NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief

Grand Canyon University NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief     

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief     

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief     

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief     

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief     

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief

Policy Brief: Vaccines 

Vaccination is one of the most effective healthcare interventions in the promotion of public health by preventing diseases which are deadly especially among children and the elderly. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have enhanced public awareness of the need for vaccination for every child across the world. Before the discovery of vaccines, the mortality rates as a result of common infectious diseases was very high. However, most parents are becoming extremely skeptical of vaccinating their children for the fear of false testing information and the possible side effects that might be accompanied by the various vaccines administered within short intervals (Stanhope & Lancaster, 2014). This has led to the recent outbreak of measles among children in the united states, which has been reported to be the highest ever since 1994. This paper will thus discuss vaccination as a public health issue, and the strategies that have been used to solve the problem together with their impact on the healthcare delivery system.  

Background 

The first vaccine was introduced in 1796 by a country doctor by the name, Edward Jenner. His first vaccine was a success of an experiment on the prevention of smallpox, which was very epidemic at that time accounting for over seven million deaths. Ever since the discovery of the smallpox vaccine, the disease has been almost entirely eradicated over the following years through vaccination programs. In 1974, proceeding Edwards success, the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) was established to enhance nationwide immunization programs. EPI was mainly focused on enhancing universal childhood immunization with the support of the national government (Brunson & Sobo, 2017). The program initially covered only six diseases which were, measles, pertussis, tetanus, polio, diphtheria, and tuberculosis. In 1984, the first standardized vaccine was introduced, opening room for the discovery of additional vaccines. Studies show that immunization programs have decreased significantly the outbreak of diseases and prevention of over three million fatalities of diseases such as measles, pertussis and neonatal tetanus every year.  

Problem Statement 

Vaccination targets deadly diseases that pose a huge threat to general public health and wellness. Recently, there has been an increased outbreak of such diseases in the United States for example measles, in the state of Washington among others. The measles outbreak could have otherwise been prevented by making sure that all children are vaccinated according to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations and guidelines (Barry, Cole, & Library of Congress, 2015). In the same case of measles, the American Public Health Association reported that years before 1963 when the measles vaccine was available, almost all the children had suffered from the disease by the time they attained the age of fifteen. Every year, approximately 4 million people were infected by the disease in the United States of which 48000 were hospitalized, 4000 suffered from encephalitis or brain swelling while 400-500 died. Currently, only two doses of the measles vaccine are 97 percent effective in the prevention of measles when exposed to the virus. However, most parents have natured the fear of their young ones receiving the vaccine with great concern on the possible adverse effects as a result of the amount and frequency of the vaccines administered over a short period of time. They forget that they are putting their young ones at high risk of several epidemic diseases which are deadly.  

Suggestions for Addressing the Public Health Issue 

Public awareness of the importance of vaccination is the main intervention that can help ensure childhood global immunization is achieved. For instance, initiatives that help in educating parents about vaccination through the Immunity Community Patient Advocates who are within reach and provide useful information and resources to help parents realize the need for vaccination as the safest way of protecting their children from deadly diseases, are being used across several states in the US, including Washington (Pan, 2018). Immunity Community initiative brings together vaccine supportive parents and the rest to offer them training with adequate information and resources on the importance and safety of vaccination. The organization utilizes personnel’s form schools, preschool and childcare centers to enhance the promotion and support for immunization. They spread their word through social events, social media, and one on one contact with community members. This initiative has been able to achieve a reduction in the percentage of hesitant parents to vaccination by 9% form 24% in Washington.  

