NRS 455 Case Study: Mrs. T.
Grand Canyon University NRS 455 Case Study: Mrs. T.– Step-By-Step Guide
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How to Research and Prepare for NRS 455 Case Study: Mrs. T.
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How to Write the Introduction for NRS 455 Case Study: Mrs. T.
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After the introduction, move into the main part of the NRS 455 Case Study: Mrs. T. assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
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After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NRS 455 Case Study: Mrs. T.
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NRS 455 Case Study: Mrs. T.
Directions: Read the case study below. Evaluate the information and formulate a conclusion based on your evaluation. Complete the critical thinking table and submit this completed template to the assignment dropbox.
Case Study: Mrs. T.
It is necessary for an RN-BSN-prepared nurse to demonstrate an enhanced understanding of the pathophysiological processes of disease, the clinical manifestations and treatment protocols, and how they affect clients across the life span.
Evaluate the Health History and Medical Information for Mrs. T., presented below.
Health History and Medical Information
Mrs. T., a 42-year-old female, has been living at home with her two high school age children, husband, and dog. She is a schoolteacher whoworks full-time teaching at the local grade school. She tries to be active by walking with her husband and dog for 20 minutes on the weekend but is starting to add weight as she gets older. She has no known allergies. She is a pack-a-day smoker and drinks three glasses of wine/per night after work. She tries to eat healthy but likes to eat out at fast food restaurants to avoid having to cook.
Medical history includes atrial fibrillation controlled with beta blocker, hypercholesterolemia, mild anemia related to heavy menses, and migraines. Current medications include:
- Metoprolol 50mg daily
- Pravastatin 40 mg at bedtime daily for cholesterol
- Birth control pill Microgestin Fe in the AM
- Amitriptyline 20 mg/daily for migraines
Case Scenario
You are the school nurse where Mrs. T. works. While at recess duty, another teacher runs up to you and reports that Mrs. T. is not acting like herself. When you approach, you see her sitting on a bench mumbling something to the kids gathered around her. She has dropped her cell phone on the ground, and her right arm appears limp. You try asking her questions and you notice the right side of her face is slacken, and she doesnot seem to be making sense when talking. You call an ambulance, and try to walk her back to your office, but she doesnot move well. You reassure her and try to determine if anything occurred prior to her loss of speech and movement. The other teachers say it came on suddenly, within the last 5 minutes. Mrs. T. shakes her head no to pain.
Objective Data – Completed by Ambulance Personal:
- Temperature: 36.5 degrees C
- BP 184/92, HR 101, RR 24, Pox 99%
- Blood Glucose = 107
- Positive FAST & VAN score, NIHSS = 12
- Height: 62 inches; Weight 89 kg
Laboratory/Test Results – On Arrival to the Emergency Department (Initial Results)
- WBC: 9.4 (1,000/uL)
- INR – 0.7
- CT Head is normal.
- Negative pregnancy test
- Cholesterol – 247, Triglycerides – 302
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Critical Thinking Table
| Clinical Manifestations Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mrs. T., focusing on what is normal and abnormal and how this relates to her current condition. | |
| Subjective | Abnormal subjective findings include: Loss of speech and comprehension. Loss of skilled voluntary movement Altered mental status Normal finding includes absence of pain. |
| Objective | Abnormal objective findings include Elevated blood pressure of 184/94 Right sided facial and arm paralysis Slightly elevated blood glucose of 107mg/dl NIHSS score of 12 indicative of a moderate stroke Elevated triglyceride and cholesterol levels |
| Primary and Secondary Diagnoses Discuss the primary and secondary medical diagnoses that should be considered for Mrs. T., and why you chose this diagnosis. | |
| Primary medical diagnosis and why you chose this diagnosis. | Hemorrhagic stroke A hemorrhagic stroke commonly referred to as intracerebral hemorrhage is a condition that occurs when bleeding occurs directly into the brain parenchyma. This is commonly seen in patients having chronic hypertension where a leakage from damaged small intracerebral arteries occurs (Montano et al., 2021). The clinical manifestations of include onset headache, altered mental status, seizures, nausea and vomiting, neurological deficits, and marked hypertension. The diagnosis is distinguished from ischemic stroke due to the sudden onset of neurological symptoms such headache and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure such as nausea and vomiting in a patient with a history of hypertension |
