NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination

Grand Canyon University NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination     

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination     

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination     

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination     

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination     

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer For NRS 428 TOPIC 4 Policy Brief- Lead Contamination

Policy Brief- Lead Contamination 

The selected policy health issue from the “Topics and Issues” in the American Public Health Association (APHA) website is Lead contamination. Lead is a type of metal highly used in manufacturing car batteries and pipes. Lead exposure occurs through inhaling contaminated air or dust, or consumption of contaminated water and food (WHO, 2019). Regarding lead contamination, this paper seeks to discuss the policy health issue on Lead contamination, suggestions to address the health issue, and its impact on the health care delivery system 

Population Affected By Lead Contamination 

Lead exposure affects all individuals across the lifespan. The main routes of Lead exposure are water, air, and household environment (WHO, 2019). Children, especially infants and toddlers, are exposed to lead contamination due to behaviors such as putting their hands and objects in the mouth. Exposure to Lead is mostly harmful to children owing to their developing bodies. Besides, those living at or below the federal poverty level and in old houses have the highest risk of Lead exposure (WHO, 2019). Besides, children from minority racial and ethnic groups, such as non-Hispanic African-Americans, are also at higher risk for exposure to lead.  

Lead exposure is particularly harmful to pregnant women. It crosses the placenta affecting the fetus, which increases the risk of congenital abnormalities. Besides, Lead can also be passed from the mother to an infant through breast milk. Adults are exposed to lead through occupational activities, consumption of contaminated food and water, and during recreational activities. Families can also be trained in ways to make water safe for drinking, such as boiling and chlorination. 

Level Lead Contamination Occurs 

The policy health issue on Lead contamination occurs at the local and State level. At the local level, Lead exposure occurs mainly at industrial sites. Statistics by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), reveal that more than 3 million workers in the U.S. are possibly exposed to lead.  Lead contamination occurs at the State level at the State’s public water systems, which are made of Lead pipes that contaminate water meant for human consumption.  

Environmental Lead exposure occurs from activities such as mining, manufacturing, smelting, and recycling.  In some countries, the sustained use of leaded paint, leaded gasoline, and leaded aviation fuel have significantly contributed to lead exposure. Consumption of water from lead pipes or pipes fused with lead solder is a major cause of Lead poisoning from contaminated water. 

Evidence about Lead Contamination 

The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) approximated that in 2017, Lead exposure accounted for 1.06 million mortalities and 24.4 million years of healthy life lost globally due to its long-term effects on health (Levin, 2016).  Low-and middle-income countries experience the highest burden of disease from adverse effects of Lead poisoning (WHO, 2019). IHME also revealed that in 2016, lead poisoning was linked with 63.2% of idiopathic developmental and intellectual disability globally. Lead exposure also accounted for 10.3% of hypertensive heart disease, 5.6% of ischemic heart disease, and 6.2% of stroke globally (Wani, Ara & Usmani, 2015). Lead toxicity affects almost every body system. The most affected body systems include the Renal, Nervous, and Reproductive system. In the Renal system, Lead toxicity causes reduced kidney function (Wani, Ara & Usmani, 2015). Children’s nervous systems are most affected, which results in slowed growth, learning difficulties, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders. Other risks include anemia and toxicity of the immune and reproductive systems.   

Problem Statement 

The general population is at a high risk of Lead exposure from environmental factors. Even so, the children and adults are exposed to lead every day, which puts them at risk of adverse health conditions. Regarding this problem, this study seeks to propose suggestions that will address Lead contamination and lower the prevalence of Lead exposure to the general population. 

Suggestions for Addressing Lead Contamination 

Lead contamination can be addressed at the household, local, and State levels. Health promotion can be conducted at the household level to educate families on measures to reduce the risk of Lead exposure (Ettinger, Leonard & Mason, 2019).  For instance, caregivers can be advised to keep products containing Lead out of children’s reach to reduce exposure through hand-to-mouth transfer. In addition, basic home hygiene should be emphasized, such as regularly washing children’s hands and toys and regular mopping of floors and house surfaces (Ettinger, Leonard & Mason, 2019). Individuals should also be advised against using lead-based paint that peels. 

County authorities can conduct lead poisoning prevention education and child blood lead testing (LeBrón et al., 2019). Local departments of health can conduct lead poisoning prevention education for caregivers, health care providers, and local agencies (LeBrón et al., 2019). Besides, they can conduct outreach services to increase lead testing for children who are at a high risk of lead exposure. 

State governments can have regulations that require the use of lead-free pipes and fixtures in public water systems or in facilities that provide water for human consumption (LeBrón et al., 2019). The State governments can also adopt regulations that require the testing of consumers’ taps to assess Lead and copper annually. Besides, State laws can be enacted that prohibit the sale and manufacture of toys containing lead-based paints or lacquers that surpass the lead content permitted by the federal government (LeBrón et al., 2019). Furthermore, State governments can establish housing standards for human occupancy and laws that require the disclosure of lead-based paint hazards to buyers.   

