provides an elaborate discussion of the findings. The algorithmic approach to diagnosis is also available in the research, without the variability likely to be present whenever those subject to the changes in diagnostic practices over time are involved in the diagnosis.
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Broad Topic Area/Title | The title of the article is A two-decade dementia incidence comparison from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies I and II. Going by the title, the study’s findings suggest that the population’s brain health is changing, probably profoundly, across generations, and the situation is likely to be unfavorably affected by the risk factors related to the disadvantages. According to the authors, the positive changes that have been experienced across Europe may become limited to the nations that have had some of the major investments in population health (Fleiner, 2017).
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Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?) | Dementia continues to be one of the major health problems across the world. With the increasing number of the older generation, the condition has become a major international interest with succeeding reports indicating large increases globally in the next few decades. With the increasing governmental concerns as well as the 2013 G8 Summit, there has been an increased risk, lack of better treatment and diagnosis of the dementia syndrome (Matthews et al., 2016). The emerging studies indicate that the incidences of dementia can be changeable in different generations with both increases and decreases reported. With the increasing risk factors, the diagnosis processes, as well as the treatment mechanism, continues to become a challenge. The complications that arise due to the nature of various dementia conditions require continuous and elaborate education and training to the nurses. The dynamism in the acquisition of knowledge enables nurses to gain knowledge and confidence to achieve effective patient outcomes (Chiao, Wu, & Hsiao, 2015). Patients who have dementia often experience challenges as a result of several adverse events resulting in the geriatric syndromes of delirium, falls and loss of function with the increased time of stay in the hospital as well as the increased mortality. Some of the contributing factors to the above problems include insufficient treatments and assessment, discrimination, inappropriate interventions, lack of staff training and a low number of staff or medical professionals within the healthcare facilities (Cipriani et al., 2016).
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Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?) |
The purpose of the study is to indicate the comparison between the cognitive function and the ageing studies I and II. Also, the study aims at establishing the dementia incidence rates among the study participants. Finally, the quantitative research aims at showing if there are consensus clinical practice and research studies on patients with dementia.
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Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?) | ü Does the prevalence of dementia-related to age and sex? ü What are the health factors related to dementia ü Is there consensus in clinical practice and research studies on patients with dementia? |
Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used) | Null Hypotheses (Ho): The prevalence of dementia is not related to the age and sex Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The prevalence of dementia is related to both the age and sex of the patients. |
Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables | Dependent variable: Prevalence of Dementia; the data under this variable is continuous and normally distributed. Independent Variable: Age or sex; in case of sex, the variable would be categorical. On the other hand, if the variable is age, the data would be continuous with a normal distribution.
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The population of Interest for Study | In the study, the population samples of people aged 65 years and over, followed by an assessment interview in 20%, were conducted in five geographical areas of the UK
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Sample | From the quantitative research, the sample size was 7,762. Out of the above number of people, only 5, 288 were involved in the re-interview process. Therefore, all the above number of people or study participants could be used to determine or calculate the incidence directly. In the process of conducting the study, a total of 1, 830 study participants, constituting 24% were lost between the waves, on the other hand, there was 643 death constituting 8% of the original participants. The response rate among the individuals who were still alive in the course of wave 2 was 74% (Matthews et al., 2016). |
Sampling Method | To ensure detailed data for the processes of analysis, the researchers employed random population sampling. |
Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected | There was use of questionnaires to carry out surveys during data collection. The figures collected were then recorded in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet to enhance data cleaning processes. |
Summarize Data Collection Approach |
The methodology in the research involved the application of questionnaires in data collection; the data were collected from all the respondents or study participants selected for the study. |
Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables. | From the data collected, given that there were continuous variables with the normal distribution, the t-test was the ideal approach to prove the hypothesis above. Both paired sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests were used by the researcher to answer the research questions and to test the hypothesis. The methodology in the research involved the application of questionnaires in data collection; the data were collected from two hundred and six respondents selected for the study. There was also the use of full likelihood modeling of dementia incidences to answer the research questions. |
Summarize Results of Study | ü From the analysis, the prevalence of dementia at wave I am potentially related to sex and age. ü Also, the incidence of dementia at wave II is potentially related to sex and age for the study participants who were not demented in wave I. ü Exercise represents a potentially worthwhile approach for the treatment of patients suffering from dementia
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Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations of the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author. | ü From the study, one of the assumptions is that the missing longitudinal data is correlated to sex, age, and care status. ü From the study, there was also an assumption of normality. In other words, the continuous variables were assumed to be normally distributed. ü From the study, it was also assumed that the continuous data exhibited equal variance. ü The random samples were the perfect representation of the entire population.
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Ethical Considerations
In the process of the research, several ethical concerns were experienced. One of the ethical concern was data privacy. In the process of data collection, there was a lack of elaborate mechanisms to secure the tool as well as the facts and information obtained from the study participants (ICollmann & Matei, 2016). In most cases, privacy does not mean secrecy because sometimes, the private data ought to be audited in line with the legal requirements. The private data gathered from private individuals with consent should not be uncovered to third parties with any traces to their identities. Exposing personal data to the public could have occurred due to the lack of stringent policy issues. The study tools used, including questionnaires, could not be secure; therefore, the w ability to manage the flow of private information could have been a problem across large party massive analytical systems (Mittelstadt & Floridi, 2016). The researchers and individuals dealing with databases could have shared sensitive or personal data. While designing the study, researchers failed to define the restrictions on how and whether the information obtained can be shared further. The article consists of elaborate analysis and there is also the use of data to support the claims. The discussion in the article answers the research questions. Also, the article proves the hypothesis and provides an elaborate discussion of the findings. One of the principles for ethical data use is that it needs to be done with the expectation of concrete benefit. The product of data analysis should provide value to all the parties interested in the study. Therefore people who generate the data, as well as the organizations or institutions that collects it, should adhere to the ethical concerns.
References
Chiao, C. Y., Wu, H. S., & Hsiao, C. Y. (2015). Caregiver burden for informal caregivers of patients with dementia: A systematic review. International nursing review, 62(3), 340-350.
Cipriani, G., Lucetti, C., Danti, S., Carlesi, C., & Nuti, A. (2016). Violent and criminal manifestations in dementia patients. Geriatrics & gerontology international, 16(5), 541-549.
Collmann, J., & Matei, S. A. (2016). Ethical Reasoning in Big Data: An Exploratory Analysis.
Fleiner, T., Leucht, S., Foerstl, H., Zijlstra, W., & Haussermann, P. (2017). Effects of short-term exercise interventions on behavioral and psychological symptoms in patients with dementia: a systematic review. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 55(4), 1583-1594
Matthews, F. E., Stephan, B. C., Robinson, L., Jagger, C., Barnes, L. E., Arthur, A., … & Dening, T. (2016). A two decade dementia incidence comparison from the Cognitive Function and Ageing Studies I and II. Nature communications, 7, 11398. Retrieved from: https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms11398.
Mittelstadt, B. D., & Floridi, L. (2016). The ethics of biomedical big data.