Consequently, the high numbers of hesitant parents to vaccination has attracted the public health officials and the state legislatures to come up with exemption laws regarding vaccination. In as much as these laws vary from state to state, all the school immunization laws must grant an exception to certain children for medical reasons, while other states will be exempted based on their religious beliefs. However, for the rest of the people in grade schools, daycare, colleges, and even workplaces among others will be required to be vaccinated at the appropriate time. For instance, most hospitals vaccinate their stuff yearly with the influenza vaccines except for those who have medical reasons or religious beliefs. Strict laws have been put for those who will not have been vaccinated without reason (Melissa et al., 2016). They might end up being suspended or even losing their jobs. Consequently, parents are required to take their children for immunization update yearly or as recommended by the physician to ensure that their children receive all the vaccines at the appropriate timing. Lastly, the Affordable Care Act (ACA) has made it easy for the low-income parent to take their children for immunization at the nearby healthcare facility or immunization center.  

Impact on Healthcare Delivery System 

The healthcare delivery system will be greatly improved with an increased number of people who have been vaccinated. The mortality and morbidity rates as a result of endemic diseases such as measles will be significantly reduced. The general cost of treatment of these diseases could be relocated to other areas of concern to improve the general healthcare delivery system. Consequently, very few people will be at risk of certain diseases, making it easier for healthcare professionals to provide care for the remaining few who had medical or religious reasons for not being vaccinated (Melissa et al., 2016). Lastly, the general quality of life for most people will improve.  

References 

Barry, M. B., Cole, J. P., & Library of Congress. (2015). The measles: Background and the federal role in vaccine policy. New York, NY: William S. Hein & Company. 

Brunson, E. K., & Sobo, E. J. (January 01, 2017). Framing Childhood Vaccination in the United States: Getting Past Polarization in the Public Discourse. Human Organization, 76(1), 38-47. 

Melissa, B. G., Annie-Laurie, M. R., Brooke, E. M., Paul, L. R., Amanda, F. D., & Noel, T. B. (July 08, 2016). Vaccination Confidence and Parental Refusal/Delay of Early Childhood Vaccines. Plos One, 11, 7. 

Pan, R. J. (January 01, 2018). Restoring Community Immunity in America. Pediatrics, 141, 1. 

Stanhope, M., & Lancaster, J. (2014). Public health nursing: Population-centered health care in the community. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier Mosby. 

Sample Answer 2 for NRS 429 Week 4 Assignment. Benchmark – Policy Brief

Policies at state and federal levels are essential in enhancing overall health status of different health populations. The American Public Health Association (APHA) (2022) demonstrates through its website different issues emanating from the environment leading to climate change like air pollution. These environmental issues are public health concerns because of their significant negative effects on health population based on their cost burden and impact on quality care. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the impact of air pollution as a public health issues, evaluate current policies on the issue, and recommend changes in policy to mitigate its occurrence.

Description of the Issue: Air Pollution

Pollution, especially air pollution, is a public health concern because of its effects on vulnerable and susceptible populations like children and those suffering from respiratory conditions like asthma and bronchitis. The American Public Health Association (APHA) (2022b) asserts that air pollution is a leading cause of climate change which is related to significant health problems among diverse populations. A rise in dangerous air pollutants and particulate matter in the atmosphere promotes the emergence and development of respiratory conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung disease (Amann et al., 2020). Long term exposure to air pollution also leads to increased prevalence of heart conditions, and cancers.

Focusing on the diverse populations that are impacted by air pollution, the American Public Health Association (APHA) asserts that children, individuals with weakened immunity and those already suffering from asthma and the different conditions associated with the issue are the most affected. The World Health Organization asserts that close to 93% of children under 15 years are affected because of breathing contaminated air (APHA, 2022). This situation places their health and developmental growth at an elevated dangerous risk. The high vulnerability and susceptibility of children is due to their growing lungs and also because they breathe a lot of air as they engage in high levels of activity. Studies show that children get affected by air pollution even before birth which may lead to preterm births, defects, and infants who have a weak immune system and thus susceptible to asthma and other respiratory conditions.

Current Policies on Air Pollution

Current policies have attempted to address the issue and reduce susceptibility, especially in areas worst affected by the pollution like in California. The World Health Organization (WHO) (2021) asserts that policies around the world to improve air quality based on their Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) framework will reduce the level of pollution. The WHO guidelines make recommendations on new air quality levels aimed at protection health of populations through reduction of air pollutants, especially those contributing to climate change. Further, the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) (2021) asserts that governments continue to adopt policies on air quality but there need more efforts to close the existing gaps towards having cleaner air to reduce susceptibility to respiratory conditions.

