NR 507 Week 7 Discussion
Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 7 Discussion– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 7 Discussion assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NR 507 Week 7 Discussion
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 7 Discussion depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NR 507 Week 7 Discussion
The introduction for the Chamberlain University NR 507 Week 7 Discussion is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NR 507 Week 7 Discussion
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NR 507 Week 7 Discussion assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NR 507 Week 7 Discussion
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NR 507 Week 7 Discussion
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NR 507 Week 7 Discussion
Differentiating between Alzheimers disease and frontal-temporal dementia is important. The plurality of Alzheimer’s patients occur in those over the age of 75 (Maclin et al., 2019). Per this article, Alzheimers disease often progresses slowly with deficits in memory and activities of daily living. Ultimately Alzheimers disease can become fatal when patient aspirates due to dysphagia. Conversely, temporal frontal lobe dementias are more commonly seen with patients under 65 years of age (Maclin et al., 2019). Changes in social behavior and communication difficulties are predominate with frontal temporal dementia.
Alzheimer’s disease progresses from asymptomatic to complete dependency. From our case study, our patient is 76 year old male which fits the demographic of an Alzheimer’s patient. His wife reported that he has been engaged in wandering, trouble completing activities of daily living, and making poor judgements. His diagnostic tests are also consistent with Alzheimer’s dementia with a mini mental state examination (MMSE) score of 12 out of 30. The mini-mental state examination is an objective screening tool to help differentiate mild, moderate, and severe Alzheimers (Marin et al., 2022). The article noted that wandering has a high concordance with objective deficits found in the MMSE. Another screening tool is MRI evaluation of the hippocampus, amygdala, and lateral ventricular spaces (Coupe et al., 2022). With advancing Alzheimers the hippocampus and amygdala shrink while the ventricles enlarge. In our case study there is evidence of hippocampus atrophy. The case study patient is showing evidence of moderate Alzheimers deficit.
The old model of beta-amyloid plaques being the cause versus a symptom of Alzheimer disease was strengthened by an influential study in 2006 published in Nature by Dr. Sylvain Lesne (Pillar, 2022). The article noted that in 2022, the NIH invested $1.6 billion into research related to this model and pharmaceuticals to address removing the buildup of these plaques to treat Alzheimers. The article is the culmination of six months of investigation into the 2006 research by Dr. Matthew Schrag which demonstrated that many of the evidential images used to connect beta-amyloid to Alzheimers were fraudulent (Pillar, 2022). In the years since that article was published, it has been cited by 2300 scholarly articles. One of the newest FDA approved pharmaceuticals, Simulfilam, was also based on this theory. Pillar noted that while the drug successfully reduced plaque deposits, Simulfilam was found to be ineffective to address the symptoms of Alzheimer’s dementia like many pharmaceuticals before it (2022). An alternative model for Alzheimers is insulin resistance which one article noted has a detrimental effect on the blood brain barrier (Sedzikowska & Szablewski, 2021). The article noted that insulin receptors are highest in the hippocampus, frontal cortex and other brain regions involved in memory and learning. Sezikowska & Szablewski noted that similar to type II diabetes, insulin resistance in the brain prevents neurons from being responsive to insulin (2021). This may decrease the metabolism of neurons of the brain leading to dysfunction and death of these tissues. Thus the theory was raised that Alzheimer’s disease is akin to type III Diabetes.
