NRS 450 Benchmark – Information and Communication Technologies in Nursing
Grand Canyon University NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NRS 450 Benchmark – Information and Communication Technologies in Nursing
Benchmark – Information and Communication Technologies in Nursing
Nursing practice and education continue to integrate information and communication technologies to improve care delivery through better decision-making leveraging informatics and other technologies like electronic health records (Hailegebreal et al., 2022). Health information technologies (HIT) and nursing informatics (NI) define the technology revolution shaping care delivery as it allows nurses to optimize patient care. The purpose of this paper is to discuss information and communication technology tools in nursing care for patients, communities, and health populations.
History of Health Information Technologies and Evolution of Nursing Informatics
Health information technologies play a critical role in healthcare evolution. The increased cost of care, economic aspects, and an aging baby boomer population continue to exert pressure on healthcare provision leading to the use of innovative approaches through health information technologies (HIT). Health informatics or health information technology management emerged when computer technology became sophisticated enough to handle large amounts of data emanating from patient health information. The roots of health information technology can be traced to the 1920s when health providers began using medical records to document patient details, complications, and outcomes. By the 1960s, technological innovations through increased use of computers led to standardized medical records (Grimwood et al., 2020). The introduction of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 also influenced the development of health information systems for seamless reimbursement.
From the 1980s to the 1990s, increased awareness and training led to the development of electronic health records (EHRs). The enactment of several acts like HITECH and a rise in meaningful use in the 2000s improved health technologies; making them a core part of effective care delivery today. As such, providers now leverage different health information technologies like EHR and electronic medical records (EMR) to enhance optimal care delivery. The HITECH Act authorized the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to establish incentives for hospitals to adopt health information technologies, especially EHR, to improve care delivery. More legislations like the MACRA Act and the Affordable Care Act in 2010 aimed at improving the use of HIT to enhance access to quality and affordable care for millions of Americans.
Nursing informatics as a specialty area emerged in the 1950s based on the integration of nursing science, computer science, and information systems to improve care delivery. Nursing informatics is a specialty that has evolved from mechanical ventilators in intensive care units (ICUs) to computer-based information systems (CIS) (Randine et al., 2022). The evolution also entailed the digitalization of health records through hospital information systems and a rise in interoperability. Today, nursing informatics and HIT are at the core of better health delivery for diverse patient populations based on the concept of interconnected healthcare.
AMIA Areas of Practice Relevant to Nursing Practices
The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) (2024) asserts that health IT is part of informatics and enables better care delivery by offering tools for nurses to set knowledge in motion. The association asserts that informatics entails different areas of practice for providers and organizations. These include translational bioinformatics, clinical research informatics, clinical informatics, consumer health informatics, and public health informatics. Consumer health informatics is one area that is most applicable to daily nursing practice. According to AMIA, consumer health informatics emanates from multiple patient or consumer perspectives and includes patient-focused informatics, health literacy, and education. Accordingly, this area empowers consumers so that they can manage their health through health information literacy, personal health records, and Internet-based resources. At the core of this view of informatics is the consumer need for information, and studying and implementing ways to make it accessible to patients (AMIA, 2024). As such, it is relevant to nursing practices because it integrates nursing informatics, health promotion, health education, and public health. Nurses require these aspects in clinical settings and when dealing with diverse populations to enhance wellness and application of information to achieve quality outcomes.
Also Read
NRS 450 Benchmark – Health Information Standards and Regulations
Information and Communication Technologies and Components in Care Provision
Information and communication technologies and their components can enhance care provision in health settings. These technologies promote patient-centered care, improve the quality of care, and educate health professionals and patients. These technologies enhance the participation of patients, communities, and populations in health decisions and activities (Randine et al., 2022). These include electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, patient informational portals, clinical decision support systems (CDSS), and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) among others.
Electronic health records (EHRs), patient portals, and clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are vital information and communication technologies that allow providers, patients, and health organizations to access and use vital data to offer quality care. EHRs contain patient health information and adhere to regulatory compliances (Randine et al., 2022). EHRs enhance interoperability among healthcare providers. Patient portals contain patient information as part of the expanded EHRs. Through these portals, patients can access and share their information, including protected health information (PHI) under HIPAA, with providers to make better care decisions. Clinical decision support systems help nurses and clinicians leverage data and make informed decisions on patient care and management. The core components of these technologies are people, data, hardware, software, information, and processes (Gadd et al., 2020). For instance, people include nurses and patients while data emanates from patient details. Providers analyze such data to generate information and make effective decisions.
