NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities

Capella University NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities – Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Capella University  NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities 

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Capella University  NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities   depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for  NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities  

The introduction for the Capella University  NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities   is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for  NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities 

After the introduction, move into the main part of the  NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities   assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for  NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities  

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for  NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities  

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities

The selected healthcare issue is Healthcare Disparities. Healthcare disparities are defined as differences in health and health care between groups that result from broader inequities. My interest in this topic is from my experience of how healthcare disparities contribute to poor health outcomes. Thus, they need to be addressed by negating their impacts or probably eliminating them. In my professional experience, I have seen how social determinants of health (SDOH) and health disparities hugely impact individuals’ health. The purpose of this assignment is to present an annotated bibliography of peer-reviewed articles discussing healthcare disparities.

Identifying Academic Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles

Peer-reviewed articles relating to the research topic were discovered using search engines like PubMed and MEDLINE, to source primary literature. I also sourced literature from evidence-based databases like The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and UpToDate. To refine the literature search, I used the terms from the topic to search in the Boolean operator of the databases. I keyed in terms like “Healthcare Disparities”, Impact of Healthcare Disparities” and “Types of Healthcare Disparities”.

Assessing Credibility and Relevance of Information Sources

The credibility and relevance of the articles were established using the CRAAP criterion (Currency, Relevance, Authority, Accuracy, and Purpose). I limited the search to articles published within the last five years for currency. I ensured relevance by using specific key terms.  Besides, I ensured the article were authoritative by ensuring the authors were experts in the selected topic. I also evaluated the information in the articles to ensure accuracy.  Furthermore, I searched for articles that aimed to teach or inform readers about healthcare disparities.

Annotated Bibliography

Chunara, R., Zhao, Y., Chen, J., Lawrence, K., Testa, P. A., Nov, O., & Mann, D. M. (2021). Telemedicine and healthcare disparities: a cohort study in a large healthcare system in New York City during COVID-19. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 28(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa217

The study examined disparities in persons who access healthcare through telemedicine for COVID-19. The article was included because it assesses racial disparities which have been documented in the US during the COVID-19 pandemic. Study findings reveal that there are disparities for Black patients accessing telemedicine. Disparities in access to telemedicine reflect those in in-person healthcare access and can be used to guide tool design and systemic efforts to foster digital health equity.

Häfliger, C., Diviani, N., & Rubinelli, S. (2023). Communication inequalities and health disparities among vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic-a scoping review of qualitative and quantitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15295-6

The study sought to review the current literature on communication inequalities associated with health disparities (CIHD) in vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify research gaps. The article was included because it examines how communication inequalities bring about health disparities and how the COVID-19 pandemic has worsened health disparities in vulnerable groups. The study found that low education and knowledge were indicators of communication inequalities that contributed to healthcare disparities. Thus, public health institutions should target their communication to persons with low education to alleviate communication inequalities and associated healthcare disparities

Okunrintemi, V., Khera, R., Spatz, E. S., Salami, J. A., Valero-Elizondo, J., Warraich, H. J., … & Nasir, K. (2019). Association of income disparities with patient-reported healthcare experience. Journal of general internal medicine, 34, 884-892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04848-4

The study examined the differences in patient healthcare experiences depending on the level of income. The article was selected because it evaluates disparities in health outcomes associated with socioeconomic status. Findings show that low income was consistently linked with poor patient reports on healthcare experience. It concludes that lower-income-earning patients have poorer healthcare experience in all elements of access and quality of care.

Tabaac, A. R., Solazzo, A. L., Gordon, A. R., Austin, S. B., Guss, C., & Charlton, B. M. (2020). Sexual orientation-related disparities in healthcare access in three cohorts of US adults. Preventive medicine, 132, 105999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105999

The study examined sexual orientation differences in insurance access, healthcare utilization, and unmet care needs. The article identified differences by sex and sexual orientation in healthcare utilization and unmet needs. The article was included in my research since it examines healthcare disparities faced by sexual minorities, who are a population of concern in our communities. Findings show that sexual minorities experience disparities in unmet needs for and continuity of care. Thus, improving healthcare access experiences for sexual minorities is vital in reducing disparities for this population.  

