NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each                            

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each                          

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each                          

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each                          

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each                            

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Re: Topic 4 DQ 2

The “levels of evidence” is a hierarchical system used in evidence-based practice and research to assess the quality of evidence supporting a particular practice or intervention. There are various frameworks for these levels, but one commonly used system is as follows, from highest to lowest levels of evidence:

1. Level 1: Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
   • Description: These are comprehensive reviews that summarize and critically appraise multiple studies on a specific topic.
   • Example of Practice Change: A systematic review of multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on a new drug for hypertension reveals a significant reduction in blood pressure with minimal side effects. This may lead to the adoption of the new drug as a first-line treatment for hypertension.
2. Level 2: Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)
   • Description: RCTs are experiments in which participants are randomly assigned to treatment groups to assess the effectiveness of an intervention.
   • Example of Practice Change: An RCT comparing two surgical techniques for knee replacement shows that one method has significantly better patient outcomes and faster recovery. Surgeons may start using the more effective technique.
3. Level 3: Cohort Studies
   • Description: Cohort studies follow a group of individuals over time, comparing those exposed to a risk factor or intervention to those not exposed.
   • Example of Practice Change: A cohort study tracking the long-term health outcomes of smokers versus non-smokers provides strong evidence for the harms of smoking and could lead to public health campaigns promoting smoking cessation.
4. Level 4: Case-Control Studies
   • Description: Case-control studies compare individuals with a specific condition to those without the condition and assess their past exposures.
   • Example of Practice Change: A case-control study identifies a strong association between asbestos exposure and lung cancer, prompting regulations to reduce asbestos exposure in workplaces.
5. Level 5: Cross-Sectional Studies
   • Description: Cross-sectional studies collect data at a single point in time to describe the relationship between variables in a population.
   • Example of Practice Change: A cross-sectional study demonstrates a higher prevalence of depression in individuals with certain dietary habits, leading to dietary recommendations for mental health.
6. Level 6: Case Series and Case Reports
   • Description: Case series and case reports describe the experiences of a small group of patients with a specific condition or treatment.
   • Example of Practice Change: A case series reports on a novel treatment for a rare disease, showing promising results in a small number of patients. This may encourage further research and clinical trials on the treatment.
7. Level 7: Expert Opinion
   • Description: Expert opinion is the lowest level of evidence, based on the clinical experience and judgment of experts in the field.
   • Example of Practice Change: In the absence of higher-level evidence, a group of experienced oncologists may recommend a particular treatment approach for a rare and aggressive cancer based on their collective expertise.

Grand Canyon University (Ed.). (2022). Nursing research: Understanding methods for best practice (2nd ed.).

Sargeant, J. M., Brennan, M. L., & O’Connor, A. M. (2022). Levels of Evidence, Quality Assessment, and Risk of Bias: Evaluating the Internal Validity of Primary Research. Frontiers in veterinary science, 9, 960957. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.960957

Sample Answer 2 for NRS 433 Describe the seven “levels of evidence” and provide an example of the type of practice change that could result from each

Levels of evidence is a system used to rank research studies based on the quality and reliability of their designs (Tannenbaum et al, 2021) There are seven accepted levels of evidence are assigned to studies based on the methodological quality of the design, validity, and application to patient care. The levels of evidence are usually depicted in a pyramid model to illustrate both the quality and quantity of available evidence. The higher the position on the pyramid, the stronger the evidence. Each level builds on data and research previously developed in the lower tiers (Murad et al. 2019).

Level 1 – A systematic review synthesizes the results from available studies of a particular health topic, answering a specific research question by collecting and evaluating all research evidence that fits the reviewer’s selection criteria. Systematic reviews can include meta-analyses in which statistical methods are applied to evaluate and synthesize quantitative results from multiple studies.

Level 2 – A randomized controlled trial is a prospective study that measures the efficacy of an intervention or treatment. Subjects are randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group; the control group receives a placebo or sham intervention, while the experimental group receives the intervention being studied. Randomizing subjects is effective at removing bias, thus increasing the validity of the research (Tannenbaum et al, 2021).

Level 3 – A cohort study is a type of observational study, meaning that no intervention is taken among the subjects. It is also a type of longitudinal study in which research subjects are followed over a period. A cohort study can be either prospective, which collects new data over time, or retrospective, which uses previously acquired data or medical records. This type of study examines a group of people who share a common trait or exposure and are assessed based on whether they develop an outcome of interest. An example of a prospective cohort study is a study that determines which subjects smoke and then many years later assesses the incidence of lung cancer in both smokers and non-smokers (Tannenbaum et al, 2021).

Level 4 – A case-control study is another type of observational study that compares people who have the specified condition or outcome being studied (known as “cases”) with people who do not have the condition or outcome (known as “controls”).⁶ An example of a case-control study is a study that assesses the lifetime smoking exposure of patients with and without lung cancer (Tannenbaum et al, 2021).

Level 5 – A case report is a detailed report of the presentation, diagnosis, treatment, treatment response, and follow-up after treatment of an individual patient. A case series is a group of case reports involving patients who share similar characteristics. A case series is observational and can be conducted either retrospectively or prospectively (Tannenbaum et al, 2021).

Level 6 – Expert opinions which can be found in encyclopedias, textbooks, and handbooks. This kind of evidence just serves as a good foundation for further research or clinical practice for it is usually too generalized. It is also the least reliable evidence which comes from ideas, opinions, anecdotes, and editorials.

Level 7: Animal or in vitro studies provides insights into potential mechanisms or targets for drug development. If a new compound shows promise in these studies for treating a particular disease, then further investigations and clinical trials are likely.

References

Tannenbaum. (2021). Levels of Evidence in Medical Research. Retrieved from https://openmd.com/guide/levels-of-evidence

Murad, M. H., Asi, N., Alsawas, M., & Alahdab, F. (2019). New evidence pyramid. Evidence-Based Medicine, 21(4), 125-127.