HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
After the introduction, move into the main part of the HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Analyzing research articles enables nursing students to nurture skills that lead to the development of effective approaches when using research evidence in clinical practice to offer improved patient care. Ethics in research is essential as it improves the reliability and credibility of discovered evidence (Amelung, 2019). The purpose of this paper is to provide an analysis of a research article and evaluate ethics related to the study, particularly compliance to required ethical provisions like informed consent from the research participants.
| Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) | Article 1 Montejano-Lozoya, R., Miguel-Montoya, I., Gea-Caballero, V., Mármol-López, M. I., Ruíz-Hontangas, A., & Ortí-Lucas, R. (2020). Impact of nurses’ intervention in the prevention of falls in hospitalized patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6048. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17176048 |
| Point | Description |
| Broad Topic Area/Title | The broad topic is on effects of nurse interventions on fall prevention for hospitalized patients. Fall prevention among hospitalized patients requires interventions that emanate from nurses and patients. In this case, the study focuses on interventions coming from nurses and their overall effects on prevention of falls among patients. |
| Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?) | The core issue in this research is improving clinical safety as a critical part of healthcare quality through identification and avoiding of risks like falls which patients are exposed to while in hospitals, especially in acute care as they cause close to 10% of all healthcare costs among frail and older patients. |
| Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?) | The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of an educational intervention focused on nurses in hospitals through systematic assessment of risks of falls in lowering their incidence and prevalence. |
| Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?) | Does the implementation of an advanced and systematized assessment by the nurses after patient’s admission to a hospital lowers the incidences of falls compared to a traditional assessment? |
| Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used) | The hypothesis for the study was: Patients admitted in units that have nurses trained in the systematic assessment of the risk of falls will experience fewer falls compared to those un units where nurses have not gotten specific training (p.3). |
| Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables | Dependent Variables Rate of falls Level of knowledge and application of the interventions Independent Variables Sex Age categorized in years and age groups Nursing units Group (control and intervention Type of nurse assessment on admission Type of Data for the Variables Ordinal data: Group, supply of oxygen Continuous: Age, nutritional status on admission (standard deviation) Categorical variables: frequencies and percentages |
| Population of Interest for Study | The population of interest for the study was nurses working in specialized units, especially acute care units where susceptibility to falls is high because of a patient’s overall condition |
| Sample | The sample comprised 581 patients with 303 participants forming the intervention group while the control group consisted of 278 patients. |
| Sampling Method | The researchers applied purposeful random sampling where they only recruited patients or participants that met their set criteria |
| Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected | The researchers collected data through various tools that included self-assessment, questionnaires and forms that nurses filled and use of systematic nurse assessment registry in all intervention units. |
| Summarize Data Collection Approach | The data was collected through getting clinical statistics, filling in of the self-assessment forms and through the assessment registry. |
| Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables. | The article analyze the collected data used statistical program Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. The researchers used the Bayesian logistic regression model to as a statistical test tool. |
| Summarize Results of Study | Through the use of logistic regression model, the study demonstrates that nurse’s interventions can reduce the likelihood of falls than not having any intervention at all. For instance, the total fall incidence rate reduced to about 1.2% (p.8). The results also show that nurses can help patients attain autonomous by increasing their awareness of falls and what they can do to prevent their occurrence. |
| Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations from the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author. | Firstly, the researchers assume that nurse led interventions are superior to traditional interventions in fall management and reduction. Secondly, they assume that by only getting knowledge and education can nurses reduce falls. Thirdly, the study assumes that by having training, nurses can drastically influence fall prevention measures implemented by either patients or facilities based on their protocols. The authors assert that a “Hawthorne effect” may have happened during the study. Secondly, nurses in both groups may have altered their behavior as a result of monitoring patients under their responsibility. The study design may also be a limitation since the authors randomized hospital units and not patients as the participants in the research. |
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Ethical Considerations
Ethical considerations are core to validate research findings as they demonstrate credibility and reliability of the collected data and the outcomes. Ethical considerations are the foundation of any research and focus on compliance with codes of ethics, biomedical principles, and ensuring that research findings are not influenced or have negative effects on others (Sharif et al., 2023). These ethical considerations must always ensure that the confidentiality of research subjects is attained and maintained at all times. Ethical considerations like approval of the research by Institutional Review Board (IRB), adherence to beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and just are essential to attaining a research validity and credibility (Kaya et al., 2023). For instance, under beneficence, research studies should confer benefits to the study population and community while non-maleficence implies that researchers or its evidence and application should not harm human life.