| Secondary medical diagnosis and why you chose this diagnosis. | Hypertension. The patient presents with an elevated blood pressure of 184/92, characteristic to hypertension. Additionally, she has an intracerebral hemorrhage which is characteristic in hypertensive patients due to rupture of the blood vessels (Kuriakose et al., 2020). |
| Formulate a nursing diagnosis from the medical diagnoses | Ineffective tissue perfusion (cerebral) related to bleeding in the brain parenchymal as evidenced by neurologic deficits. |
| Pathophysiological Changes Explain the pathophysiological changes in Mrs. T. | |
| What pathophysiological changes would you expect to be happening to Mrs. T.? | The patient is experiencing non-traumatic rupture of blood vessels resulting in an intracranial bleed due to hypertension. Intracerebral hemorrhage may result in formation of a hematoma in the brain producing a mass effect and resultant increased intracranial pressure. The increased intracranial pressure (ICP) which can be worsened by edema may cause compression of additional structures in the brain resulting in neuronal injury(Kuriakose et al., 2020). In worst case scenario, it may cause herniation of several structures in the brain through different foramina at the base of the skull. Death may occur if the medulla oblongata herniates through foramen magnum. Additionally, due to rupture of the blood vessels, distant regions of the brain supplied by these blood vessels become poorly perfused resulting in ischemia and neurological deficits in areas affected. Ruptured blood vessels may also lead into the subarachnoid space causing subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH results in elevated intracranial pressure, impaired cerebral autoregulation, loss of microvascular perfusion, cerebral ischemia, and worsening neurological deficits (Montano et al., 2021). Additionally, intraventricular hemorrhage may occur reducing rate of absorption of cerebrospinal fluid causing hydrocephalus which may worsen the increased ICP. |
| How will pathophysiological changes transition in the subacute phase after diagnosis and initial treatment? | In the subacute phase after diagnosis and treatment of stroke, a period of tissue repair follows with neuroplasticity and tissue remodeling. This allows recovery of neurological function characterized by resolved neurological deficits (Montano et al., 2021). Additionally, tissue macrophages increase to resorb the extravasated blood, cerebral edema resolves, and there is return of normal ICP. Tissue reperfusion occurs and there is compensation of lost neurological function. |
| Health Status Effect Describe the effects Mrs. T.’s current health status may have on her. | |
| Describe the physical, psychological, and emotional effects Mrs. T.’s current health status may have on her. | Hemorrhagic stroke is capable of impacting Mrs. T. physical, psychological, and emotional well-being. The physical effects of hemorrhagic stroke include impaired motor functioning. Paralysis on one side of the body renders the patient incapable of using the limbs making it difficult to walk, lift an object, or write (Murphy et al., 2020). Additionally, other regions of the brain that coordinate motor activity may be involved causing ataxia, vertigo, and inability to coordinate activity. Speech and language centers may also be affected resulting in trouble speaking, understanding what others are saying, and slurring of speech (Murphy et al., 2020).In addition, memory centers may be affected resulting in memory loss. Stroke may result in paralysis of some involuntary muscles resulting in cases of loss of respiratory, swallowing, bladder, and defection control. Difficulty in communication predisposes the patient to psychological and emotional distress. As a result, the patients become prone to developing anxiety, PTSD, mania, irritability, psychosis, apathy, and depression (Tiwari et al., 2021). Limited motor capabilities lower social interaction between the patient and the rest of the community which may worsen anxiety and depression symptoms. Additionally, neurological injury may cause personality and behavioral changes such as impulsivity and disinhibition. Reduced independence and changes in physical appearance may cause patients to experience low self-esteem and grief. Patients also lose hope resulting from the impact of loss and feeling of uncertainty. |
