NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
Hematopoietic
Metastatic Sites
Two common sites of metastasis are the liver and peritoneum; due to the proximity of the two organs, cells can migrate to nearby structures/organs. Along with physical proximity, another mode of metastasis is via blood or lymphatic spread. Blood leaves the pancreas and enters the portal vein, which flows directly to the liver, carrying cancer cells. Another common site of metastasis is the lung. Lungs are the next highly vascular tissue the blood passes through after it leaves the liver and cancer cells can become trapped in the vast capillary beds.
Tumor Markers
Tumor markers are substances that are secreted by cancer cells. Assessing the levels of the markers can aid in determining the disease progression as well as the effectiveness of treatment. There are no tumor markers that are specific for pancreatic cancer only, but some of the markers that are helpful and that are shared with other disease states are CA19-9, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), CA 125, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Neuron-specific Enolase. CA 19-9 is the preferred marker for pancreatic cancer (Luo et al., 2021).
Tumor Staging
Mr. JC has Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma T2N1M0 (Roalso et al., 2020), T2 for a tumor size less than or equal to 4 cm, N1 for 1 reported lymph node, and M0 for no distant metastasis. The TNM staging is used to stage the patient’s cancer. Staging is a reliable indicator of the patient’s prognosis, i.e., the 5-year survival rate. It is also used to determine the type of treatment the patient will receive and as an indicator to determine the effectiveness of therapy.
Carcinogenesis and Malignant Tumor Ability to Spread
Malignant tumors are poorly differentiated cells that no longer resemble the original source cells. They can have mutations in the proto-oncogene; this mutation causes unfettered cell growth (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). They are also insensitive to anti-growth signals from the tumor suppressor genes, which are signals to tell cells to stop growing (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). Cells within the tumor promote the growth of new blood vessels in a process called angiogenesis. The increased blood supply provides more nutrients and oxygen to further promote rapid growth. As the tumor grows, it begins to compromise the organ and can eventually start to invade surrounding tissue. Cells can break off from the tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, where it can spread throughout the body.
Tumor Cell Type
The pancreas is a large gland comprising of epithelial cells and non-epithelial cells surrounded by connective tissue. According to Dlugasch and Story (2020), all interior linings (such as ducts) are made up of epithelial tissue. Mr. JC has cancer of the epithelial tissue of the pancreas.
References
Dlugasch, L., & Story, L. (2020). Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse. Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Luo, G., Jin, K., Deng, S., Cheng, H., Fan, Z., Gong, Y., Qian, Y., Huang, Q., Ni, Q., Liu, C., & Yu, X. (2021). Roles of ca19-9 in pancreatic cancer: Biomarker, predictor and promoter. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Reviews on Cancer, 1875(2), 188409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188409
Orth, M., Metzger, P., Gerum, S., Mayerle, J., Schneider, G., Belka, C., Schnurr, M., & Lauber, K. (2019). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Biological hallmarks, current status, and future perspectives of combined modality treatment approaches. Radiation Oncology, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-019-1345-6
Roalso, M., Aunan, J., & Soreide, K. (2020). Refined tnm-staging for pancreatic adenocarcinoma – real progress or much ado about nothing? European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 46(8), 1554–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2020.02.014
Ruoslahti, E. (1996). How Cancer Spreads. Scientific American, 275(3), 72–77.
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Sample Answer 2 for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
Potential most common sites for metastasis
The case study is of an 82-year-old man with a complaint of abdominal discomfort and a considerable loss of appetite as well as loss of weight, general weakness and frequent nausea. With a diagnosis of ductal adenocarcinoma, a variation of pancreatic cancer, the most common sites when it comes to metastasis would be the lining within the ducts of the pancreas, bones and lungs as well as the liver and lymph nodes (Anderson et al., 2021). These are considered to cover close to 60% of the reported cases of the condition.
What are tumor cell markers
Tumor cell markers are defined as being anything contained in or produced by cancer cells that can provide a descriptive function about the cancer type. This also extends to things produced by other cells within the body that do this as a general response to the presence of the cancerous cells and does not necessarily just have to be the cancer cells reacting (Sarantis et al., 2020). They are ordered for pancreatic patients because tumor cell markers can provide a lot of information concerning the cancer type. For instance, the tumor marker referred to as CA 19-9 and it helps to describe a pancreatic malignant situation.