Summary

The above research has given me insight into the different types of healthcare disparities.  I have learned that healthcare disparities are experienced more commonly by persons from racial/ethnic minority groups, sexual minority groups, persons with low education,  and those with low income. The articles have increased my knowledge of the vulnerable populations that are most affected by healthcare disparities.

References

Chunara, R., Zhao, Y., Chen, J., Lawrence, K., Testa, P. A., Nov, O., & Mann, D. M. (2021). Telemedicine and healthcare disparities: a cohort study in a large healthcare system in New York City during COVID-19. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 28(1), 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaa217

Häfliger, C., Diviani, N., & Rubinelli, S. (2023). Communication inequalities and health disparities among vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 pandemic-a scoping review of qualitative and quantitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15295-6

Okunrintemi, V., Khera, R., Spatz, E. S., Salami, J. A., Valero-Elizondo, J., Warraich, H. J., … & Nasir, K. (2019). Association of income disparities with patient-reported healthcare experience. Journal of general internal medicine, 34, 884-892. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-019-04848-4

Tabaac, A. R., Solazzo, A. L., Gordon, A. R., Austin, S. B., Guss, C., & Charlton, B. M. (2020). Sexual orientation-related disparities in healthcare access in three cohorts of US adults. Preventive medicine, 132, 105999. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.105999

Sample Answer 2 for NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 3 Healthcare Disparities

Healthcare disparities, known to be differences that exist in access to healthcare services and health outcomes, have been known for a long time to lead to unfair or unequal health experiences and outcomes for particular populations. The implication is that healthcare professionals such as nurses need to formulate appropriate and effective strategies that can be used to deal with such healthcare disparities. One such disparity is the inadequate access to necessary care services due to geographical location as some people are remotely located and would need several hours drive to access appropriate care (Cyr et al.,2019).  The professional relevance of this topic is that nursing interventions can be used to improve access to care for such patients. As part of my professional experience, there have been cases where patients fail to access the required care in time, which ends up endangering their lives and leading to poor health outcomes. Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to formulate an annotated bibliography of articles relevant to the identified issue.

Identification of Academic Peer-Review Journals

            A comprehensive search was conducted across the Capella University library’s database. The main databases used were PubMed Central, ProQuest, and Google Scholar. Various keywords were used, including “ disparity in care access” and “solutions.” “Telehealth”. The results were then limited to peer-reviewed journals published in the last five years.

An Assessment of the Credibility and Relevance of the Sources

            It is important to assess the credibility and relevance of the sources to be used in exploring the identified issue. Therefore, various strategies were used. For credibility, only articles published in the last five years were included. In addition, it was ensured that the authors are individuals who are knowledgeable in that particular area of knowledge. It was also important to check the relevance of the sources; therefore, the information contained in the articles was checked to ensure that they addressed the key area of inadequate access to healthcare due to geographical location.

The Annotated Bibliography

Lum, H. D., Nearing, K., Pimentel, C. B., Levy, C. R., & Hung, W. W. (2020). Anywhere to anywhere: use of telehealth to increase health care access for older, rural veterans. Public Policy & Aging Report, 30(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prz030

            The article by Lum et al. (2020) focused on telehealth as a solution to poor access to health care. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to explore the telehealth approaches by the Veteran Health Administration that can be used to enhance geriatric care access for aging veterans and family caregivers living in rural areas. This research was informed by the fact that older individuals living in the rural areas usually exhibit more medical problems than those living in the urban areas. They also experience several chronic conditions. This article was included as part of the bibliography since it is a peer-reviewed source and offers various telehealth solutions used to increase healthcare access to those living in rural areas to reduce disparities. The researchers discussed various telehealth solutions, such as remote patient monitoring, where simple technology is applied to monitor patients’ health data. The other aspect is the use of store-and-forward telehealth, entailing asynchronous approaches where patients record videos, sounds, and images and send them to health experts to make clinical decisions. The other telehealth modality is the use of clinical video telehealth, which entails synchronous real-time visits between healthcare professionals and patients through communication links.