Use of Multimedia Applications in Healthcare
Healthcare providers can leverage multimedia applications to enhance the quality of care and interactions among patients and colleagues. The appropriate usage of multimedia in healthcare is diverse, from operating theaters or in surgeries to helping preview organs operated on or even treated teeth and other areas of the body. Taking vitals, previewing, and even enlarging images through touchscreens in different operational areas are some of the practical applications of multimedia in healthcare (Tobon et al., 2022). For instance, physicians can use large displays through integrated computers to observe surgical procedures. Further, external teams of physicians can observe surgical procedures and communicate freely with the operating theater to deliver optimal outcomes. Students can also leverage multimedia applications to remotely observe procedures in surgical settings (Wagenpfeil et al., 2022). Multimedia screens are a vital part of the evolution in health technologies since they create comfort and communication becomes easy between providers and patients.
Impact of Technology on Patient Care Plans
Health technology is improving care provision, especially in developing patient plans. Technologies like electronic health records (EHRs) and patient portals enhance communication between nurses and their patients as well as with colleagues. Technology impacts patient care plans through increased interoperability as it means that one can share health information with colleagues based on patient consent (Tobon et al., 2022). Patient portals enable patients to understand their diagnosis and other aspects of their health. For instance, when diagnosing a patient from a remote location, their participation is critical as it will help the providers to gather sufficient information on recent changes in their health, especially improvements aimed at addressing disease conditions. The second example is having patient access information and share it with their specialty providers when changing physicians due to different circumstances. For instance, patients from one state to another may require accurate information to share with their providers through accessing their portals. As such, they improve their participation in the development of care plans by integrating their preferences and their concerns. The implication is that as a nurse, one creates a care plan based on evidence and patient preferences.
Engaging in Planning and Selection of Health Care Technologies
Nurses are at the center of care provision and advocate for their patients. As such, nurses engage in the planning and selection of appropriate technologies as end users and patient advocates. As end users, nurses deploy these technologies in documenting patient data for better analysis and interpretation. Therefore, their engagement in the planning and selection is important to ensure that they meet patient needs and are user-friendly (Shao et al., 2022). Nurses’ engagement in technology selection and planning implies that they understand different aspects of care and would prefer technology tools that meet care demands and needs. As such, nursing engagement is critical to having effective technologies to meet ever-changing patient and healthcare needs.
Conclusion
Information and communication technologies continue to evolve in healthcare. Health information technologies like EHRs and CDSS demonstrate the increasing reliance on these platforms for healthcare providers to make decisions and develop appropriate care plans for their patients, communities, and populations. The technologies offer significant benefits to all stakeholders to enhance quality care and lower costs.
References
American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) (2024). What is Informatics?
Gadd, C. S., Steen, E. B., Caro, C. M., Greenberg, S., Williamson, J. J., & Fridsma, D. B. (2020).
Domains, tasks, and knowledge for health informatics practice: results of a practice analysis. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 27(6), 845-852.
DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa018
Grimwood, T., & Snell, L. (2020). The use of technology in healthcare education: a literature
review. Medical Education Publishing, 9:137. https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2020.000137.1
Hailegebreal, S., Sedi, T. T., Belete, S., Mengistu, K., Getachew, A., Bedada, D., … & Mengiste,
S. A. (2022). Utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) among undergraduate health science students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03296-9
Randine, P., Sharma, A., Hartvigsen, G., Johansen, H. D., & Årsand, E. (2022). Information and
communication technology-based interventions for chronic diseases consultation: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 163, 104784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104784
Shao, M., Fan, J., Huang, Z., & Chen, M. (2022). The impact of information and communication
technologies (ICTs) on health outcomes: A mediating effect analysis based on cross-national panel data. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2225723.
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2225723
Tobon, D. P., Hossain, M. S., Muhammad, G., Bilbao, J., & Saddik, A. E. (2022). Deep learning
in multimedia healthcare applications: a review. Multimedia Systems, 28(4), 1465-1479. DOI: 10.1007/s00530-022-00948-0.
