NRS 428 Interview Questions.

Grand Canyon University NRS 428 Interview Questions.– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 428 Interview Questions.  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 428 Interview Questions.     

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 428 Interview Questions. depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 428 Interview Questions.     

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 428 Interview Questions.  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRS 428 Interview Questions.     

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 428 Interview Questions. assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 428 Interview Questions.     

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRS 428 Interview Questions.     

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer For NRS 428 Interview Questions.

Interview Questions 

1. What is your role as a community health provider? 

2. How long have you worked as a health provider in this community? 

3. Which population do you provide health care to? 

4. Which are the common health issues among this community? 

5. Why do you think these issues are common in this community? 

6. What measures have you taken as a health provider to address the health issues? 

7. What measures have the community members taken to address the health issues that affect them? 

8. Which are the common challenges that you face when serving this community? 

9. What have been your greatest achievements as a health care provider in this community? 

10. What health care policies would you suggest that would help improve healthcare delivery and improve healthcare outcomes in the community? 

Key Findings 

The community and public health provider interviewed was a female, registered community health nurse who worked in a local community health facility for six years. Her role involved assessing and providing care to patients, diagnosing and prescribing basic treatment, and providing care to women of reproductive age during pregnancy and after delivery. She also offered family planning services, immunization services, and child well services to children below five years. 

The population she cared for in the community was mostly Native Americans from low-income families and uninsured individuals who could not afford health insurance. 

Community issues include chronic conditions such as diabetes mellitus, heart diseases, hypertension, and TB. Alcoholism was also prevalent in the population and significantly contributed to chronic liver diseases, depression, and suicide.  

Measures taken by the community provider include: Providing health education on prevention of chronic illnesses, conducting screening programs, linking patients with a history of alcoholism, depression, and suicide attempts to support groups, referring patients with advanced illnesses for specialized treatment.  

Measures taken by community members to address health issues include: engaging in health promotion activities, attending screening programs, and organizing health programs in the community.  

Challenges faced by the health provider include a shortage of health care providers, lack of medical specialists, inadequate secondary prevention and screening, programs, and scarce resources.   

Her greatest achievement when working in the community was establishing a support group for youths that helps youths with alcoholism and those with a history of depression and suicide attempts. The support group has helped to lower the rate of alcoholism and suicide among youths. 

NRS 428 Epidemiology Paper

Measles, also referred to as Rubeola, is an acute and highly contagious disease that mainly affects children. Measles is a major cause of child mortality in developing countries. However, measles can affect individuals of all ages. At least 90% of measles secondary infection rates occur in susceptible domestic contacts. This paper discusses measles, including causes, symptoms, transmission, complications, treatment, and demographics, and how social determinants contribute to the disease. The paper will also explore the role of the community health nurse and agencies in addressing measles and the global implication of the disease.  

Description of Measles 

Causes 

The Measles virus causes measles. It belongs to the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. The virus is single-stranded with a negative-sense and is usually enclosed in the RNA iris (WHO, 2019). The virus is highly infectious, and almost all infected persons develop clinical illness.  

Symptoms 

The symptoms of measles depend on the nutritional status of the patient. The onset of measles symptoms occurs 7-14 days after exposure to the virus (Odei, 2018). The first clinical manifestation is a high fever of above 1040 F that usually lasts for 4-7 days (WHO, 2019). The prodromal phase manifests with symptoms of fever, malaise, loss of appetite, cough, conjunctivitis, and coryza (Odei, 2018). The characteristic manifestation of enanthem occurs 2-4 days after the start of the prodromal phase and lasts for 3-5 days, marked by Koplik spots inside the cheeks. Exanthema occurs 1-2 days after the occurrence of Koplik spots and is associates with mild pruritus (WHO, 2019). Exanthema presents with a rash that first develops on the face and upper neck.  After 24 hours, the rash spreads to the chest, abdomen, and extremities. The rash has a systematic pattern and has a similar appearance in all body regions.  

