NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
The introduction for the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
- What is the etiology of bronchitis?
There are two kinds of Bronchitis: Acute Bronchitis, that is caused by “Infections or lung irritants,” and Chronic Bronchitis, that is caused by “repeatedly breathing in fumes that irritate and damage lung and airway tissues” (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018). This could be like smoking or inhaling second-hand smoke. The etiology of bronchitis is the same that causes upper respiratory infections. The names of the viruses that cause bronchitis are coronavirus, rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and adenovirus. Most cases of bronchitis come from a virus instead of bacteria. Current smoking is associated with a more goblet cell hyperplasia and number, and chronic bronchitis is associated with more goblet cells, independent of the presence of airflow obstruction. This provides clinical and pathologic correlation for smokers with and without COPD (Kim et al., 2015).
Describe in detail the pathophysiological process of bronchitis.
The pathophysiological process of bronchitis is very simple. The symptoms of acute bronchitis are due to acute inflammation of the bronchial wall, which causes increased mucus production along with edema of the bronchus (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018). This leads to the productive cough that is the hallmark of a lower respiratory tract infection. While the infection may clear in several days, repair of the bronchial wall may take several weeks. During the period of repair, patients will continue to cough. Pulmonary function studies of patients with acute bronchitis demonstrate bronchial obstruction similar to that in asthma. As the symptoms of acute bronchitis subside, pulmonary function returns to normal. Most patients will cough for less than 2 weeks with the illness. If a patient coughs longer than 1 month then the term is post bronchitis syndrome (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018). The bronchial walls are trying to repair after the clearance of the infection.
- Identify hallmark signs identified from the physical exam and symptoms.
The hallmark sign and symptoms are duration of cough less than 30 days, productive cough, no history of chronic respiratory illness, and fever. Production of mucus (sputum), which can be clear, white, and yellowish-gray or green in color can occur in acute bronchitis. Acute bronchitis is caused by a virus. Cough from the irritated and inflamed bronchial epithelium and increased mucus production (McCance, Huether, Brashers and Rote, 2013).
Describe the pathophysiology of complications of bronchitis.
As with most diseases, complications can arise from bronchitis. Around one person in 20 with bronchitis may develop a secondary infection in the lungs leading to pneumonia. The infection is commonly bacterial although the initial infection that caused the bronchitis may be viral. The infection affects the tiny air sacs known as alveoli in the lungs (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018). Although a single episode of bronchitis usually isn’t cause for concern, it can lead to pneumonia in some people. Repeated bouts of bronchitis, however, may mean that you have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. Chronic bronchitis can lead to long term COPD with progressively diminishing lung reserves and breathing difficulties. COPD further raises the risk of occasional flare ups and increased risk of recurrent and frequent chest infections. When you breathe, air moves in your trachea through two tubes called bronchi. The bronchi branch out into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the ends of the bronchioles are little air sacs called alveoli. And at the end of alveoli are capillaries, which are tiny blood vessels. Oxygen moves around in the lungs to the bloodstream through the capillaries. Carbon dioxide moves from the blood into the capillaries and then into the lungs and exhaled. The fibers in the walls of the lungs can become damage (Kim et al, 2015). They are not able to expand and make them less elastic when you exhale.
What teaching related to her diagnosis would you provide?
I would educate Tammy about second-hand exposure to smoke. This could make her bronchitis even worse if exposed. Tammy would most likely be prescribed an inhaler that would open up her bronchioles, helping her breath better. Most people should drink at least 8 eight-ounce cups of water a day. You may need to drink more liquids when you have acute bronchitis. Liquids help keep your air passages moist and help you cough up mucus. I would encourage Tammy to get plenty of rest to help fight the infection. Tammy could use a cool mist humidifier to decrease her cough and make it easier for her to breath (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 2018).
References
Kim, V., Oros, M., Durra, H., Kelsen, S., Aksoy, M., Cornwell, WD., et al. (2015) Chronic Bronchitis and Current Smoking Are Associated with More Goblet Cells in Moderate to Severe COPD and Smokers without Airflow Obstruction. PLoS ONE 10(2). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0116108
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., & Rote, N. S. (2013). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2018). Bronchitis. National Institute of Health. Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/bronchitis
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Sample Answer 2 for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
I read enjoyed reading your informative post and especially like your educational area. I think too many people do not realize the value of water and hydration. You covered this area very well. Having had bronchitis, I remember being exhausted and the cure all was homemade chicken noodle soup. The old wise tales were very interesting and perhaps there was truth. And of course, there was guaifenesin, a mucoactive drug, to which the doctor stated that it would loosen the mucus to make the cough more productive. Albrecht, Dicpinigaitis & Guenin (2017) stated that the dosing range is 200 to 400 mg every 4 hours and can be taken to six times daily. There are both immediate release formulas as well as those that are extended release and is tolerable for most pediatric and adult patients. Teaching would also include to make sure that if this patient had any children or grandchildren. Again, I really enjoyed your post.
