NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Discussion– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Discussion assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Discussion depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
The introduction for the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Discussion is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NR 507 Week 2: Discussion assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
To differentiate between systolic and diastolic heart failure we need to understand the left ejection fraction (LVEF) as well as other terms such as stroke volume, cardiac output and end diastolic volume. Stroke volume is the the volume pushed out of the ventricles per beat (Bruss & Raja, 2022). For a 70kg male the normal stroke volume is 70ml/beat. Next we have the total volume of blood in heart during the relaxation phase or diastole which is referred to as the end diastolic volume (EDV). For the same 70kg male this is roughly 120ml. Next we have the end systolic volume which is the leftover blood volume in ventricles after contraction (ESV). On average this is around 50 ml. From this we can calculate our stroke volume which is the EDV minus the ESV which again equals 70ml/beat. Another term is cardiac output (CO) which represents the blood volume pumped out by the heart over one minute (Bruss & Raja, 2022). The CO is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume and the heart rate. Therefore the stroke volume equals the cardiac output divided by the heart rate. In our case we have an elevated heart rate of 110. This puts downward pressure the stroke volume. The left ejection fraction is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the end diastolic volume. The LVEF is given as 25%.
In practice the LVEF can be calculated by utilizing an Echocardiogram (Oppedisano et al., 2021). The LVEF can be greatly affected by the stroke volume as listed above. As Oppedisano et al. noted, stroke volume is affected by the force of heart contraction (contractility), the pressure from blood volume during diastole (preload), and pressure in myocardium during heart contraction (after load) (2021). Stroke volume and therefore LVEF can be increased by elevated preload, contractility, and decreased after load. With heart failure, the amount of blood pumped out of the heart may be diminished (Oppedisano et al., 2021) like with dilated cardiomyopathy and valvular diseases. These lower the contractility of the heart and lower the stroke volume. This leads to diminished left ventricular ejection fraction below 40% consistent with systolic heart failure. Our case with LVEF of 25% is consistent with systolic heart failure. For comparison diastolic heart failure is seen with LVEF greater than 50%. The third heart sound is another verification of left ventricular dysfunction and left ventricular ejection fraction less than 50% (Calo et al., 2020).
Some of the symptoms of heart failure are related to the pathophysiology of heart failure as listed above. Jugular vein distention accompanies increased preload or specifically pressure in the superior vena cava (Nagueh,2021). As indicated in this article, dyspnea and orthopnea can reflect pulmonary hypertension from left atrial pressure increases. Crackles in bilateral bases reflect pulmonary congestion again from left atrial pressure. The article also noted that with a weak heart contraction, fluid may accumulate in the lower extremities leading to pitting edema. An elevated preload can also contribute to the fluid moving out of the peripheral dependent vasculature.
References:
Brass, Z., & Raja, A. (2022). Physiology, stroke volume. StatPearls Publishing, https:// http://www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/books/NBK547686
Calo, L., Capucci, A., Santini, L., Pecora, D., Favale, S., Petracci, B., Molon, G. Bianchi, V., Cipolletta, L., deRuvo, E., Ammirati, F., Grecia, C., Campari, M., Valsecchi, S & D’Ononfrio, A. (2020). ICD+ measured heart sounds and their correlation with echocardiographic indexes of systolic and diastolic function. Journal of International Cardiac Electrophysiology, 58(1), 95 – 101. DOI: 10.1007/s10840-019-00668-y
Nagueh, S. (2021). Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights into diagnosis and pathophysiology. European Society of Cardiology, 117(4), 999 – 1014. DOI: 10.1093/cvr/ cvaa228
Oppedisano, F., Mollie, R., Tavernese, A., Gliozzi, M., Musolino, V., Macri, R., Carres, C., Maiuolo, J., Serra, M., Cardomone, A., Voterai, M. & Mollace, V. (2021). PUFA supplementation and heart failure: effects on fibrosis and cardiac remodeling. Nutrients, 13(9), 2965. Https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13092965
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Sample Answer 2 for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
Great job on this post. Differentiating systolic and diastolic heart failure involves different strategies in practice and while learning. The first step is understanding the left ejection fraction and other details. The details may include the stroke volume, which entails the volume pushed out of the ventricles per beat. Depending on the gender, the stroke volume is different. A normal stroke volume for the male is 70ml per beat. The following detail is the end-diastolic volume that involves the total blood volume while the heart is in its relaxation phase. A normal EDV for a male is roughly 120ml per beat. The end-systolic volume is the last detail used in the calculation. It involves the leftover blood volume in the ventricles after contraction. On average, a male has 50 ml per beat. Getting the details, the stroke volume is easily calculated by subtracting the ESV from the EDV. The cardiac output is another essential detail that will be calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.