Based on these ethical aspects, the study’s findings are beneficial for nurses and patients in inpatient settings since they increase provider’s knowledge and use of better interventions to reduce falls. The study asserts that no patient was harmed during the investigation and sought approval from the Institutional review board. Imperatively, the authors ensured that all participants could be part of the research only do so through their informed consent and independence. The research followed ethical consideration as it ensured that all participants are not coerced to be part of the investigation (Montejano-Lozoya et al., 2020). For instance, eight participants declined to be part of the study. The authors also reported no fatalities during the research implying that they followed all protocols. The authors also declared no conflict of interests in their work.
Conclusion
Analysis of research articles is critical for nurses to understand the concepts and ethical considerations used by authors for effective implementation in care settings. Analysis ensures that nurses and other healthcare providers understand the underlying aspects of research and its use in healthcare to improve patient safety and outcomes like reducing and preventing falls among patients in hospitals. The implication is that through the analysis, nurses get insights and better understanding of evidence-based practice (EBP) interventions and their application in health settings or clinical practice.
References
Amelung, V. E. (2019). Healthcare management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
Kaya, G., Yamakawa, M., Shigeuchi, M., & Naritomi, H. (2023). Discrepancy between Patients’ and Nurses’ Estimates of Patients’
Activities of Daily Living for Fall Risk Assessment: A Quantitative Observational Study. Open Journal of Nursing, 13(3), 196-206. DOI: 10.4236/ojn.2023.133012
Montejano-Lozoya, R., Miguel-Montoya, I., Gea-Caballero, V., Mármol-López, M. I., Ruíz-Hontangas, A., & Ortí-Lucas, R. (2020).
Impact of nurses’ intervention in the prevention of falls in hospitalized patients. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6048. DOI:10.3390/ijerph17176048
Sharif, L., Almutairi, K., Sharif, K., Mahsoon, A., Banakhar, M., Albeladi, S., … & Wright, R. (2023). Quantitative research on the
impact of COVID‐19 on frontline nursing staff at a military hospital in Saudi Arabia. Nursing Open, 10(1), 217-229.
DOI: 10.1002/nop2.1297
Sample Answer 2 for HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
| Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) | Article 1 Wang, Y., Li, M., Zhao, X., Pan, X., Lu, M., Lu, J., & Hu, Y. (2019). Effects of continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes using mobile health application: A randomized controlled trial. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34(3), 1025-1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2872 |
| Point | Description |
| Broad Topic Area/Title | Effects of continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes using mobile health application: A randomized controlled trial |
| Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?) | This research by Wang et al. (2019) sought to address the problem of difficulties in treating and managing type 2 diabetes. According to these researchers, this condition is a worldwide problem that affects millions of people and may lead to negative clinical and social impacts on patients. Even though the use of mobile health applications has been applied as a clinical intervention, the researchers argued that the therapeutic impact of continuous care using this strategy was still not clear. |
| Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?) | The purpose of this study was to study the clinical effects of continuous care for individuals with type 2 diabetes using mobile health applications in comparison to traditional discharge nursing. |
| Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?) | What is the clinical impact of using mobile health applications in continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes? |
| Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used) | The use of mobile health applications in continuous care of type 2 diabetes patients will have a positive impact |
| Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables | Dependent variables: Disease awareness levels (Nominal), self-management abilities (ordinal), fast blood glucose (continuous numerical), and postprandial blood glucose levels (continuous numerical) Independent variables: continuous care based on mobile health applications (Nominal) |
| Population of Interest or Study | Adults (age 30 to 60 years) with type 2 diabetes |
| Sample | The sample size was 120 participants randomized into the control and intervention group (60 each). |
| Sampling Method | Simple randomization |
| Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected | Questionnaires were used as the major strategy for data collection |