References:
Coupe, P., Manjon, J., Mansencal, B., Tourdias, T., Catherine, G. & Planche, V. (2022). Hippocampal-amygdalo-ventricular atrophy score: Alzheimer disease detection using normative and pathological lifespan models. Human Brain Mapping, 43(10), 3270 – 3282. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25850
Maclin, J., Wang, T. & Xiao S. (2019). Biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease, dementia Lewy body, frontal-temporal dementia, and vascular dementia. General Psychiatry, 32(1), e100054. DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2019-100054
Morin, P, Li, M., Wang, Y., Aguilar, B, Berlowitz, D., Monfared, A., Irizarry, M., Zhang, Q, & Xia, W. (2022). Clinical staging of Alzheimer’s disease: concordance of subjective and objective assessment in the Veteran’s Affairs Healthcare System. Neurology and Therapy,11(3), 1341 – 1352. DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00379-z
Piller, C. (2022). Blots on a field? Science, 377 (6604), 358 – 363. DOI: 10.1126/science.ade0209
Sedzikowska, A. & Szablewski, L. (2021). Insulin and insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(18),9987. DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189987
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NR 507 Week 7 Discussion Sample Answer 2
Dr. S.,
Education is so very important once a diagnosis of dementia is provided, regardless of the type a person may be facing. In my opinion there are five valuable areas to cover as the NP.
- Addressing potential for wandering – as patients progress, restlessness and distractibility paired with the memory loss increases the potential for wandering. For this reason, we must promote safety and preparedness. Discussing the need for ID tags, wearable alarms, and locator apps/GPS capability will help to find a loved one that is lost (Larson, 2021). Also alerting local police and EMS of a person with dementia and providing authorities with a recent photo will be vital to a safe return.
- Fall prevention – preparing a home or area so that falls can be avoided as much as possible will prevent possible hip fractures and other injuries, as well as discussing medications that can increase the risk of falls (Larson, 2021).
- Medication – there are many medications available that will aid with memory (although few people have measurable benefit), behavior disturbances, and sleep disturbances (Larson, 2021). Again, noting the increased risk of falls with these medications.
- Caregiver support – education regarding supportive resources will aid those that are caring for a dementia patient is vital to prevent caregiver burnout as this is a stressful and time-consuming role to take on (Larson, 2021).
- Advanced care planning – it is important to begin this discussion as soon as possible following a dementia diagnosis. If the person still has capacity to make decisions on how they would like to be cared for if and when the become incapacitated will ensure that the caregiver is carrying out the loved ones wishes and not being put in to a situation of making decisions in times of high stress (Gaster, 2021). The attached PDF provides the NP a gentle way of beginning these conversations regarding end-of-life care.
References
Gaster, G. (2021). Dementia-directive [PDF]. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5a0128cf8fd4d22ca11a405d/t/60c51d29f5c2833ef87698d1/1623530793274/dementia-directive.pdfLinks to an external site.
Larson, E. B. (2021). Patient education: Dementia (including alzheimer disease) (beyond the basics) (S. T. DeKosky & J. L. Wilterdink, Eds.). UpToDate. Retrieved February 24, 2023, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dementia-including-alzheimer-disease-beyond-the-basicsLinks to an external site.
NR 507 Week 7 Discussion Sample Response 3
after reading your post it, especially point #5 on Advanced Care and end of life planning it took me back to earlier on in my Nursing Career.
I remember when I first started working as a hospice nurse and was assigned to be the facility hospice nurse at a specific long term care facility most of the patients on hospice were on with a diagnosis of End Stage
Dementia, being a new nurse to the area of hospice I asked the Medical Director why the majority of patients seemed to be enrolled with that diagnosis and why when it was time for recertification he rarely needed much documentation to prove why the patient should remain on hospice. When people think of hospice they typically think that death is eminent, however, with patients with Dementia, it’s not that simple. The explanation I was given was that Dementia is terminal in the sense that it’s progressive and usually the patient will stop eating., and unless the family chooses to insert a feeding tube, this will be the start of the decline. They don’t pass away from Dementia but essentially because of a complication due to dementia. Unfortunately we know these patients will decline over a matter of years, rather than months. According to the CDC (2020) Alzheimer’s disease is one of the top 10 leading causes of death in the United States.
But taking a step back as a NP it will be an important part of our role to enable that families know about all of their options which also includes palliative care but even more importantly understanding that if they choose hospice it does not mean immediate death or that they are giving up on their loved one.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/aging/aginginfo/alzheimers.htm#SupportLinks to an external site.