| Discuss the impact it can have on her rolein the family. | Stroke may affect Mrs. T. role in her family as she will be incapable of carrying out activities of daily living due to physical and cognitive impairment. The physical limitation makes her need a caregiver to help her perform activities such as feeding and self-care (Kavga et al., 2021). Fatigue and burnout are more likely to affect the family resulting from the burden of caregiving. Additionally, Mrs. T. medical costs are costly which may pose a financial strain on her family which may be worsened as Mrs. T. is likely to lose her is her source of income. The family’s psychological well-being may be affected from the impact of stroke resulting from fear of losing her, deteriorated health status, and burden of caregiving. |
| Treatments and Support Discuss treatments and supportthat can be completed for Mrs. T. | |
| Discuss the immediate treatments that can be completed for Mrs. T. | Immediate treatment required foe Mrs. T. will be antihypertensive therapy to control blood pressure. Drugs such as intravenous labetalol or hydralazine can be used for her case to lower the blood pressure to 140/90 (Montano et al. 2021). Additional drugs required include osmotic diuretics such as mannitol to lower intracranial pressure by relieving edema. Prophylactic anticonvulsants such as diazepam and monitoring of electroencephalogram are required to prevent incidence of seizures. Surgery may be required to decompress the brain in cases of large hematomas. |
| Describe the long-term support she may need to return to baseline activity level. | After initial treatment of the stroke, it is important for one to continue on antihypertensive medications preferably oral medications to maintain a controlled blood pressure. The patient may be shifted to a rehabilitative center to initiate physical and occupational therapy to improve her mobility and functional skills (Sarzyńska-Długosz, 2023). Additionally, the patient can be transferred to the outpatient center for follow-up. Mrs. T. may also need to adopt a healthier lifestyle by encouraging her to take foods rich in vegetables and fruits while avoiding wine and smoking to prevent recurrence of another episode. Lastly, she can continue on metoprolol and pravastatin as to lower incidence of embolic stroke arising from atrial fibrillation and atherosclerotic blood vessels. |
| Explain how the interdisciplinary team is utilized to help her family support and cope with her diagnosis. | A multidisciplinary team is required to improve patient’s outcome in patients with stroke. Several teams that may be involved include clinical psychologists, neuropsychologists, and psychiatrists who ensure that the patients and family mental health and emotional issues are addressed (Lip et al., 2022).Additionally, occupational therapists and physiotherapists are vital as they can help the patient to recover physical activity to help gain independence to allow them perform activities of daily living. The team can also help the family learn how they can help to fasten the recovery process. Social workers and rehabilitation nurses are very crucial in ensuring the patient is reintegrated into the community and may assist the family in caregiving and facilitating financial support (Lip et al., 2022). Lastly, a speech therapist plays a crucial role in recovery and relearning of communication and language skills. |
References
Kavga, A., Kalemikerakis, I., Faros, A., Milaka, M., Tsekoura, D., Skoulatou, M., … &Govina, O. (2021). The effects of patients’ and caregivers’ characteristics on the burden of families caring for stroke survivors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147298
Kuriakose, D., & Xiao, Z. (2020). Pathophysiology and treatment of stroke: present status and future perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(20), 7609.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207609
Lip, G. Y., Lane, D. A., Lenarczyk, R., Boriani, G., Doehner, W., Benjamin, L. A., … &Potpara, T. (2022). Integrated care for optimizing the management of stroke and associated heart disease: a position paper of the European Society of Cardiology Council on Stroke. European Heart Journal, 43(26), 2442-2460. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac245
Montaño, A., Hanley, D. F., & Hemphill III, J. C. (2021). Hemorrhagic stroke. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 176, 229-248.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64034-5.00019-5
Murphy, S. J., &Werring, D. J. (2020). Stroke: causes and clinical features. Medicine, 48(9), 561-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2020.06.002
Sarzyńska-Długosz, I. (2023). An optimal model of long-term post-stroke care. Frontiers in Neurology, 14, 1129516. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1129516
Tiwari, S., Joshi, A., Rai, N., &Satpathy, P. (2021). Impact of stroke on quality of life of stroke survivors and their caregivers: a qualitative study from India. Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice, 12(04), 680-688. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735323
Sample Answer 2 for NRS 455 Case Study: Mrs. T.