In the U.S., the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) based on the Clean Air Act, implements policies like setting air pollution levels. The act sets limit on particular air pollutants, including the limits on how much can be in the air across the country. The act mandates the EPA to limit emissions from chemical plants, utilities, and steel mills (EPA, 2022). Further, states and tribes may also formulate robust air pollution laws to supplement those set by EPA. However, they should not have weaker pollution limits compared to those set by EPA.

Changes to the Existing Policies & Stakeholders

The existing policies on air pollution at the federal and even state levels like in Florida mandates individuals and corporations to reduce air pollution through their levels of emissions. A core aspect of the air pollution policies in Florida is the mandate to comply with the federal Clean Air Act. The state’s emission levels continue to improve and get lower than the national average. However, the policy should also focus on the local aspects that impact or may influence pollution in the state. The current air pollution control are general provisions that need a review to make them better and specific.

The steps to initiative policy change entails identification of the need and secondly, delegation of responsibility through setting a team to develop ways so that all understand what is required. The drafting of the policy follows through consultations with different stakeholders (Bhatt & Bathija, 2018). The stakeholders in this case include state and federal government officials, including representatives, and community leaders as well as environmental experts to draft bills that will integrate the diverse components required in such legislations. Stakeholders like environmental specialists and advocates would also be critical in offering diverse views on the regulations to enhance their application and positive outcomes. These stakeholders have critical roles, especially in budgeting and sourcing for funding to implement these initiatives. They will be policy advocates and fund the implementation through resource allocation as well as providing expert advice.

Impact on Health Care Delivery System

Air pollution leads to different advanced health effects and conditions like asthma and heart disease among others. The majority of the individuals affected, especially those from low-income households and communities, suffer from heart disease, asthma and bronchitis and other respiratory conditions. These diseases and conditions affect the health care delivery system as it increases the burden on health resources since these people need treatment interventions. These admissions and allocation of resources increase the overall expenditure on healthcare, for both individuals and governments at state and federal levels (Bhatt & Bathija, 2018). Pollution increases the rate of mortality since it increases exposure and severity to health threatening diseases like heart disease and COPD.

Conclusion

Air pollution is one of the critical environmental issues whose prevalence is high in the United States. Air pollution affects various populations with those from low-income and minority communities suffering significant negative effects. The implementation of policy changes at state and federal levels like the Clean Air Act will help many individuals lead better lives and reduce their vulnerability as well as the overall cost burden to the health care delivery system.

References

Amann, M., Kiesewetter, G., Schöpp, W., Klimont, Z., Winiwarter, W., Cofala, J., … & Pavarini,

20190331. (2020). Reducing global air pollution: the scope for further policy interventions. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 378(2183), 20190331. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0331

American Public Health Association (APHA) (2022). Climate Changes Health: Respiratory

            Health. https://www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/climate-change/air-quality

American Public Health Association (APHA) (2022b).  Climate Change.

            https://www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/climate-change

Bhatt, J., & Bathija, P. (2018). Ensuring access to quality health care in vulnerable

communities. Academic Medicine, 93(9), 1271-1275.

DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000002254

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). (2022). Regulatory and Guidance Information by

Topic: Air. https://www.epa.gov/regulatory-information-topic/regulatory-and-guidance-information-topic-air

Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) (2022). Current Air Rules.

            https://floridadep.gov/air/air-business-planning/content/current-air-rules

United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) (2021 September 7). Governments are

increasingly adopting policies on air quality, but significant gaps hinder global progress towards cleaner air. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/press-release/governments-are-increasingly-adopting-policies-air-quality

World Health Organization (WHO) (2021 September 22). New WHO Global Air Quality

Guidelines aim to save millions of lives from air pollution. https://www.who.int/news/item/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelines-aim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution