NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes

Grand Canyon University NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes                            

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes                          

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes                          

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes                          

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes                            

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes

Re: Topic 4 DQ 2

Evidence shows that they are strengths and weaknesses of cohort studies. Cohort studies are an effective and robust method of establishing cause and effect. As they are large, researchers can draw confident conclusions regarding the link between risk factors and disease. In many cases, because participants are often free of disease at the commencement of the study, cohort studies are particularly useful at identifying the timelines over which certain behaviors can contribute to disease. However, the nature of cohort studies can cause challenges. Collecting prospective data on thousands of participants over many years (and sometimes decades) is complex, time-consuming, and expensive. Participants may drop out, increasing the risk of bias; equally, it is possible that the behavior of participants may alter because they are aware that they are part of a study cohort. The analysis of data from these large-scale studies is also complex, with large numbers of confounding variables making it difficult to link cause and effect. Where cohort (or ‘cohort-like’) studies link to a specific intervention (as in the case of the Lansperger et al study into nursing practitioner-led critical care), the lack of randomization to different arms of the study makes the approach less robust than randomized controlled trials.

David Barrett, H. N. (2019). What is cohort studies. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Hull, Hull Hu6 7RX,UK;https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-103183.

Sample Answer 2 for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes

There is a pyramid that can be referenced for the levels of evidence that is used in medical research. The levels of evidence on this pyramid from the bottom are expert opinion, case studies, observational studies with comparison groups, non-randomized controlled trials, randomized controlled trials, and systematic reviews (Wallace, et al., 2022). This means that the most reliable level of evidence on this pyramid is that of the systematic review. This is likely because systematic reviews are typically thorough, extensive, and reproducible. I would use this information to rely heavily on randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews to support practice changes. There is a very large gap between research findings and clinical practice, and some hospitals may take longer than others to use new information to change policy and practice. I would educate my fellow nurses about what a systematic review is, how to interpret them, and how to advocate for practice advancement using the support of information that is obtained from a systematic review. The steps of systematic review include identify the research question, develop a research or PICOT question, develop and execute the search, data abstraction, synthesize results of the data, and assess the publication of the data (Al-Khabori and Rasool, 2022). For an example that is related to nursing research, this form of evidence could be used to develop new infection control protocols.

References:

Wallace, S. S., Barak, G., Truong, G., & Parker, M. W. (2022). Hierarchy of Evidence Within the Medical Literature. Hospital pediatrics, 12(8), 745–750. https://doi.org/10.1542/hpeds.2022-006690

Al-Khabori, M., & Rasool, W. (2022). Introduction to Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses of Therapeutic Studies. Oman medical journal, 37(5), e428. https://doi.org/10.5001/omj.2022.42

Sample Answer 3 for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes

The most reliable level of evidence in research is often represented as a pyramid, with the strongest evidence at the top and weaker evidence below. This hierarchy of evidence is based on the quality of the study, its research design, and how applicable it is to patient care. Studies with higher levels of evidence have a lower risk of bias. Clinical decisions in both human and veterinary medicine base on the best available evidence to guide their decision making to help improve patient outcomes. (Sargeant et al., 2022)

Systematic review (SR) of randomized controlled trials (RCT) is regarded as the highest levels of evidence, as they can provide a more robust and reliable conclusion than any individual study could offer. (Chen & Chi, 2023) A SR is a rigorous and thorough examination of all relevant studies on a specific topic, conducted using a systematic approach that involves a comprehensive search, selection, critical appraisal, and summary of the evidence to minimize biases and random errors. (Chen & Chi, 2023) An example is SR and meta-analysis of 16 RCTs involving 2076 patients with moderate-to-severe hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) which revealed that among 9 biologics and 3 small-molecule inhibitors which have been tested for the treatment of HS, only adalimumab and bimekizumab demonstrated significant improvement in HS clinical response without an associated increase in serious adverse events. (Chen & Chi, 2023)

Reference

Sargeant, J. M., Brennan, M. L., & O’Connor, A. M. (2022). Levels of evidence, quality assessment, and risk of bias: evaluating the internal validity of primary research. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 960957. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9315339/

Chen, Y. N., & Chi, C. C. (2023). Levels of evidence and study designs: A brief introduction to dermato-epidemiologic research methodology. Dermatologica Sinica, 41(4), 199-205. https://journals.lww.com/ders/fulltext/2023/41040/levels_of_evidence_and_study_designs__a_brief.3.aspx

Sample Answer 4 for NRS 445 Describe the influence “levels of evidence” have on practice changes

In nursing research, the quality of the study must be evaluated. The quality and reliability of a study can be determined using the levels of evidence. With rapidly emerging technology in healthcare, nurses must take the time to compare the research against the levels of evidence.

Levels 1 and 2 of evidence are deemed the most reliable. Level one is considered the most trustworthy as it is a meta-analysis of randomized control studies. Level 2 is a close second as it contains at least one RCT. As the levels increase, the reliability of the studies decreases, and the evidence becomes less scientific and more opinionated. Level 7 consists of expert opinions and the opinions of expert committees (Bartzak, 2021).

As research is evaluated, a PICOT question can be developed using the levels of evidence to support evidence-based practice. One study by Coyne, et al. discussed developing chemotherapy infusion protocols by the nursing staff (Coyne, et al., 2019). Prior to this, the level of evidence in research was relatively low. Based on the observations of this study, a standardized protocol was developed for chemotherapy administration. The level of evidence in this study reached level 3 and lacked the support of a randomized control trial.

References

Bartzak, P. J. (2021). Creating a Nursing Procedure: When evidence-based practice doesn’t fill in all the blanks. MEDSURG Nursing, 30(1), 59–60.

Coyne, E., Northfield, S., Ash, K., & Brown-West, L. (2019). Current evidence of education and safety requirements for the nursing administration of chemotherapy: An integrative review. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 41, 24–32. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1016/j.ejon.2019.05.001