Wagenpfeil, S., Mc Kevitt, P., Cheddad, A., & Hemmje, M. (2022). Explainable multimedia
feature fusion for medical applications. Journal of Imaging, 8(4), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8040104
Sample Answer 2 for NRS 450 Benchmark – Information and Communication Technologies in Nursing
Benchmark – Information and Communication Technologies in Nursing
Nursing practice and education continue to integrate information and communication technologies to improve care delivery through better decision-making leveraging informatics and other technologies like electronic health records (Hailegebreal et al., 2022). Health information technologies (HIT) and nursing informatics (NI) define the technology revolution shaping care delivery as it allows nurses to optimize patient care. The purpose of this paper is to discuss information and communication technology tools in nursing care for patients, communities, and health populations.
History of Health Information Technologies and Evolution of Nursing Informatics
Health information technologies play a critical role in healthcare evolution. The increased cost of care, economic aspects, and an aging baby boomer population continue to exert pressure on healthcare provision leading to the use of innovative approaches through health information technologies (HIT). Health informatics or health information technology management emerged when computer technology became sophisticated enough to handle large amounts of data emanating from patient health information. The roots of health information technology can be traced to the 1920s when health providers began using medical records to document patient details, complications, and outcomes. By the 1960s, technological innovations through increased use of computers led to standardized medical records (Grimwood et al., 2020). The introduction of Medicare and Medicaid in 1965 also influenced the development of health information systems for seamless reimbursement.
From the 1980s to the 1990s, increased awareness and training led to the development of electronic health records (EHRs). The enactment of several acts like HITECH and a rise in meaningful use in the 2000s improved health technologies; making them a core part of effective care delivery today. As such, providers now leverage different health information technologies like EHR and electronic medical records (EMR) to enhance optimal care delivery. The HITECH Act authorized the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to establish incentives for hospitals to adopt health information technologies, especially EHR, to improve care delivery. More legislations like the MACRA Act and the Affordable Care Act in 2010 aimed at improving the use of HIT to enhance access to quality and affordable care for millions of Americans.
Nursing informatics as a specialty area emerged in the 1950s based on the integration of nursing science, computer science, and information systems to improve care delivery. Nursing informatics is a specialty that has evolved from mechanical ventilators in intensive care units (ICUs) to computer-based information systems (CIS) (Randine et al., 2022). The evolution also entailed the digitalization of health records through hospital information systems and a rise in interoperability. Today, nursing informatics and HIT are at the core of better health delivery for diverse patient populations based on the concept of interconnected healthcare.
AMIA Areas of Practice Relevant to Nursing Practices
The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) (2024) asserts that health IT is part of informatics and enables better care delivery by offering tools for nurses to set knowledge in motion. The association asserts that informatics entails different areas of practice for providers and organizations. These include translational bioinformatics, clinical research informatics, clinical informatics, consumer health informatics, and public health informatics. Consumer health informatics is one area that is most applicable to daily nursing practice. According to AMIA, consumer health informatics emanates from multiple patient or consumer perspectives and includes patient-focused informatics, health literacy, and education. Accordingly, this area empowers consumers so that they can manage their health through health information literacy, personal health records, and Internet-based resources. At the core of this view of informatics is the consumer need for information, and studying and implementing ways to make it accessible to patients (AMIA, 2024). As such, it is relevant to nursing practices because it integrates nursing informatics, health promotion, health education, and public health. Nurses require these aspects in clinical settings and when dealing with diverse populations to enhance wellness and application of information to achieve quality outcomes.
Information and Communication Technologies and Components in Care Provision
Information and communication technologies and their components can enhance care provision in health settings. These technologies promote patient-centered care, improve the quality of care, and educate health professionals and patients. These technologies enhance the participation of patients, communities, and populations in health decisions and activities (Randine et al., 2022). These include electronic health records (EHRs), telemedicine, patient informational portals, clinical decision support systems (CDSS), and computerized physician order entry (CPOE) among others.
Electronic health records (EHRs), patient portals, and clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are vital information and communication technologies that allow providers, patients, and health organizations to access and use vital data to offer quality care. EHRs contain patient health information and adhere to regulatory compliances (Randine et al., 2022). EHRs enhance interoperability among healthcare providers. Patient portals contain patient information as part of the expanded EHRs. Through these portals, patients can access and share their information, including protected health information (PHI) under HIPAA, with providers to make better care decisions. Clinical decision support systems help nurses and clinicians leverage data and make informed decisions on patient care and management. The core components of these technologies are people, data, hardware, software, information, and processes (Gadd et al., 2020). For instance, people include nurses and patients while data emanates from patient details. Providers analyze such data to generate information and make effective decisions.