NR 507 Week 7 Discussion Sample Response 4
Talking about insulin resistance related to degenerative brain disorders makes me think about other common risk factors for cardiovascular disease and obesity could all be the reasons to develop Alzheimer’s disease. A study has shown that cerebral hypoperfusion and blood‐brain barrier (BBB) leakiness contribute to brain damage, especially in vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Slow blood supply or ischemia in the brain will cause dysregulated process and impaired clearance of amyloid-beta protein and consequently cause amyloid-beta protein accumulation. Protein plaque formation and tangles are known to be the neuropathological cause of Alzheimer’s disease. So, the microvascular environment in the brain is extremely important to prevent the development of Alzheimer’s disease. In this way, the common prevention strategies to prevent cardiovascular disease should also apply to prevent Alzheimer’s disease (Tayler et al., 2021).
Reference
Tayler, H., Miners, J. S., Güzel, Ö., MacLachlan, R., & Love, S. (2021). Mediators of cerebral hypoperfusion and blood‐brain barrier leakiness in Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia. Brain Pathology (Zurich, Switzerland), 31(4), e12935–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12935
NR 507 Week 7 Discussion Sample Response 5
I agree that Alzheimer’s is a neurodegenerative disease, the most common type of dementia. The disease mostly affects the brain, and its progress can be slow and hard to notice initially. Patients will start from mild memory loss while progressing to a more severe stage, like difficulty in communication. In most cases, it occurs among older people. It is believed that it’s due to multiple risk factors like genetics, diet, lifestyle, environment, etc. (CDC, 2020). It is found that the disease is caused by plaque formation of extracellular amyloid beta proteins and neurofibrillary tangles of accumulated hyper phosphorylated tau proteins (Yarns et al., 2022).
I agree that there are some key differences between Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer’s disease mostly happens in older age, while frontotemporal dementia is most common in people between 40-60 years old. Memory loss, hallucination, and spatial disorientation are more common in Alzheimer’s, while behavior changes are more common in frontotemporal dementia. Patients with frontotemporal dementia will struggle to understand or formulate words in spoken language. In contrast, patients with Alzheimer’s disease will have more difficulty finding the correct words or remembering names. Sometimes the symptoms of the two disorders can be cross-matched, so individualized testing should be performed and evaluated (Alzheimer’s Association, 2023).
Lastly, I agree that the findings from the case indicate that the patient has moderate dementia according to his symptoms. Vitamin E deficiency is a leading cause of Alzheimer’s disease. Despite the strong association between vitamin E and the development of Alzheimer’s disease, more clinical evidence will be needed to be conclusive (Declan et al., 2019). The patient, in this case, is likely to be in the moderate stage because he displays symptoms like forgetting his personal history, mood withdrawing, needing help dressing, and an increased tendency to wander.
References
Alzheimer’s Association. (2023). Frontotemporal Dementia. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) | Symptoms & Treatments | alz.orgLinks to an external site.Links to an external site.
Alzheimer’s Association. (2023). Stages of Alzheimer’s. Alzheimer’s Stages – Early, Middle, Late Dementia Symptoms | alz.orgLinks to an external site.Links to an external site.
Browne, D., McGuinness, B., Woodside, J. V., & McKay, G. J. (2019). Vitamin E and Alzheimer’s disease: what do we know so far? Clinical Interventions in Aging, 14, 1303–1317. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S186760
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020). Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias. What is Alzheimer’s Disease? | CDCLinks to an external site.Links to an external site.
Yarns, B. C., Holiday, K. A., Carlson. D. M., Cosgrove, C. K., & Melrose, R. J. (2022). Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 45(4), 663-676. Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease – ScienceDirectLinksLinks to an external site.
Sample Answer 6 for NR 507 Week 7 Discussion
- Compare and contrast the pathophysiology between Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia.