TNM Stage classification
Using the TNM Stage Classification, the patient in the case study has a cancer classification of T4N1M0 which is considered to be Stage III (Sarantis et al., 2020). There are a variety of reasons as to why classification is important. A simple one is that the staging allows the physician to know how aggressive the cancer is and what the suitable treatment module will be to start with. The treatments for cancer are numerous and choosing an appropriate one early on can go a long way to increasing chances of recovery. It also helps determine if the patient needs palliative care if the cancer is too aggressive at this point.
Characteristic of malignant tumors
Malignant tumors are primarily characterized by having a rapid and uncontrolled growth cycle as well as an increased loss of differentiation, in addition to having poor boundaries as well as the capacity to tear away from the tumor site and move within the body (Anderson et al., 2021). This can be locally or within the blood stream of the patient. Their function becomes altered and they end up invading the surrounding cells as the metastasize and move within the circulatory system meaning if aggressive enough they can extend deep within the body. It can lead to multiple proliferation sites as the cancer spreads throughout.
Carcinogenesis Phase
In the event a tumor metastasizes, the carcinogenic phase at this point will be found in the third stage. This point is referred to as the progression stage and it will see the tumor invade other cells as it moves away from its original site and then subsequently spreads (Principe et al., 2021). It will have increased resistance to pharmacological interventions and is deemed the last stage. It is irreversible.
Tissue Level
With regards to the case in question, the tissue level that has been affected would be the epithelial tissue (Principe et al., 2021). The categorization of the tumor under adenocarcinoma is what shows that the epithelium is what is most affected.
References
Anderson, E. M., Thomassian, S., Gong, J., Hendifar, A., & Osipov, A. (2021). Advances in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treatment. Cancers, 13(21), 5510.
Principe, D. R., Underwood, P. W., Korc, M., Trevino, J. G., Munshi, H. G., & Rana, A. (2021). The current treatment paradigm for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and barriers to therapeutic efficacy. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, 688377.
Sarantis, P., Koustas, E., Papadimitropoulou, A., Papavassiliou, A. G., & Karamouzis, M. V. (2020). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Treatment hurdles, tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. World journal of gastrointestinal oncology, 12(2), 173.
Case Study – Ductal Adenocarcinoma .docx
Sample Answer 3 for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion
Case study: J.C. is an 82-year-old white man whom a GI specialist evaluated due to abdominal discomfort, loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, and occasional nausea.
- Please name the potential most common sites for metastasis on J.C. and why.
The liver is highly prone to metastasis, as observed in the case of Mr. J.C. He exhibited various symptoms related to multiple organs in his body. The patient experienced symptoms such as overall body weakness, reduced appetite, and frequent nausea, which indicated the presence of metastasis in J.C.’s peritoneum region. Furthermore, J.C. received a diagnosis of pancreatic cancer, a malignancy that predominantly metastasizes to the liver due to its high perfusion. Since the liver and lungs are the primary destinations for substances transported throughout the body, they are also highly probable sites for metastasis because tumor cells are carried to other organs and tissues via the bloodstream (Mizrahi et al., 2020). Adrenal glands and bones may be affected. Mr. J.C.’s brain was affected, leading to symptoms such as nausea and overall physical weakness.
- What are tumor cell markers, and why are tumor cell markers ordered for a patient with pancreatic cancer?
Tumor cell markers are the components found within cancer cells. These molecules are naturally present in the body, but their levels increase during the onset of cancer. Furthermore, when non-cancerous cells offer information on specific cancer kinds and are curable with different medicines, organs react favorably to therapy. Cancer is characterized by abnormal cell growth, leading to an increase in the production of certain protein molecules. As a result, screening tests for pancreatic cancer often include the measurement of tumor cell markers in individuals suspected of having cancer. According to Yang et al. (2021), the markers are unique to organs, with CA-19-19 associated with pancreatic cancer. Typically, they are included in the primary diagnosis as readily identifiable symptoms characterize pancreatic cancer. Another factor favoring cell markers is their capacity to differentiate between non-cancerous pancreatic conditions and malignant tumor growth.