Recording the above details, the left ejection fraction will be calculated by dividing the stroke volume and the end-diastolic volume. Since the details are different in practice, the LVEF will be calculated differently through an Echocardiogram (McCance & Huether, 2019). Through the above details, I agree that the LVEF will be greatly affected by the stroke volume. To increase the stroke volume and the LVEF, the preload and contractility will be elevated then the afterload is decreased. Considering a case of heart failure, the amount of blood pumped out of the heart may be diminished just as it happens when a patient suffers from valvular diseases and dilated cardiomyopathy. Therefore, leading to decreased contractility of the heart and stroke volume. The left ventricular ejection fraction will decrease below 40 percent, consistent with systolic heart failure.
References
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). Elsevier.
Sample Answer 3 for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
Thank you for sharing about this patient with systolic heart failure. Per a retrospective cohort study, both systolic and diastolic heart failure were inadequately cared for as evidence by nearly one in five patients with systolic heart failure and one in four patients with diastolic heart failure received zero prescriptions one year post diagnosis (Nguyen et al., 2020). Both these types of heart failure center around the extent of left ventricular ejection fraction. The subjective symptoms are similar in both types. As you indicated the ejection fraction is diminished in systolic heart failure (<40%). In addition to difference in medication compliance listed above the article noted that the comorbidity profile was different between systolic and diastolic heart failure. A higher number of systolic heart failure patients suffered with coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction while dislipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic kidney failure were more commonly seen with diastolic heart failure (Nguyen et al., 2020). The article concluded that hospital rates were higher with diastolic heart failure. Other factors that increased hospital admission for heart failure were being female and being over age 75. The article noted that administration of medications prior to heart failure diagnosis, for conditions such as hypertension reduced hospitalization rates due to heart failure.
Reference:
Nguyen, C., Zhang, X., Evers, T., Willey, V., Tan, H & Power, T. (2020). Real-world treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilization, and costs for patients with newly diagnosed systolic versus diastolic heart failure. American Health & Drug Benefits, 13(4), 166- 174. PMID: 33343816 PMC 7737726
Sample Answer 4 for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
Thank you for your detailed post on systolic and diastolic heart failure. You provided an accurate explanation of the symptoms associated with each type of heart failure and their pathophysiology, as well as the significance of a 3rd heart sound and an ejection fraction of 25%. Your explanation of the 3rd heart sound was particularly informative. It is important to note that the presence of a 3rd heart sound has the potential to signify a more serious cardiovascular condition. It is also important to remember that the 3rd heart sound is a symptom of various conditions, and it is important to look at the patient’s history and perform tests and examinations to accurately diagnose the cause. In addition, you provided a clear explanation of the symptoms associated with systolic and diastolic heart failure. It is important to remember that the symptoms of each type of heart failure can be different, and it is important to recognize the signs and understand the underlying pathophysiology in order to provide the patient with the proper treatment.
It is also important to understand the potential treatments for systolic and diastolic heart failure. Treatment for systolic heart failure may involve medications such as ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and diuretics, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary modifications (Tan & Thakur, 2022). Treatment for diastolic heart failure may involve medications such as calcium-channel blockers and nitrates, as well as lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary modifications (Tan & Thakur, 2022). Additionally, some patients may require more advanced treatments such as surgery or implantable devices. It is important to discuss all available treatment options with the patient and their doctor in order to provide the best care and outcome. Thank you for your informative post!
References
Tan, J. L., & Thakur, K. (2022, August 8). Systolic hypertension – statpearls – NCBI bookshelf. Retrieved January 21, 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482472/Links to an external site.
Sample Answer 5 for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are structural abnormalities present at birth that affect the normal functioning of the heart. Some congenital heart defects can lead to or impact heart failure, a condition where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively. Some congenital heart defects that can contribute to heart failure are:
Aortic Stenosis:
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve, which can obstruct blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. This can result in increased pressure in the left ventricle and potentially lead to heart failure.
Coarctation of the Aorta:
Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, which can restrict blood flow and increase pressure in the left ventricle. This increased workload on the heart may contribute to heart failure.
Tetralogy of Fallot:
This is a combination of four heart defects: ventricular septal defect (VSD), pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and an overriding aorta. The combination of these defects can lead to insufficient oxygenation of the blood and eventual heart failure.
America heart association. (2023a, June 14). Ejection fraction heart failure measurement. www.heart.org. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-failure/diagnosing-heart-failure/ejection-fraction-heart-failure-measurement