Use of Multimedia Applications in Healthcare
Healthcare providers can leverage multimedia applications to enhance the quality of care and interactions among patients and colleagues. The appropriate usage of multimedia in healthcare is diverse, from operating theaters or in surgeries to helping preview organs operated on or even treated teeth and other areas of the body. Taking vitals, previewing, and even enlarging images through touchscreens in different operational areas are some of the practical applications of multimedia in healthcare (Tobon et al., 2022). For instance, physicians can use large displays through integrated computers to observe surgical procedures. Further, external teams of physicians can observe surgical procedures and communicate freely with the operating theater to deliver optimal outcomes. Students can also leverage multimedia applications to remotely observe procedures in surgical settings (Wagenpfeil et al., 2022). Multimedia screens are a vital part of the evolution in health technologies since they create comfort and communication becomes easy between providers and patients.
Impact of Technology on Patient Care Plans
Health technology is improving care provision, especially in developing patient plans. Technologies like electronic health records (EHRs) and patient portals enhance communication between nurses and their patients as well as with colleagues. Technology impacts patient care plans through increased interoperability as it means that one can share health information with colleagues based on patient consent (Tobon et al., 2022). Patient portals enable patients to understand their diagnosis and other aspects of their health. As such, they improve their participation in the development of care plans by integrating their preferences and their concerns. The implication is that as a nurse, one creates a care plan based on evidence and patient preferences.
Engaging in Planning and Selection of Health Care Technologies
Nurses are at the center of care provision and advocate for their patients. As such, nurses engage in the planning and selection of appropriate technologies as end users and patient advocates. As end users, nurses deploy these technologies in documenting patient data for better analysis and interpretation. Therefore, their engagement in the planning and selection is important to ensure that they meet patient needs and are user-friendly (Shao et al., 2022). Nurses’ engagement in technology selection and planning implies that they understand different aspects of care and would prefer technology tools that meet care demands and needs. As such, nursing engagement is critical to having effective technologies to meet ever-changing patient and healthcare needs.
Conclusion
Information and communication technologies continue to evolve in healthcare. Health information technologies like EHRs and CDSS demonstrate the increasing reliance on these platforms for healthcare providers to make decisions and develop appropriate care plans for their patients, communities, and populations. The technologies offer significant benefits to all stakeholders to enhance quality care and lower costs.
References
American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) (2024). What is Informatics?
Gadd, C. S., Steen, E. B., Caro, C. M., Greenberg, S., Williamson, J. J., & Fridsma, D. B. (2020).
Domains, tasks, and knowledge for health informatics practice: results of a practice analysis. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 27(6), 845-852.
DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocaa018
Grimwood, T., & Snell, L. (2020). The use of technology in healthcare education: a literature
review. Medical Education Publishing, 9:137. https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2020.000137.1
Hailegebreal, S., Sedi, T. T., Belete, S., Mengistu, K., Getachew, A., Bedada, D., … & Mengiste,
S. A. (2022). Utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) among undergraduate health science students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03296-9
Randine, P., Sharma, A., Hartvigsen, G., Johansen, H. D., & Årsand, E. (2022). Information and
communication technology-based interventions for chronic diseases consultation: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics, 163, 104784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2022.104784
Shao, M., Fan, J., Huang, Z., & Chen, M. (2022). The impact of information and communication
technologies (ICTs) on health outcomes: A mediating effect analysis based on cross-national panel data. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2225723.
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2225723
Tobon, D. P., Hossain, M. S., Muhammad, G., Bilbao, J., & Saddik, A. E. (2022). Deep learning
in multimedia healthcare applications: a review. Multimedia Systems, 28(4), 1465-1479. DOI: 10.1007/s00530-022-00948-0.
Wagenpfeil, S., Mc Kevitt, P., Cheddad, A., & Hemmje, M. (2022). Explainable multimedia
feature fusion for medical applications. Journal of Imaging, 8(4), 104. https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8040104
NRS-450 Topic 3 DQ 1 Sample Answer
Describe the processes that healthcare organizations can use to secure electronic information in a computer network.