Critical Thinking Table
| Clinical Manifestations Describe the clinical manifestations present in Mrs. T., focusing on what is normal and abnormal and how this relates to her current condition. | |
| Subjective | Nurses working with patients should obtain subjective and objective data to guide them in decision-making. Subjective data refers to the information the patient or others give about the health problem. The abnormal subjective manifestations in the case study include Mrs. T not acting like herself and the information that the symptoms were sudden and lasted 5 minutes. The symptoms developed from changes in brain tissue perfusion, mimicking those seen in patients with a transient ischemia attack (Panuganti et al., 2024). |
| Objective | Healthcare providers obtain objective information. Some of the abnormal objective manifestations include elevated blood pressure, pulse, blood glucose, NIHSS score, and cholesterol level. It also includes the inspection findings by the nurse such as mumbling something, her right arm appearing limp, slackening the right side of her face, not making sense when talking, and denying pain. These symptoms arise from the impaired blood supply to a brain region. For example, the slacking of the night side of her face implies that the left side of the brain is involved in the disease process. Symptoms such as elevated blood pressure and glucose are physiological responses to ensure adequate brain tissue oxygenation and supply of essential nutrients (Panuganti et al., 2024). The cholesterol levels are elevated because of hyperlipidemia. |
| Primary and Secondary Diagnoses Discuss the primary and secondary medical diagnoses that should be considered for Mrs. T., and why you chose this diagnosis. | |
| Primary medical diagnosis and why you chose this diagnosis. | Transient ischemic attack is the primary diagnosis for Mrs. T. Transient ischemic attack is a sudden episode of neurologic dysfunction because of focal brain, retinal, or spinal cord ischemia without tissue injury or acute infarction. The symptoms of transient ischemic attack last less than an hour and are minutes in most cases. The risk of stroke is high following a transient ischemia attack. Patients experience symptoms such as speech disturbance and focal neurological deficits (Mendelson & Prabhakaran, 2021). Mrs. T developed symptoms of neurological deficits such as facial paralysis, speech disturbances, and arm weakness with normal brain CT scan findings. The symptom duration was five minutes. This means that transient ischemic attack is the primary diagnosis for her. |
| Secondary medical diagnosis and why you chose this diagnosis. | The secondary medical diagnosis I would consider for Mrs. T is a stroke. A stroke is a medical emergency that develops from the occlusion of blood supply to the brain or bleeding to the brain. There is impaired tissue oxygenation in the brain, which causes cell death and loss of function in the affected brain areas. Patients with stroke present to the hospital with symptoms such as paralysis, facial drooping, speech impairment, difficulty coordinating movements, and numbness and weakness among others. They also have abnormal CT and MRI scans of the brain (Amarenco, 2020). Despite Mrs. T having symptoms seen in stroke, stroke is the least likely diagnosis because of the normal brain imaging results. |
| Formulate a nursing diagnosis from the medical diagnoses | One of the nursing diagnoses that can be developed from the medical diagnoses is ineffective brain tissue perfusion related to the interrupted blood supply to the brain as evidenced by speech difficulty. |
| Pathophysiological Changes Explain the pathophysiological changes in Mrs. T. | |
| What pathophysiological changes would you expect to be happening to Mrs. T.? | Mrs. T experienced a transient interruption of arterial blood supply to the brain. The interruption affected the functioning of the brain area supplied by the artery. The sources of interruption could be due to ischemia or mild bleeding in the artery to the brain. Besides, cardiac embolism could have caused an interrupted blood supply to the brain. The emboli in the cardiac chamber could impede the normal blood supply to the brain, leading to ischemia (Grotta et al., 2021). The cessation in blood supply affects the functioning of the brain supplied by the artery, hence, symptoms such as paralysis, speech difficulty, and inability to move. |
| How will pathophysiological changes transition in the subacute phase after diagnosis and initial treatment? | Diagnosis and initial treatment will prevent the progression of transient ischemic attack to a stroke. Early treatment will reduce the risk of early stroke. Studies show that the risk of patients developing stroke within 3 months of a transient ischemic attack is 20% with at least 50% of them occurring within 2 days of a transient ischemic attack. Diagnosis and treatment of other comorbidities such as atrial fibrillation and hyperlipidemia significantly reduce the risk of disease progression to stroke (Ortiz-Garcia et al., 2022). Treatments such as the use of aspirin and clopidogrel provide the appropriate antiplatelet therapy that prevents blood clot formation and subsequently stroke development. |
| Health Status Effect Describe the effects Mrs. T.’s current health status may have on her. | |
| Describe the physical, psychological, and emotional effects Mrs. T.’s current health status may have on her. | Mrs. T’s current health status might be associated with considerable physical, psychological, and emotional health effects. One of the physical effects of transient ischemic attack is the increased risk of subsequent attacks and progression to a stroke. Such risks predispose her to premature disability, decreased functioning, poor quality of life, and premature death. Mrs. T is also likely to suffer from increased care demands. Patients with transient ischemic attacks incur high healthcare costs due to frequent hospitalizations and hospital visits. Some patients diagnosed with transient ischemic attacks have to make changes such as reducing the number of hours worked and avoiding driving for long distances, which affect their financial status and overall functioning. The transient ischemic attack also affects social relationships (Katzan et al., 2021). The diagnosis increases anxiety in others and lowers intimate relationships since the suitability for different contraceptive methods changes. A diagnosis of a transient ischemic attack also has considerable psychological and emotional health impacts. For example, the diagnosis brings significant uncertainty and anxiety for patients and their significant others. The increased risk of stroke makes patients anxious and at times depressed, which affects the overall treatment outcomes. The risk of stress among patients with transient ischemic attack is also high due to decreased functioning, poor quality of life, and fear of unknown outcomes (Prost et al., 2021). Therefore, strategies to minimize the impacts of the diagnosis on health should be adopted. |
| Discuss the impact it can have on her role in the family. | The diagnosis of a transient ischemic attack affects Mrs. T’s role in the family. Firstly, it affects her contribution to her family’s financial status. A diagnosis of a transient ischemic attack might imply that Mrs. T has to work fewer hours than usual to prevent the risk of complications due to stress. This would reduce her financial status and contribution to the family. Mrs. T’s diagnosis is also likely to act as a source of financial strain for the family. Patients with transient ischemic attack can develop stroke and require frequent hospital visits and hospitalization. The changes can have a considerable financial toll on the family. The diagnosis also affects the social and emotional well-being of the family. Mrs. T’s family members are anxious and fearful of unknown outcomes associated with the diagnosis. The fact that a transient ischemic attack could progress to a stroke acts as a stressor for the family members (ANDERSSON et al., 2021; Tsalta-Mladenov & Andonova, 2021). The diagnosis also affects Mrs. T’s intimate relationships. In this case, she has to consider the suitability of different contraceptive options, which would affect her sexual life with her partner. |
| Treatments and Support Discuss treatments and support that can be completed for Mrs. T. | |
| Discuss the immediate treatments that can be completed for Mrs. T. | Immediate medical therapy should be implemented for Mrs. T. Firstly, antiplatelet therapy should be initiated for Mrs. T. Antiplatelets effectively prevent stroke in high-risk patients. The therapy has positive outcomes on vascular death, nonfatal stroke, and non-fatal myocardial infarction. Some of the antiplatelet medications that might be prescribed include aspirin, ticlopidine, and dipyridamole. Combined or dual antiplatelet therapy should also be considered for Mrs. T. This includes combining drugs such as clopidogrel and aspirin to improve outcomes. Underlying etiologies should also be treated. This includes hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia. Revascularization might be considered if Mrs. T is diagnosed with symptomatic cervical internal carotid artery stenosis. Oral anticoagulation should be considered if Mrs. T is diagnosed with atrial fibrillation (Mendelson & Prabhakaran, 2021). |
| Describe the long-term support she may need to return to the baseline activity level. | Mrs. T requires a range of long-term support services for her to return to her baseline activity level. One of them is rehabilitation services. Mrs. T might suffer impaired normal functioning such as difficulty with speech and movement after the treatment. As a result, she might require long-term rehabilitation services such as occupational, speech, and physical therapy to help her achieve the desired functioning level. The second aspect of long-term support that Mrs. T requires is psychological support. Decreased functioning and poor quality of life predispose Mrs. T to adverse psychological outcomes such as depression and anxiety disorders. The nurse must ensure that Mrs. T accesses psychological support services, including support groups and counseling to help her cope with changes brought by the disease. Mrs. T also required medical management as part of the long-term support for her to return to baseline functioning (Ali et al., 2021). She should be actively followed and supported to ensure treatment adherence and compliance for optimum outcomes and prevention of stroke and other complications. |
| Explain how the interdisciplinary team is utilized to help her family support and cope with her diagnosis. | The interdisciplinary team is utilized to help Mrs. And her family support and cope with her diagnosis. Interdisciplinary team members such as counselors will equip Mrs. T and her family knowledge and skills needed to overcome the psychological impacts of the diagnosis. The counselor will also link them to social support services, which would improve their coping with the increasing demands of the diagnosis. Interdisciplinary team members such as nurses will support the coping with the diagnosis by providing close follow-up, continuous health education, and ensuring adherence to treatment adherence, lifestyle, and behavioral modifications. They will also implement nurse-led interventions for self-management of transient ischemic attacks to prevent complications and worsening health status. Interdisciplinary team members such as physicians will evaluate the effectiveness of the adopted treatments and recommend changes or improvements in the treatment plans (Nardai et al., 2021). They will also recommend rehabilitation services such as speech and occupational therapy, which will help the patient and family cope with the diagnosis and its demands. |
References
Ali, A., Tabassum, D., Baig, S. S., Moyle, B., Redgrave, J., Nichols, S., McGregor, G., Evans, K., Totton, N., Cooper, C., & Majid, A. (2021). Effect of Exercise Interventions on Health-Related Quality of Life After Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack. Stroke, 52(7), 2445–2455. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.032979
Amarenco, P. (2020). Transient Ischemic Attack. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(20), 1933–1941. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1908837
ANDERSSON, J., STÅLNACKE, B.-M., SÖRLIN, A., MAGAARD, G., & HU, X. (2021). LONG-TERM PERCEIVED DISABILITIES UP TO 10 YEARS AFTER TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 53(3), 2767. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-2808
Grotta, J. C., Albers, G. W., Broderick, J. P., Kasner, S. E., Lo, E. H., Sacco, R. L., Wong, L. K., & Day, A. L. (2021). Stroke E-Book: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Katzan, I. L., Schuster, A., Daboul, L., Doherty, C., Speaker, S., Uchino, K., & Lapin, B. (2021). Changes in Health-Related Quality of Life After Transient Ischemic Attack. JAMA Network Open, 4(7), e2117403. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.17403
Mendelson, S. J., & Prabhakaran, S. (2021). Diagnosis and Management of Transient Ischemic Attack and Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Review. JAMA, 325(11), 1088–1098. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.26867
Nardai, S., Lanzer, P., Abelson, M., Baumbach, A., Doehner, W., Hopkins, L. N., Kovac, J., Meuwissen, M., Roffi, M., Sievert, H., Skrypnik, D., Sulzenko, J., van Zwam, W., Gruber, A., Ribo, M., Cognard, C., Szikora, I., Flodmark, O., & Widimsky, P. (2021). Interdisciplinary management of acute ischaemic stroke: Current evidence training requirements for endovascular stroke treatment: Position Paper from the ESC Council on Stroke and the European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions with the support of the European Board of Neurointervention. European Heart Journal, 42(4), 298–307. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa833
Ortiz-Garcia, J., Gomez, C. R., Schneck, M. J., & Biller, J. (2022). Recent advances in the management of transient ischemic attacks. Faculty Reviews, 11, 19. https://doi.org/10.12703/r/11-19
Panuganti, K. K., Tadi, P., & Lui, F. (2024). Transient Ischemic Attack. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459143/
Prost, A., Kubitz, K., Pelz, J., Hobohm, C., Hinz, A., & Michalski, D. (2021). Acute and long-term impairments regarding emotional symptoms and quality of life in patients suffering from transient ischemic attack and stroke. Neurological Research, 43(5), 396–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2020.1866370
Tsalta-Mladenov, M., & Andonova, S. (2021). Health-related quality of life after ischemic stroke: Impact of sociodemographic and clinical factors. Neurological Research, 43(7), 553–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/01616412.2021.1893563