According to Alzheimer’s Society (2023), dementia itself is not one disease but rather a term used to describe symptoms of many brain disorders. Alzheimer’s disease is, however, a specific diagnosis and a type of dementia. Frontotemporal dementia is a group of brain disorders that affect the frontal and temporal regions of the brain. Due to these areas being affected, symptoms of these disorders are related to behavior and speech. The patient’s changes in behavior might include becoming withdrawn, no longer taking care of their personal hygiene, becoming distracted easily, having repetitive behaviors, overeating, becoming incontinent, having blunted emotions or inappropriate social activity, and overall change in personality. The patient’s speech may also be affected. They may begin to speak less, completely lose their ability to speak, have difficulty finding appropriate words, have repetitive speech, or stuttering. With Alzheimer’s disease, the brain is affected a little differently. Alzheimer’s disease affects the limbic system, frontal, hippocampus, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. The limbic system is often affected in the early stages of Alzheimer’s and will affect the patient’s memory and emotions. The brain’s frontal lobe helps one organize actions and manage social behaviors. If affected, the patient may become uninterested in hobbies they once took pleasure in, may become withdrawn, and may show repetitive behaviors. The hippocampus particularly plays an important role in processing verbal and visual memories, and the temporal lobes help one learn new or short-term memories. When these areas are affected, the patient will lose the ability to retain information and memories and will lose the ability to recognize friends and family, as well as familiar places and things. Parietal lobes help arrange activities in the correct order and help with what is known as spatial information, such as knowing where we are or where objects are. Having the parietal lobes affects causes the patient to have a hard time understanding what someone is saying, makes it difficult to pay bills or handle bank accounts, causes balance issues, makes it difficult to get dressed, and causes one to get lost easily. Lastly, the occipital lobe control vision. When this lobe is affected during Alzheimer’s disease, the patient may lose the ability of depth perception as well as the ability to see movement. Often seen in the brain of an Alzheimer’s patient are plaques and tangles. These plaques are made up of a protein in the brain known as amyloid-beta (A-beta) which forms deposits in the brain. It is thought that these may cause a blocking of signals between cells in the brain which slows communication and nutrition between the brain cells, possibly causing brain cell death and cognitive decline. The tangles are built up of a protein in the brain called tau. Typically, tau guarantees that nutrients in the brain get to their destination. When tau tangles form, it prevents the nutrients from reaching the destination and ultimately causes brain cell death. When brain cells die, it causes shrinkage in that area of the brain. This affects the function of that area of the brain and progresses the severity of the patient’s symptoms. (Alzheimer Society, 2023).
- Identify the clinical findings from the case that supports a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease.
The patient is getting lost in familiar places (his own neighborhood), gets angry and defensive when confronted, allows unfamiliar people into his home, and has difficulties dressing himself and balancing his checkbook. When evaluated, the patient had a Mini-Mental State Examination baseline score of 12 out of 30 showing moderate dementia, and his MRI showed hippocampal atrophy.
- Explain one hypothesis that explains the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
It is believed that Alzheimer’s disease is most often a combination of genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors. The development of Alzheimer’s starts years before the person shows symptoms. While we are still trying to understand the cause, research is often focused on the plaques and tangles that form in the brain. As mentioned above, the plaques are part of a protein called Beta-amyloid, and when clumped together, these plaques cause a disruption of communication in the brain cells. The Tau proteins carry the essential nutrients in the brain, and when tau protein change shapes and tangles in the brain, this disrupts the transportation of the nutrients and causes damage to the brain cells. (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2023).
- Discuss the patient’s likely stage of Alzheimer’s disease.
This patient is likely in the moderate stages of Alzheimer’s disease. According to Mayo Clinic Staff (2021, para. 14), when patients reach the moderate stages of Alzheimer’s disease, they “grow more confused and forgetful and begin to need more help with daily activities and self-care”. This patient was showing poor judgment by letting unknown people in his home; he was experiencing greater memory loss, including his home address, and was needing help with daily activities such as dressing.
References
Alzheimer Society. (2023a). The difference between Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. Alzheimer
Alzheimer Society. (2023b). Frontotemporal dementia. Alzheimer Society.
Alzheimer Society. (2023c). How Alzheimer’s disease changes the brain. Alzheimer
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2023). Alzheimer’s disease. Mayo Clinic.
Mayo Clinic Staff. (2021). Alzheimer’s stages: How the disease progresses. Mayo