Healthcare organizations use a comprehensive strategy for securing electronic information in computer networks. This includes implementing hardy encryption techniques, utilizing firewalls and intrusion detection/prevention systems like anti-fishing technology and policies, and ensuring regular software updates. Access controls, such as multi-factor authentication, restrict data access to authorized users. “IDs and passwords can work reasonably well but are subject to a number of problems. For example, besides sharing their accounts with others, users may forget their password or they may pick passwords that can be guessed easily” (National Academies Press (US), 1997, para. 9). Protective data controls and monitoring mechanisms enable real-time identification and blocking of risky activities, supported by data discovery and classification. Logging and monitoring use are crucial for audits and incident response. “Audit trails, or records of information access events, can provide one of the strongest deterrents to abuse. Audit trails record details about information access, including the identity of the requester, the date and time of the request, the source and destination of the request, a descriptor of the information retrieved, and perhaps a reason for the access” (National Academies Press (US), 1997, para. 32). Encryption safeguards patient information during transmission and storage. It is up to each Healthcare organization to determine encryption methods based on their workflow and needs. This approach aims to fortify healthcare organizations against cyber threats.
Evaluate the potential impact of cyberattacks on patient privacy, clinical outcomes, and the healthcare organization’s financial resources.
Cyberattacks pose significant risks to patient privacy, clinical outcomes, and the financial resources of healthcare organizations. Patient privacy breaches can result in the exposure of sensitive medical records, leading to identity theft, fraud, and reputational damage for both patients and providers. Manipulation or destruction of clinical data may compromise patient care, potentially endangering lives if critical information is altered or unavailable when needed. The financial impact of cyberattacks is complex, encompassing direct costs associated with incident response. Ransomware has become a way to take entire systems hostage. “A ransomware attack on Brno University Hospital in the Czech Republic, a key COVID-19 testing center, led to the postponement of surgeries. The infection prompted the hospital to disconnect all computer networks as the ransomware spread and individual systems failed. The hospital is still in the process of recovering capabilities and is not fully operational following the attack” (He et al., 2021, para. 23). Indirect costs may include lost revenue due to operational disruptions, decreased and productivity. Moreover, healthcare organizations may face regulatory fines and penalties for non-compliance with data protection laws, further exacerbating financial strains.
Identify the various user authentication methods that are utilized to help protect and secure a healthcare organization’s network.
Healthcare organizations utilize various user authentication methods to protect and secure their networks. One common method is the use of passwords or passphrases, requiring users to authenticate their identity with unique credentials. “While common, PAP is the least secure protocol for validating users, due mostly to its lack of encryption” (SailPoint Technologies, 2023, para. 12). Organizations may enforce password complexity requirements and periodic changes to enhance security. For example, some facilities may require a minimum of a 15-character password. Biometric authentication technologies, such as fingerprint scans or facial recognition, offer additional layers of identity verification based on physiological characteristics. Some cell phones and computers use this type of biometrics. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) combines two or more authentication factors, such as passwords, tokens, or biometrics, to strengthen security measures and mitigate the risk of unauthorized access. “Like 2FA, MFA uses factors like biometrics, device-based confirmation, additional passwords, and even location or behavior-based information (e.g., keystroke pattern or typing speed) to confirm user identity” (SailPoint Technologies, 2023, para. 10). Additionally, single sign-on (SSO) solutions streamline user authentication processes by enabling access to multiple systems and applications with a single set of credentials, reducing the burden of managing multiple passwords while enhancing overall security posture. “Organizations can accomplish this by identifying a central domain (most ideally, an IAM system) and then creating secure SSO links between resources” (SailPoint Technologies, 2023, para. 9)
He, Y., Aliyu, A., Evans, M., & Luo, C. (2021). Health care cybersecurity Challenges and solutions under the climate of COVID-19: Scoping review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(4), e21747. https://doi.org/10.2196/21747
National Academies Press (US). (1997). Technical approaches to protecting electronic health information. For The Record Protecting Electronic Health Information – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK233433/
SailPoint Technologies. (2023, March 7). Authentication methods used for network security | SailPoint. SailPoint. https://www.sailpoint.com/identity-library/authentication-methods-used-for-network-security/