Steps Required To Initiate Policy Change 

The first step required to initiate policy change on Lead contamination is to review the existing policies on Lead. This helps to identify the gaps in the formulation or implementation of policies at the individual or government level (LeBrón et al., 2019). The second step in policy change is establishing a committee comprising health providers, community members, and government representatives. The committee takes part in the formulation and amendment of policies that will reduce Lead exposure to persons at risk, such as workers and children. A draft of the proposed policy should then be developed explaining the issue at hand, the impact of the policy issue, and how it will be implemented and its potential benefits.  

The draft should outline the strategies that will be taken to achieve the overall goal of the policy. Additionally, a proposed budget should be developed in the draft to outline the estimated cost of implementing the policy (LeBrón et al., 2019). The draft proposal should then be presented to the State government and the State Department of Health for evaluation. It should then be presented to the State’s legislators for passing the policy into Law (LeBrón et al., 2019). Policy change requires advocacy to facilitate legislators to pass the policy into Law.  

Impact of Lead Contamination on the Health Care Delivery System 

The health effects of Lead contamination contribute to an increase in the number of people seeking healthcare services. This stresses the already strained health care system since more health resources to provide advanced cardiovascular and renal care (Levin, 2016). Numerous resources are directed to providing care to persons with effects of lead toxicity, such as those undergoing dialysis due to renal impairment or blood transfusions due to anemia (Levin, 2016). Implementation of policies that lower lead exposure will help decrease the population that presents with adverse health outcomes secondary to lead exposure and thus help lower the disease burden created Lead contamination. 

Conclusion 

Although it has numerous beneficial uses, Lead can be toxic. Lead toxicity is an important environmental disease, and its effects on the human body are overwhelming. Populations at risk of Lead exposure include children, pregnant women, and adults working in factories that use Lead. Lead exposure causes adverse effects on the cardiovascular, nervous, and renal systems. Lead contamination can be addressed at the household, local, and State levels. This can be done through maintaining house cleanliness, lead poisoning prevention education, child blood lead testing, regulations on housing, and regulations of water supply systems. Lead contamination has a negative impact on the health care delivery system owing to the numerous resources spent on providing care to patients with adverse health effects. 

References 

Ettinger, A. S., Leonard, M. L., & Mason, J. (2019). CDC’s Lead Poisoning Prevention Program: A Long-standing Responsibility and Commitment to Protect Children from Lead Exposure. Journal of public health management and practice: JPHMP, 25 Suppl 1, Lead Poisoning Prevention (Suppl 1 LEAD POISONING PREVENTION), S5–S12. https://doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000000868 

LeBrón, A., Torres, I. R., Valencia, E., Dominguez, M. L., Garcia-Sanchez, D. G., Logue, M. D., & Wu, J. (2019). The State of Public Health Lead Policies: Implications for Urban Health Inequities and Recommendations for Health Equity. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(6), 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16061064 

Levin, R. (2016). The attributable annual health costs of U.S. occupational lead poisoning. International Journal of occupational and environmental health, 22(2), 107–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10773525.2016.1173945 

Wani, A. L., Ara, A., & Usmani, J. A. (2015). Lead toxicity: a review. Interdisciplinary Toxicology, 8(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1515/intox-2015-0009 

World Health Organization. (2019). Lead poisoning and health. WHO | World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lead-poisoning-and-health 

NRS-428 Topic 5 DQ 1

A disaster populations can experience an overwhelming amount of stress that they aren’t used to. Displacement, shock, injuries, loss of loved ones, confusion, and even fatal injuries are some of the things that people experiencing a disaster can race. As a nurse, we must have spiritual and cultural considerations when dealing with patients during a disaster. Advocating for a patient’s needs, whether it be spiritual or cultural, is important when treating the population. “Nurses working with the victims can advocate for the spiritual needs o patients by locating the chaplain whenever possible and  incorporation to spiritual practices that do not interfere with patient safety or the course of treatment to provide comfort” (Falkner. 2018. Chapter 5) 

Although people come from man different backgrounds. it is good practice to know when to call on a chaplain for assistance. Chaplains are trained in advocating for the patient despite the many different religions 

It is not enough to be advocate for the patient spiritually, but to also remain culturally competent as well. Different cultures handle situations differently, and it is prudent to be aware to prevent miscommunication. “Different 

cultures may respond to a traumatic event differently. whether it be with prayer.  The nurse should be aware of cultural differences and approach each patient with sensitivity and respect, allowing them to grieve. react, and respond the way that is appropriate for them. as long as they are not causing self harm o harming others” (Falkner. 2018. Chapter 3). 

Some spiritual considerations that health care providers can be aware of are. how do certain cultures handle loss shock. confusion. and end of life? Are they expressive, vocal. and angry? Do they rely on braver? Are they stoic? 

What are their beliefs regarding blood transfusions and end of life care? There are many factors that play into taking care of a person who has just experienced a disaster. As nurses, we must be well versed in being cultural competent as well as sensitive to our patients’ spiritual needs 

References 

Falkner, A. 2018). Disaster management. In Community & public health: The future of health care (Ch. 5). Retrieved from nitps://ic.gcumedia.com/nrs427vn/communitv-and-public