NR 565 Week 8 Course Reflection

Sample Answer for NR 565 Week 8 Course Reflection

Drug Prescribing Reflection

How has you understanding changed about identifying the most commonly prescribed agents in the major drug classes?

My understanding has improved significantly after I received more education and conducted research on the matter in NR 565 Week 8 Course Reflection. In the past, I knew the names of several prescribed drugs in major drug classes. However, through the increased knowledge I have gained from class, research, on-site experience, and discussions with my peers, I have gained a better understanding that enables me to identify the different drug classes and various agents and their respective dosages.      

How confident do you feel about analyzing factors pertinent to making the most effective drug selection for a patient with a specific diagnosis in the primary care setting? What resources are needed, if any, to help you feel more confident?

My confidence level keeps increasing as my knowledge increases. I currently feel confident enough to select or prescribe drugs for patients after diagnosis in primary care setting. However, I know I still need to increase my confidence to be able to integrate evidence-based practice guidelines. Therefore, I will continue conducting research regarding the appropriate drugs for different patients, and I will subscribe to medical journals to keep me informed about the medication. Such knowledge will help me easily identify drug combinations and their side effects, which makes prescribing easier, based on the diagnosis undertaken.

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NR 565 Week 7 Patient Teaching Infographic

How has your understanding changed regarding analyzing client indicators of therapeutic, ineffective, adverse responses and side effects to drug therapy?

My understanding has improved through the increased knowledge I have gained with different forms of drugs and their impact on patients. I have also gained knowledge through observations in a hospital setting where I often document the responses of patients to different medications. This has helped me to know how different patients react to certain medications, including adverse responses, side effects, and whether the medications are effective or not (Vaismoradi et al., 2020). I now understand which conditions guarantee some medications and under what circumstances should patients take medication. For instance, I know what medication to avoid prescribing in cases where patients are allergic or asthmatic.    

Reflect on your preparedness to write appropriate prescriptions according to evidence-based practice guidelines. What resources are needed, if any, to help you feel more prepared?

I have basic knowledge of the common principles that would enable me to write appropriate prescriptions according to evidence-based practice guidelines. I understand the importance of a patient’s medication history while prescribing and dosage titration whenever the side effects are too extreme. I recognize that I have more learning to do; therefore, I ought to read pharmacology books, nursing journals, medication manuals, read case studies, and consult healthcare professionals who would guide me in this area.  

NR 565 Week 8 Course Reflection References

Vaismoradi, M., Tella, S., A. Logan, P., Khakurel, J., & Vizcaya-Moreno, F. (2020). Nurses’ adherence to patient safety principles: A systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(6), 2028. https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijerph17062028

NR 565 Week 7 Patient Teaching Infographic

General instructions on contraceptive use 

Keeping our intestinal function is very important, constipation is one of the gastrointestinal (GI) problems that can cause dysfunctions to a healthy GI system. Eating food that are high in fiber, drinking lots of fluid, exercising and keeping a good eating habit and routine can help promote good intestinal motility. To keep a healthy colon, we need to pay attention to some warning signs and habits such as monitoring our nutritional intakes and some problems, abdominal pains, indigestions, some changes in GI functions such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. 

Treating non complicated constipation may require the use of over the counter (OTC) laxatives. 

WHEN SHOULD LAXATIVES BE USED 

Laxative should be used after the non-pharmacological interventions such as increasing fluid and fiber have failed. There are different types of Laxatives: Bulk forming laxatives, Osmotic, Stimulants, surfactants. 

Bulk forming Laxatives: This is considered one of the safest laxatives because their action is like increasing fiber in the diet. This is not habit forming, it works by combining with water to form mechanical distention which produces increased peristalsis. Examples of such drug are psyllium, methylcellulose, and polycarbophil. 

Bulk forming laxative should be used for long term management of chronic constipation, when straining of stool should be avoided, and managing chronic watery diarrhea. 

Caution should be used in clients with narrowed esophageal or intestinal lumen, those who need to avoid salt or sugar like DM2 and HTN clients since some dosage contains these items, those with fecal impactions and those that are pregnant. 

Osmotic Laxatives: Mechanism of action involves pulling water into the intestinal lumen to increase intraluminal pressure. They are hypertonic salt-based causing diffusion of fluid from plasma into the intestine to dilute the solution into isotonic state, magnesium salt also causes increase in the release of cholecystokinin by the duodenum. Drugs in this class are very powerful. Examples are magnesium hydroxide, magnesium citrate, sodium phosphate, polyethylene glycol, electrolyte solutions, and polyethylene glycol PEG 3350. 

Osmotic laxatives such as polyethylene glycol are used in cleaning the entire GI tract for diagnostic reasons, used in flushing poisons from the system, removal of parasites and for constipations especially PEG 3350. 

Caution should be used in people with renal insufficiency, because kidney may not be able to flush magnesium ions, people with hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia, and heart blocks should not use, avoid in patients with bowel obstruction and paralytic ileus, PEG 3350 should not be used in children younger than 4 years because of electrolyte imbalances. 

Stimulant Laxative: These exert action on intestinal mucosa by stimulating the myenteric plexus thereby helping the release of prostaglandins and increase cAMP concentration. cAMP aids in stimulation pf electrolytes increasing peristalsis. Examples of these are Senna, bisacodyl, and castor oil. 

Stimulant laxatives are used in treatment for patients with reduced mobility, those using drugs that can cause constipation, with reduced intestinal motility, neurogenic bowel due to spinal cord injury, patients with IBS, it can be used also to prepare bowel for radiological or surgical procedures.  

Stimulants are to be used with caution in patients that has severe cardiovascular diseases, those with alcohol intolerance because of cascara sagrada extracts in some, also it can be excreted in breast milk of nursing mothers and may cause diarrhea for nursing mothers, castor oil is contraindicated in pregnant people because it can cause uterine contractions. 

Surfactant Laxatives: These are stool softeners. They produce emollient action by reducing the surface tension of the oil to water interface on stool causing the mixture of water and fat into the stool. Examples of drugs in this class are docusate sodium, docusate calcium, and docusate potassium.  

They are used mostly when feces are dry or hard, in the presence of anorectal condition causing stooling to be painful, and when straining to pass stool need to be avoided, it is safe in both old and young.  

Surfactants are generally safe and have no major contraindication except hypersensitivity to docusate ingredients, but could have side effects such as bloating, dehydration rectal irritation and cramping. 

CAUTIONS OF LAXATIVE OVERUSE 

Symptoms: This includes excessive bowel activity, cramping, flatulence, bloating or perineal irritations. 

Long-term health risks. Can cause laxative dependency leading to electrolyte imbalances, steatorrhea, osteomalacia, and vitamin and mineral deficiencies, may cause Tartrazine sensitivity leading to allergic type reactions because some of the products contain Tartrazine. 

Who is at risk. Those that are at risk include older patients, children, pregnant women, those with reduced mobility and those with other impaired physiological conditions that contraindicate use of laxatives. 

Possible referrals. Constipations can be effectively treated by primary physicians, family nurse practitioners, complicated cases can be referred to gastroenterologist. 

Reference 

Woo, T. M., & Robinson, M. V. (2020). F.A. Davis Company.