I found an interesting research article that I wanted to share about the use of bronchodilators. After thinking about the topic, for those with asthma, there has to be mention about bronchodilator drugs, Sarioglu, Bilen, Sackes & Gencer (2015) discussed bronchodilator drugs and antibiotics and went into detail about carbonic anhydrase (CA). Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme controlling the acid-base balance and Sarioglu, Bilen Sacke & Gencer (2015) added that this enzyme also has a role in electrolyte secretion in tissues. In a study that looked at CA I and II activities, Sarioglu, Bilen Sacke & Gencer (2015) acknowledged that there is strong evidence that there are adverse effects when utilizing antibiotics and bronchodilator drugs because of the carbonic anhydrase inhibition. Again, this has captured my attention because we as clinicians have to look at the patient medications with a fine tooth comb in the prevention of adverse reactions.
Reference:
Albrecht, H. H., Dicpinigaitis, P. V., & Guenin, E. P. (2017). Role of
guaifenesin in the management of chronic bronchitis and upper
respiratory tract infections. Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine, 121.
doi:10.1186/s40248-017-0113-4
Sarioglu, N., Bilen, C., Sackes, Z., & Gencer, N. (2015). The effects of
bronchodilator drugs and antibiotics used for respiratory infection on
human erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase I and II isozymes. Archives Of
Physiology & Biochemistry, 121(2), 56-61.
doi:10.3109/13813455.2015.1011068
Sample Answer 3 for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
Very informative post ladies it seems like antibiotics are thrown around like candy at a parade nowadays. The concern that the overuse of antibiotics can cause resistance to drugs and potentiate a drug-resistant organism is a reality (Dempsey at al., 2014). The need for follow up after the use of antibiotics and this disease process is important to ascertain that the patient did indeed take all the medicine and has resolved all her respiratory issues. We must also be concerned with any side effects from the antibiotic such as diarrhea, rash, nausea, vomiting or any number of reactions what could hinder the resolution of this disease process. The need for education prior to the patient leaving the office setting is important that they understand when to call if there are complications and the importance of following up afterwards.
A sputum culture would also be a possibility since she is coughing up copious amounts of foul smelling green sputum so we can be assured the antibiotic prescribed will be effective. Treating the cause of this infection will aid in preventing lung scaring and prevent continued damage to the lungs from recurrent infections. Education on potential smoking cessation of tobacco should she smoke is appropriate. Finding out what her living conditions are can have a direct impact on her health, for instance cockroach allergens are similar to dust mites as their fecal material leaves behind fragments of their body and becomes airborne (American Lung Association, 2016). These allergens can trigger asthma, which is especially seen in preschool children. Although Tammy is an adult we did not get a history of her health in this scenario. So the goal would be to do the investigative work and discover if there are any pre-existing conditions. Setting health related goals for this patient with her input would be of benefit to help her reach her maximum health status and possibly eliminate any potential hazards in the future.
Reference:
American Lung Association.(2016). Cockroaches. Retrieved from http://www.lung.org/our-initiatives/healthy-air/indoor/indoor-air-pollutants/cockroaches.html?referrer=https://www.google.com/
Sample Answer 4 for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
Thank you for your very thorough and informative post. I have a family member that has chronic bronchitis. He usually presents with a very dry barking cough and it lasts for weeks. He usually gets it every year. He does not smoke but worked in an automobile factory while going to college many years ago. It usually starts with a cold. Exposure to second-hand smoke and many other irritants in and around the factory is more than likely the cause. He was prescribed antibiotics a few years ago but they did nothing for him.
Kinkade and Long (2016) explain how the use of antibiotics for bronchitis is not appropriate in most cases. It is important to rule out pneumonia or other bacterial infections first. Bronchitis is usually caused by viral infections in 90% of all cases. A study, between 1996-2010, of antibiotic use found that antibiotics were prescribed in 71% of visits relating to acute bronchitis. Overuse of antibiotics causes antimicrobial resistance and extensive health care costs. Antibiotic use can also cause severe diarrhea, allergic reactions, nausea, headache, and vaginitis.
Biomarkers may help practitioners determine if there is a bacterial infection. C-Reactive protein levels above 50 mcg/ml can help in identifying pneumonia. A chest x-ray can also help to rule out pneumonia. Symptoms of bronchitis can be treated with over-the-counter medications, and some prescribed medications, such as cough medication or inhalers. It is important to differentiate between viral and bacterial infections to avoid unecessary use of antibiotics.
Reference
Kinkade, S., & Long, N. (2016, October 1). Acute bronchitis. American Family Physician, 94(7), 560-565. www.aafp.org/afp
Sample Answer 5 for NR 507 Week 2: Discussion Part Two
You made such a great point when you mentioned that antibiotics would not help with bronchitis. I think so many people out there believe that antibiotics are this magical cure all that can take care of any illness, but as healthcare professionals, we know that that is definitely not true. As you said, bronchitis, or even the common cold, are caused by a virus and antibiotics do not take care of viruses. If people continue to insist on antibiotics for viruses like this and when they really do not need them, it could cause an antibiotic resistance. Antibiotic resistance is defined as “the ability of microbes to resist the effects of drugs – that is, the germs are not killed, and their growth is not stopped” (CDC, 2018). Research has found that “up to 50% of the time antibiotics are not optimally prescribed, often done so when not needed, incorrect dosing or duration” (CDC, 2018). This can have devastating effects on worldwide health as the effectiveness of common medications decreases meaning more costly or dangerous treatments to take care of the issue at hand. I really appreciate that you brought up this fact and you really highlighted that we all need to take a step back and make sure that we are only prescribing antibiotics when absolutely necessary. Thank you for your post!
Reference
CDC. (2018). Antibiotic/Antimicrobial resistance. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/about.html.