Myers, C. R. (2019). Using telehealth to remediate rural mental health and healthcare disparities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(3), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1499157

            The article by Myers (2019) is another source that addresses how telehealth can be used to solve rural mental health and healthcare disparities. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to explore the use of telehealth to reduce healthcare access disparities among individuals with mental health concerns in rural areas. The researchers indicated that the telehealth approach is a viable option that can be used to address the mental healthcare needs of individuals in rural areas as it supports more effective management and offers expanded access to healthcare services. This article was included since it discusses telehealth as a viable option for remediating rural mental health and healthcare disparities in terms of access. It is also a peer-reviewed journal, hence provides credible information. As part of the findings, the researchers indicate that the use of telehealth helps address the healthcare disparities related to healthcare access in various such as enhancing chronic disease management. The researcher also formulated policy recommendations that can be used to increase telehealth use, including training and education of the primary and mental healthcare providers, changes in workforces and licensure, privacy and security, and reimbursement and coverage.

Adams, S. V., Mader, M. J., Bollinger, M. J., Wong, E. S., Hudson, T. J., & Littman, A. J. (2019). Utilization of interactive clinical video telemedicine by rural and urban veterans in the Veterans Health Administration health care system. The Journal of Rural Health, 35(3), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12343

            The article authored by Adams et al. (2019) focused on the use of interactive clinical video as a form of telehealth by rural and urban veterans. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to describe how the use of telehealth among veterans has grown. This article has been included since it offers insight into how telehealth has been used to reduce the healthcare disparities related to healthcare access among veterans. The analysis of the data showed important results which support the use of telehealth in alleviating healthcare disparities. The findings showed that the use of telehealth appropriately grew by over 300%, especially among rural veterans. The results also showed that various factors enhanced the use of telehealth, such as being in rural age, younger age, one or more comorbidities, and the need to drive for longer distances to access care.

Hawley, C. E., Genovese, N., Owsiany, M. T., Triantafylidis, L. K., Moo, L. R., Linsky, A. M., … & Paik, J. M. (2020). Rapid integration of home telehealth visits amidst COVID‐19: What do older adults need to succeed? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(11), 2431–2439. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16845

            The article by Hawley et al. (2020) focused on integrating home telehealth visits for older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to identify and address various barriers to integrating home telehealth visits. The researcher predicted that addressing such barriers can be key to increasing telehealth use and reducing disparities related to healthcare access. During the research, the researcher categorized the subjects into different groups, such as those uninterested and incapable, uninterested and capable, interested and incapable, and interested and capable. This article was included since it explores barriers to telehealth use and strategies for overcoming them. The use of telehealth saved the participants close to three hours of traveling time they could have used to access care.

Summary

Appropriate information regarding the use of telehealth to reduce disparities related to healthcare access was obtained from scholarly peer-reviewed journals. Therefore, this activity played a role in enhancing my knowledge regarding the importance of telehealth in reducing access to healthcare. One of the aspects I have learned is that it enhances chronic disease management (Meyer, 2019). Coming up with this bibliography also enables me to create a repository of scholarly sources covering various aspects of the use of telehealth to reduce the healthcare access disparity. As such, it will be easier to analyze this issue further and more effectively.

References

Adams, S. V., Mader, M. J., Bollinger, M. J., Wong, E. S., Hudson, T. J., & Littman, A. J. (2019). Utilization of interactive clinical video telemedicine by rural and urban veterans in the Veterans Health Administration health care system. The Journal of Rural Health, 35(3), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12343

Cyr, M. E., Etchin, A. G., Guthrie, B. J., & Benneyan, J. C. (2019). Access to specialty healthcare in urban versus rural US populations: a systematic literature review. BMC Health Services Research, 19(1), 1-17.. 10.1186/s12913-019-4815-5

Hawley, C. E., Genovese, N., Owsiany, M. T., Triantafylidis, L. K., Moo, L. R., Linsky, A. M., … & Paik, J. M. (2020). Rapid integration of home telehealth visits amidst COVID‐19: What do older adults need to succeed?. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 68(11), 2431-2439.https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.16845

Lum, H. D., Nearing, K., Pimentel, C. B., Levy, C. R., & Hung, W. W. (2020). Anywhere to anywhere: use of telehealth to increase health care access for older, rural veterans. Public Policy & Aging Report, 30(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prz030

Myers, C. R. (2019). Using telehealth to remediate rural mental health and healthcare disparities. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 40(3), 233-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2018.1499157