| Summarize Data Collection Approach | The questionnaire used in collecting data on aspects such as disease awareness had nine questions where the participants were expected to answer the questions and rate them from 1 to 10 on a Likert scale. Self-management ability was measured through content measurement developed by the Rand Corporation, and it covered a total of six dimensions and eleven items. |
| Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables. | Data analysis was done using SPSS. As part of the analysis, the count data was statistically described by using percentages and rates. Measurement data were presented as standard deviation and means for continuous variables, while categorical variables were presented as proportions with percentages. While independent sample t-tests were applied for continuous variables, the Chi-squared test was applied for categorical variables. |
| Summarize Results of Study | Upon the use of the mobile health app, the patients showed significant improvements regarding disease awareness levels, postprandial blood glucose levels, fast blood sugar, glycemic hemoglobin, and self-management abilities (all had a p-value of less than 0.05, showing statistical significance) |
| Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations of the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author. | -As indicated in the article, the only assumption was that there would be a drop rate of 20% among the participants. There were various limitations. For example, lack of generalizability. There was no verification of the long-term impacts of the intervention as it was only done for six months. – A potential limitation is that the study only considered participants aged between 30-60 years, which only further limited the study’s generalizability. |
Ethical Considerations
It is important to explore various ethical considerations that may have occurred when sampling, collecting data, analyzing data, or publishing the results. Researchers need to adhere to established research ethics and ethical requirements used in guiding the research process. One of such ethical considerations is confidentiality. During the data collection process, the researchers had to code the patient information and data to help lower the chances of unauthorized access to individuals who did not have the codes. Data encryption was also used as part of the data collection process to help lower the chances of unauthorized access by third parties. The researchers also had to obtain informed consent, where the potential study subjects were expected to provide consent by assigning an agreement. In addition, as part of the process, consent was obtained from the healthcare facility leaders to allow data collection, while ethical clearance was obtained from the ethics committee to allow the research to proceed. The other potential ethical considerations that may have occurred during the research was in choosing the participants. The researchers used simple randomization to ensure that everyone considered for the research had equal chances of benefiting from the outcome. Therefore, through such a sampling process, the researchers were able to randomize the participants into two groups. Data analysis was also performed following the standards data analysis guidelines to ensure accuracy and data security. The authors declared that they had no conflict of interest in the work, which is an important ethical consideration during the publication of research findings. Therefore, it is important to note that there were various potential ethical considerations throughout the research process, right from data collection to the publication of the research findings.
References
Wang, Y., Li, M., Zhao, X., Pan, X., Lu, M., Lu, J., & Hu, Y. (2019). Effects of continuous care for patients with type 2 diabetes using mobile health application: A randomized controlled trial. The International Journal of Health Planning and Management, 34(3), 1025-1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2872
HLT 362 Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics Sample Answer
Article Analysis and Evaluation of Research Ethics
Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) | Article 1
Li, Y., Pan, A., Wang, D. D., Liu, X., Dhana, K., Franco, O. H., … & Hu, F. B. (2018). Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population. Circulation, 138(4), 345-355. Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032047
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Point | Description |
Broad Topic Area/Title | The main topic of the quantitative article is the impacts of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population. From the theoretical perspectives, changing lifestyle is associated with increase in life expectancies. The above study therefore attempts to investigate the above theory through a quantitative study design.
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Problem Statement (What is the problem research is addressing?) | The main problem being research is the reduction in life expectancies due to unhealthy lifestyle. Many people do not reach the life expectancy age as a result of poor lifestyle characterized by lack of physical exercise, unhealthy diet, and lack of education on health issues. Many countries experience a reduction in life expectancy as a result of poor living habits. This study attempt to investigate the impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population. |
Purpose Statement (What is the purpose of the study?) | The main purpose of the study is to investigate the impacts of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies among the US population. The study uses quantitative data to investigate the correlation between the two variables. |
Research Questions (What questions does the research seek to answer?) |
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Define Hypothesis (Or state the correct hypothesis based upon variables used) | Null Hypothesis: Healthy lifestyle factors does not impact the life expectancies of the US population Alternative Hypothesis: Healthy lifestyle factors impact the life expectancies of the US population Null Hypothesis: There is negative association between the healthy lifestyle factors and the life expectancy of the US population Alternative Hypothesis: There is positive association between the healthy lifestyle Factors and the life expectancy of the US population |
Identify Dependent and Independent Variables and Type of Data for the Variables | Dependent variables
Independent variable
|
Population of Interest for Study | The study involved US Citizens, both male and female in various age groups. The population under the study was identified and followed over the years. The sample was drawn from the population and followed overtime. |
Sample | The sample size for the study was 78 865. 78,865 male and female persons were identified in the study process. |
Sampling Method | Simple random sampling method was used to select participants. |
Identify Data Collection Identify how data were collected | The process of data collection involved the recruitment of the respondents and the administration of questionnaires. The respondents had to answer the questions which were formulated based on the study variables. The data were then recorded and analyzed to prove the hypothesis. |
Summarize Data Collection Approach | The processes of acquiring data involved seeking permission from the data partners, presentation of licenses to gain access to the data. Each of the respondents identified was presented with the questionnaire with already set questions. Before presenting the questionnaires, respondents were consented to confirm their willingness to participate in the study process. The process of data collection took place over a duration of the study. Some of the data collected included age, level of education, health behaviors practices etc. |
Discuss Data Analysis Include what types of statistical tests were used for the variables. | While analyzing data, researchers utilized descriptive statistics to determine the attributes of the variables in the study. Some of the descriptive statistics used included percentages, frequencies, mean, median, mode, and summation. The descriptive statistics was performed for each variable. For instance, there was the determination of the mean for each gender involved in the study. Also, there was the application of inferential statistics such as regression analysis, t-test and risk rations to prove the hypothesis formulated. To test the hypothesis, the researcher employed sensitivity analysis where several scenarios were employed to test the robustness of the results. The propensity score nearest tests were also used to develop subsamples. The regression analysis was used to show the relationship between variables and the average costs for hospital visits. |
Summarize Results of Study | Each individual component of a healthy lifestyle showed a significant association with risk of total mortality, cancer mortality, and CVD mortality. Also, the study outcome revealed that healthy lifestyle increase life expectancy among the US population. In other words, there is a strong association between healthy lifestyle and the life expectancy among the American citizens (Li et al., 2018). The study found out that adherence to the 5 low-risk lifestyle-related factors can enhance or prolong the life expectancy at age 50 years by 14 for female and 12.2 for male. |
Summary of Assumptions and Limitations Identify the assumptions and limitations from the article. Report other potential assumptions and limitations of your review not listed by the author. | From the article, one of the main assumption was that the data obtained from the two state’s databases were continuous. There was also an assumption of the equality of variance. In other words, when testing for the hypothesis, the dataset used were assumed to exhibit equal variances. Dataset with the continuous data were also assumed to be normally distributed. The limitation of the study is that there was unavailability of resources and lack of a strong theoretical framework to highlight some of the past research processes and their shortcomings.
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Ethical Considerations
From the research, there was consideration of different theoretical perspectives in the collection and analysis of data. Researchers were able to seek consent from the respondents before engaging them in the study process. Before the presentation of questionnaires to the respondents, there was the consent documentation to confirm the participant’s willingness to take part in the process of the study. Seeking consent is an ethical procedure that every research should adhere to. During the collection and analysis of data, privacy was observed at all stages. Each of the respondents was assigned a study identity, no one was referred to by their names, also, the information provided in the questionnaires were kept secret and private. The databases used to secure data were highly protected to prevent unauthorized access from the possible hackers. Keeping privacy of the respondents is one of the ways of ensuring validity and accuracy of the study (Savin-Baden & Major, 2018). In the process of data analysis, there was the application of standardized methods to enhance accuracy of the outcomes and report appropriate results as required by the healthcare institutions. Ethical procedures were followed in reporting the outcome of the study. Finally, while conducting the research, there was avoidance of deceptive practices accuracy was withheld at all cost, from the time of acquisition of data to the time of reporting of results.
References
Savin-Baden, M., & Major, C. H. (2018). Qualititaive Research: The Essential Guide to Theory and Practice. Qualitative Research: The Essential Guide to Theory and Practice Routledge, 10, 11.
Li, Y., Pan, A., Wang, D. D., Liu, X., Dhana, K., Franco, O. H., … & Hu, F. B. (2018). Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on life expectancies in the US population. Circulation, 138(4), 345-355.