Well-nourished and slightly underweight children generally have uncomplicated measles. It presents with fever, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, cough, koplik spots, stomatitis, and skin rash (Odei, 2018).  On the other hand, complicated measles occurs in malnourished and underweight children. It presents with nasal flaring, tachypnea, dyspnea, hoarse voice, barking cough, inspiratory stridor, skin rash, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, keratitis, photophobia, convulsions, and ear discharge.                                              

Mode of Transmission 

The Measles virus is transmitted by a sneeze- or cough-produced respiratory droplets through invisible droplets produced in the respiratory tract of an infected individual. Respiratory droplets remain active and contagious for almost two hours (WHO, 2019). The virus disseminates fast and infects the skin and the cells lining the mouth, throat, lungs, eyes, and gastrointestinal tract (Odei, 2018). The measles virus impairs the immune system for a long period after the onset of the disease, putting one at risk of infections. 

Complications 

Complications of measles occur more in individuals below five years or older than 30 years. Complications occur in various body systems, including the respiratory, neurological, gastrointestinal, eyes, and ear-nose-throat (Odei, 2018). Common complications of measles include pneumonia, croup, and encephalitis, and the major causes of measles-related death. Patients also develop gastroenteritis, convulsions, meningitis, conjunctivitis, and otitis media (Odei, 2018).  A patient can also develop Xerophthalmia, which is an ophthalmic condition characterized by dryness of the conjunctiva ad cornea. 

Treatment 

There are no Antiviral drugs available for the treatment of measles. Treatment of measles involves supportive care (WHO, 2019). Persons with uncomplicated measles are usually managed on an outpatient basis, whereas those with complicated measles are treated as inpatients. Supportive management involves maintaining hydration, and replacement of fluids lost through emesis and diarrhea (WHO, 2019). For children, the caregiver should be advised to provide the child with adequate fluids and light, nutritious diet. IV rehydration is given in patients with severe dehydration. Paracetamol is administered to relieve pain and fever. Children with complicated measles should be admitted and be provided with a balanced diet to improve their nutritional status. They should be weighed to assess the nutritional status, and the caregiver should be instructed to bring the child to the clinic daily for follow up. 

Vitamin A should be administered to speed up recovery of measles and prevent complications such as Xerophthalmia. The recommended Vitamin A doses for children diagnosed with measles include: Infants below six months should be administered with two doses of 50,000 IU per day; 6-11 months two doses of 100,000 IU per day, and above one year two doses of 200,000 IU per day (Odei, 2018). Besides, children with clinical signs of Vitamin A deficiency should be administered with the first two doses as per the age then a third dose based on the child’s age after 2-4 weeks.  

Demographic of Interest 

The population at the highest risk of contracting measles are children below three years who are either non-immunized or malnourished. The viral load that one gets from an infected person determines the severity of the disease. Consequently, children living in overcrowded houses and are in close contact with an infected person during the infective period obtain a high measles viral load (WHO, 2019). They are highly likely to develop severe measles leading to high mortality rates. Unvaccinated males and females have equal susceptibility rates to infection by the measles virus (WHO, 2019). However, high mortality rates secondary to acute measles has been observed among females. Measles affects people from all racial groups. 

Morbidity and mortality rates are high in individuals with malnutrition, immune deficiency disorders, vitamin A deficiency, and inadequate vaccination. Mortality rates are higher among children below five years. The highest mortality rates are among children between 4 to 12 months, and in immunocompromised children due to HIV infection or other conditions (WHO, 2019). Post-exposure prophylaxis with Measles virus vaccine or human immunoglobulin is recommended in unvaccinated persons.  

Case Reporting 

Immediate reporting of any suspected case of measles is required in the United States (US). Health providers are obliged to report measles cases to the state department of health. Since endemic measles transmission has been eliminated in the US, measles cases should be reported within 24 hours by the state health department to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through telephone or e-mail. The state health department is also required to report confirmed cases of measles to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). The US CDC clinical case definition for reporting a susceptible measles case requires the presence of a generalized rash that has lasted for three days or longer; a temperature of 1010F or higher; and presence of cough, conjunctivitis, or coryza (CDC, 2019). When reporting to the CDC, measles cases should be classified as either Suspected, Probable, or Confirmed.   

How Social Determinants of Health Contribute to the Development of Measles 

Social determinants of health (SDOH) refer to complex conditions in which individuals are born, raised, work, play, worship, and age. SDOH include five major areas, education, health care and neighborhood, social and community context, economic stability, and the built environment. Individuals not immunized against measles virus have the highest susceptibility to infection. SDOH has the possibility of affecting measles immunization programs globally (Gastañaduy et al., 2019). Therefore, it is essential to explore the types of SDOH affecting immunization efforts in a country for the state to address them, thus preventing the spread of measles and lower mortality rates.  

SDOH, such as housing and community design, contribute to the spread of measles in individuals living in congested areas such as slums. People living in overpopulated areas are likely to be infected with measles since it is airborne, spread very fast, and can result in outbreaks (Rivadeneira, Bassanesi & Fuchs, 2018). Individuals from low-income countries have a high likelihood of contracting measles due to inadequate health care facilities and inconsistent vaccine supply (Rivadeneira, Bassanesi & Fuchs, 2018). Families that travel for long distances to a health facility and those that lack transportation services often fail to take their children for immunization.  

Furthermore, access to education opportunities contributes to the development of measles since persons with high education levels understand the importance of immunization. As a result, they adhere to immunization guidelines while individuals with low educational levels fail to take children for vaccination due to ignorance on the importance of vaccination (Rivadeneira, Bassanesi & Fuchs, 2018). SDOH, such as availability of resources to meet daily needs, for example, healthy food, determine the nutritional status of an individual (Rivadeneira, Bassanesi & Fuchs, 2018). Individuals with inadequate access to healthy food often end up malnourished, which makes them susceptible to measles. 

The Epidemiologic Triangle of Measles 

Humans are the only known natural hosts of the measles virus. The virus is this spread from person to person. Host factors that increase the risk of infection include infants with diminished passive antibody before they reach the age of measles immunization (Odei, 2018). An immunocompromised state caused by corticosteroid therapy, HIV/AIDS, alkylating agents, or leukemia despite the immunization status. Besides, host factors such as malnourishment, pregnancy, vitamin A deficiency, and underlying immunodeficiency put one at risk of severe measles and complications (WHO. 2019). Environmental factors that favor the spread of the measles virus include temperate weather during spring and late winter.  

Notifications should be done in schools for if a patient is a school-going child since measles is highly contagious. Besides, school-going children are at a high risk since they have not received the second dose of the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine (Odei, 2018). It should also be done in the community in situations where no history of contact with a known case can be identified, and if the patient mostly contracted measles from community institutions such as churches. 

The Role of the Community Health Nurse and the Importance of Demographic Data  

A community health nurse (CHN) has the role of conducting case finding by collecting information on the transmission setting such as school or household, the likely source of infection, travel history, and the number of contacts without evidence of immunity (Gastañaduy et al., 2018). The nurse carries out vaccination and recommends quarantine of susceptible contacts without presumptive evidence of immunity.  Furthermore, the CHN has the role of establishing the likely source of infection for every confirmed case. The nurse asks the patient or caregiver about contact with other known cases. In cases where no history of contact with a known case can be identified, the nurse identifies opportunities for exposure to unknown cases (CDC, 2019). For instance, exposures may occur in schools, during travel, or through contact with recent travelers or foreign visitors. 

The CHN has the role of reporting any suspected, probable, or confirmed case of measles to the state department of health. The CHN provides demographic information, reporting sources including state and county, the clinical symptoms, and the outcome of the case, whether the patient survived or died (CDC, 2019). In addition, the CHN collects information on the number of susceptible individuals with no probable immunity. The nurse then analyzes the data to establish what information is available and what still needs to be collected, referred to as information tracking (Gastañaduy et al., 2018). Information tracking is conducted by creating a line that lists all cases to facilitate easy identification of known and unknown data and guarantee complete case investigation. Lastly, the CHN follow-up patients and their contacts to assess disease prognosis and evaluate the development of complications. 

Demographic data help public health officials identify where measles transmission is occurring or likely to occur. This includes households, daycare, schools, health facilities, churches, and institutions. Furthermore, demographic data helps identify individuals at the highest risk of infection or transmission, such as non-immunized children, immunocompromised persons, pregnant women, students, health care personnel, or infants below 12 months (Gastañaduy et al., 2018). The data is used to establish the scope of the investigation and the potential for spread.  It also guides in identifying appropriate interventions using public health judgment to guide investigation and control efforts.  