- Based on the case study described, proceed to classify the tumor based on the TNM Stage classification. Why is this classification important?
The TNM staging system is determined by evaluating the size of the tumor, its involvement with nearby lymph nodes, and the presence of metastasis. The following describes these factors:
- T-Tumor. The tumor classification provides insight into the influence of tumors on neighboring cells. According to the case of Mr. J.C., the cancer has reached a significant size and has extended to the surrounding cells. In this case, T0 causes a dent, gradually enlarging and invading large anatomical structures. In the study conducted by Park et al. (2021), it was found that the T0 invasion extended to the subserosa and muscularis propria. Due to the tumor’s size exceeding 2 cm in diameter, it metastasized to the lymph nodes.
- N-Nodes. The malignant area is ultimately linked to the tumors (Pereira et al., 2020). The lymph nodes play a crucial role in the body’s filtration process, as they absorb bodily fluids from capillaries, preventing them from reaching the lymph nodes. This case study observed that Mr. J.C. presented with an N1 due to the involvement of three regional nodes.
- M-Metastasis. It was clear that Mr. J.C. had a primary tumor that had spread extensively throughout the tumor in this case. After applying beyond the lymph nodes, Mr. J.C.’s cancer extended to other regions. Mr. J.C. exhibited diverse symptoms, clearly indicating their widespread nature. According to Mr. J.C., the metastatic stage designation is M0. Understanding the potential effects of an illness on an organism is essential for its classification. The method is of utmost importance as it is straightforward and facilitates the classification of cancer patients. Based on the information provided, it is likely that the patient’s cancer has progressed to stage IV. Proper staging is crucial to establish the most effective treatment strategy and accurately assess the patient’s long-term outlook. Furthermore, the survival rate of patients with advanced cancer is significantly lower due to metastasis. As a result, chemotherapy is often the preferred treatment method over surgery (Pereira et al., 2020).
- Discussed characteristics of malignant tumors regarding their cells, growth, and ability to spread.
Metastasis and uncontrolled cell division are defining features of malignant tumors. The aberrant cell division altered cellular attributes, such as morphology and nuclear dimensions. The dissemination of malignant cells might affect other bodily organs. Suppressor genes execute the body’s mechanisms for controlling cell division, therefore causing the genes to become impaired (Yang et al., 2021).
- Describe the carcinogenesis phase when a tumor metastasizes.
The process of carcinogenesis consists of four distinct stages: initiation, promotion, malignant conversion, and tumor progression (Park et al., 2021). The method of malignant conversion leads to the transformation of tumors into malignant forms. As a consequence, it leads to metastasis. It is worth noting that malignant tumors are frequently associated with metastasis.
- Choose the tissue level that is affected by the patient discussed above: Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, or Neural. Support your answer.
As previously mentioned, Mr. J.C. is currently diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Consisting of epithelial tissue, the pancreas is enveloped by simple, cuboidal, and stratified epithelium. The affected regions of the pancreas dictate epithelial tissue type alterations (Mizrahi et al., 2020). In conclusion, Mr. J.C. is suffering from an advanced pancreatic malignant tumor, which poses challenges in its management. Understanding cancer staging is crucial for care professionals to enhance treatment options.
References
Mizrahi, J., Surana, R., Valle, J. W., & Shroff, R. T. (2020). Pancreatic cancer. The Lancet, 395(10242), 2008–2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30974-0
Park, W., Chawla, A., & O’Reilly, E. M. (2021). Pancreatic cancer. JAMA, 326(9), 851. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.13027
Pereira, S. P., Oldfield, L., Ney, A., Hart, P. A., Keane, M. G., Pandol, S. J., Li, D., Greenhalf, W., Jeon, C. Y., Koay, E. J., Almario, C. V., Halloran, C., Lennon, A. M., & Costello, E. (2020). Early detection of pancreatic cancer. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 5(7), 698–710. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-1253(19)30416-9
Yang, J., Xu, R., Wang, Y., Qiu, J., Ren, B., & You, L. (2021). Early screening and diagnosis strategies of pancreatic cancer: a comprehensive review. Cancer Communications, 41(12), 1257–1274. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12204