National Agency/ Organization that Addresses Measles 

The CDC is a health protection agency in the US that addresses measles by helping in reducing the occurrence of the disease and the impact it has on Americans. The CDC provided scientific and technical support to health organizations and countries to help lower measles and rubella deaths (CDC, 2019). Besides, the CDC partners with the Pan American Health Organization to develop a regional measles-elimination strategy in 1996. This significantly led to the elimination of measles and rubella in the Western Hemisphere by 2016. Furthermore, the CDC supports countries to lower the burden of measles by helping in planning at macro-and micro-levels as well as implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of measles and rubella vaccination campaigns in target areas. 

The CDC carries out operational research to generate scientific knowledge that guides the agency in developing recommendations that guide measles- and rubella-control strategies at local, national, and international levels. The agency provides technical assistance in conducting measles outbreak investigations, surveillance, and evaluation of routine vaccination programs. Moreover, it helps create and improve case-based measles surveillance systems that enable countries to identify, monitor, and promptly respond to measles infections (CDC, 2019). The CDC serves as the international reference laboratory for measles and offers resources to national reference laboratories. Lastly, the CDC assists global public health laboratories in collecting and transporting clinical samples for measles testing using real-time polymerase chain reaction. 

Global Implication of Measles and How It Is Addressed in Other Countries  

Measles affects approximately 30 million children annually in developing countries and causes about a million deaths. It has been associated with 15000 to 60,000 cases of blindness every year globally. Although a safe and cost-effective vaccine is available, there were more than 140,000 measles deaths globally in 2018, primarily among children under the age of five (WHO, 2019). Countries are addressing the issue of measles by introducing free immunization programs for children. Immunization has been the key public health strategy to lower measles death and eliminate measles. Countries have a routine immunization program that consists of two MMR vaccination doses (Gastañaduy et al., 2018). Countries with high case and death rates conduct mass immunization campaigns in addition to the routine measles-rubella vaccination.   

Measles is not endemic in the US, and most cases result from international travel (Gastañaduy et al., 2019). However, measles is endemic in many parts of the Americas, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (Gastañaduy et al., 2019). Countries with recent measles outbreaks include Thailand, Israel, Ukraine, Vietnam, Japan, the Philippines, DRC, Liberia, Madagascar, and Somalia. 

Conclusion 

Measles is a highly contagious disease caused by the Measles virus that spreads from person to person via respiratory droplets. It mostly affects children below five years but can also affect persons of all ages. Individuals highly susceptible to melees include those that are non-immunized, immunocompromised, pregnant, and malnourished. The typical symptoms of measles include fever, koplik spots, conjunctivitis, cough, and coryza. The characteristic rash of measles can be distinguished from other conditions in that it begins from the face and upper necks and then spreads to the trunk, abdomen, and extremities after 24 hours. Measles is associated with severe complications such as convulsions, severe dehydration, pneumonia, croup, and encephalitis.  SDOH, such as lack of access to health services, low-income countries, poor housing and neighborhood, and inadequate access to healthy foods, contribute to the development of measles.  A CHN has the role of conducting case findings and identifying contact individuals susceptible to developing measles as well as reporting suspected and confirmed cases of Measles to the state department of health. Measles has contributed to high blindness and mortality rates globally, and most countries are addressing this issue through immunization programs. 

References 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Surveillance manual | Measles | Vaccine-preventable diseases | CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt07-measles.html 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Measles. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/newsroom/topics/measles/index.html 

Gastañaduy, P. A., Banerjee, E., DeBolt, C., Bravo-Alcántara, P., Samad, S. A., Pastor, D., Rota, P. A., Patel, M., Crowcroft, N. S., & Durrheim, D. N. (2018). Public health responses during measles outbreaks in elimination settings: Strategies and challenges. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutic, 14(9), 2222–2238. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2018.1474310 

Gastañaduy, P. A., Funk, S., Lopman, B. A., Rota, P. A., Gambhir, M., Grenfell, B., & Paul, P. (2019). Factors associated with measles transmission in the united states during the postelimination era. JAMA pediatrics, 174(1), 56–62. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4357 

Odei, M. (2018). Measles is in the news yet again. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 7(6), 1166–1168. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_234_18 

Rivadeneira, M. F., Bassanesi, S. L., & Fuchs, S. C. (2018). Role of health determinants in a measles outbreak in Ecuador: a case-control study with aggregated data. BMC public health, 18(1), 269. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5163-9 

World Health Organization. (2019). Measles. WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles