NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
Severity Asthma Attack Classification
According to the presented information in the case study, the asthma attack experienced by D.R. can be categorized as moderate persistent asthma. Typically, moderate persistent asthma is commonly used for describing patients whose symptoms are not controlled accordingly, especially on the lower inhaled corticosteroid dosage (Holland, 2019). Through moderate persistent asthma, severe asthma symptoms are likely to rise daily and approximately at night weekly. Significantly most individuals diagnosed with moderate persistent asthma have normal lung functioning is approximately 60 up to 80% when no treatment is administered though much function is regained when treatment is administered (Holland, 2019). For this case, the classification was influenced by the frequency of symptoms since D.R. was encountering significant symptoms daily. Additionally, the night awakenings is another factor whereby D.R. has been experiencing nighttime symptoms for about three nights in the past week contributed to the classification.
Asthma Common Triggers
The common triggers comprise allergens such as pollens and respiratory infections like respiratory infections. Considering the patient’s case, there are likelihood of allergens contributing to the asthma symptoms he is experiencing. This is evident based on how he keeps on complaining of stuffy nose, waterway eyes, and postnasal discharge, which are known to be allergic responses. Regarding the respiratory infection, symptoms comprising breath shortness, cough, and nasal; symptoms reported by D.R in the past for days might confirm this trigger. This is influenced by the notion that these symptoms timings go hand in hand with respiratory infections.
Factors that might be D.R Etiology
One of the factors that might influence asthma exacerbation in D.R. is genetic predisposition. Traditionally, genetic factors are likely to impact the immune system’s response to environmental factors (Ranjbar et al., 2022). The other factor is the environmental exposure. Typically, being exposed to different environmental factors influences asthma development and exacerbation. Considering the patient’s case, the symptoms he presents indicate that the genetic and environmental factors have resulted in his asthma.
References
Holland, K. (2019, January 28). Moderate persistent asthma: Causes, symptoms, and treatment. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/asthma/moderate-persistent-asthma#classification
Ranjbar, M., Whetstone, C. E., Omer, H., Power, L., Cusack, R. P., & Gauvreau, G. M. (2022). The genetic factors of the airway epithelium associated with the pathology of asthma. Genes, 13(10), 1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13101870
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NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
Sample Answer 2 for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Type of Water and Electrolyte Imbalance
One of the water and electrolyte imbalances according to the admission laboratory values if Ms. Brown is hypernatremia. This is a result of increased high serum sodium emanating from insufficient intake of water and dehydration. The other one is hyperglycemia. Normally, this is associated with increased levels of serum glucose, contributing to dehydration and osmotic diuresis. Another one is hyperchloremia connected by increased chloride levels and highly indicates dehydration as it accompanies hypernatremia.
Signs and Symptoms.
Traditionally, hypernatremia is highly manifested with dryness in the mucous membranes, restlessness, thirst, and interfered mental status. Additionally, hyperglycemia signs and symptoms include urinating frequently, blurred vision, fatigue, and exercising thirst. Considering hyperchloremia, this condition is normally asymptomatic though it is connected with dehydration and acidosis. About Ms. Brown’s potassium levels, which in this case is high potassium levels, the commonly presented symptoms comprise fatigue, weakness of the muscles, and cardiac arrhythmias (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).
Suitable Treatment
One of the treatments involves electrolyte imbalance correction and monitoring with proper measures. Another treatment is encouraging the use of intravenous fluid for addressing the dehydration issue and correcting hyponatremia.
ABG indicating acid-base imbalance
Based on Ms. Brown acidosis is indicated by a pH of 7.30. Additionally, metabolic acidosis is indicated by HC03-20mEq/L. moreover, respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis is portrayed by PaCO2 32 mmHg.
Clinical Significance and Anion Gaps
The anion gap refers to the existence difference between the measured cation and anion. Normally, an anion gap is useful for pinpointing possible errors in electrolyte measurements. In most instances, an anion gap that is elevated indicates metabolic acidosis. Significantly, the anion gap’s clinical significance is that it is helpful for metabolic acidosis diagnosis and classification. This helps guide suitable treatment.
References
Cleveland Clinic. (2023, May 11). Hyperkalemia. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15184-hyperkalemia-high-blood-potassium
Pandey, D. G., & Sharma, S. (2023, July 10). Biochemistry, anion gap – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539757/
Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
Pulmonary Function
Classification of Asthma
The data presented in the case study indicate that D.R.’s asthma incident was a mild exacerbation, as described by Martin et al. (2020). His symptoms, which have been going on for four days, include a stuffy nose, watery eyes, growing difficulty breathing, wheezing, exhaustion, coughing, and postnasal discharge. Three times in the last week, he has had symptoms throughout the night, and his peak flow rates are between 65 and 70% of his normal baseline. His symptoms have not improved after self-treatment with regular albuterol nebulizer medication, suggesting a moderate degree of severity and the need for more active care.
Common Asthma Triggers
Inhaled allergens, irritants, respiratory infections, physical exertion, and emotional stress are the most prevalent asthma triggers for individual patients. The case study does not identify D.R.’s particular precipitating factors. His present asthma attack might be triggered by common allergens, irritants, and respiratory infections (Martin et al., 2020). He mentions a stuffy nose and watery eyes, so it is possible that these are contributing factors.
Etiology of D.R.
D.R.’s asthma may have several causes. Environmental and genetic factors both contribute to the complexity of asthma, a respiratory illness. Asthma may develop for a variety of reasons, including hereditary susceptibility, contact with allergens, respiratory infections, and a family history of the condition. As seen in D.R.’s instance, symptoms might increase due to insufficient asthma control, non-adherence to recommended medicine, or delayed treatment during an exacerbation (Martin et al., 2020). In order to effectively treat asthma, it is essential to identify and address these issues.
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Imbalance
According to Ms. Brown’s test results, she has hyperglycemia (412 mg/dL), hypernatremia (156 mEq/L), hyperchloremia (115 mEq/L), and hyperkalemia (5.6 mEq/L) in her blood. People with uncontrolled diabetes often experience a kind of water and electrolyte imbalance known as the hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), as our data indicate (Prabhu, 2023). Extreme dehydration, elevated serum osmolality, and electrolyte abnormalities are symptoms of hyperglycemia syndrome (HHS).
Signs and Symptoms of the Imbalance
Dehydration, as shown in hypernatremia (excessive sodium in the blood), causes excessive thirst and dry mucous membranes; hyperkalemia, on the other hand, may cause muscular weakness, exhaustion, and possibly fatal cardiac arrhythmias (Prabhu, 2023). Serious consequences, such as weakness, exhaustion, and perhaps heart problems, might result from Ms. Brown’s high potassium level (5.6 mEq/L).
Treatment
Taking care of Ms. Brown’s diabetes and the electrolyte imbalances it causes is the best course of action. Rehydration and correction of electrolyte imbalances would be achieved via intravenous (IV) fluid administration. Her high blood glucose levels would be reduced with the use of insulin (Prabhu, 2023). Continuous treatment planning also requires careful monitoring of blood glucose and serum electrolytes.
ABGs Indication
Due to her low bicarbonate (HCO3-) level (20 mEq/L) and low pH (7.30), Ms. Brown is seen to be suffering from metabolic acidosis in the ABGs. The buildup of ketoacids due to insufficient insulin and the metabolic consequences of her uncontrolled diabetes are probably to blame for this acid-base imbalance (Whitmore & Gunnerson, 2020).
Anion Gaps
The anion gap is a numerical metric for evaluating the presence of undetectable ions in plasma. (Na+ – [Cl- + HCO3-]) is the formula for it. Unmeasured anions, such as ketoacids in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), are indicated by an elevated anion gap. Its diagnostic value in determining the etiology of metabolic acidosis and the best course of therapy is its primary clinical relevance (Whitmore & Gunnerson, 2020). Ketoacidosis, a complication of uncontrolled diabetes, may be the cause of Ms. Brown’s high anion gap.
References
Martin, M. J., Beasley, R., & Harrison, T. W. (2020). Towards a personalized treatment approach for asthma attacks. Thorax.
Prabhu, S. R. (2023). Imbalances in Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases: An Overview. Textbook of General Pathology for Dental Students, 111-114.
Whitmore, S. P., & Gunnerson, K. J. (2020). Acid-Base and Electrolyte. Emergency Department Critical Care, 301.
NUR 502 Module 4 Discussion Urinary Function
Renal Function Case Study
Analyzing Acute Kidney Disease
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) are injuries to the kidneys, whether structural or functional, that happen quickly, usually over 48 hours (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). The patient’s serum creatinine level is expected to be elevated, greater than 1.0 mg/dL (Kellum et al., 2021). Acute kidney injury can be classified into three types: pre-renal, intrarenal, and post-renal (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). Based on J.R.’s symptoms over the last 48 hours, pre-renal AKI could be suspected of dehydration caused by nausea and vomiting from food poisoning. If J.R. was presented with flank pain in addition to the fever, post-renal AKI could be suspected due to nephrolithiasis.
The most common AKI is pre-renal AKI (Thapa et al., 2020). Even though the kidney function is normal, a reduced glomerular filtration rate might develop in cases of vomiting or diarrhea because of intravascular volume depletion, reducing renal perfusion. Any acute kidney injury (AKI), whether pre-, intra-, or post-renal, can cause patients to feel weak, dizzy, have an unpleasant metallic taste in their mouth, pale, and sweat.
Risk Factors for Acute Kidney Injury
Mr. J.R.’s age is a risk factor for acute kidney injury. The kidneys grow more fragile as we age, making the elderly more prone to renal injury. Another risk factor is volume depletion. Dehydration caused by gastroenteritis causes fluid loss and the kidneys cannot recycle as much fluid for the body. A decrease in the body’s fluid balance leads to a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which in turn causes kidney damage (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). An inadequate capacity for reabsorption exacerbates the excessive loss of gastrointestinal fluids due to diarrhea through the stomach. The patient’s pre-renal water loss was significantly impacted by severe nausea and vomiting and diarrhea.
Chronic Kidney Disease
Among the hematologic complications including coagulopathy and anemia, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a slower rate of blood clot production and a greater rate of blood clot breakdown. For platelet growth, the body secretes ADP and serotonin. While endothelial von Willebrand factor is primarily responsible for coagulopathy in CKD, intrinsic platelet defects hinder the adhesion of platelet glycoprotein receptors. Anemia induced by chronic kidney disease often results from a deficiency of erythropoietin.
The hormone erythropoietin controls the production of RBCs in the bone marrow. It is produced by the liver during pregnancy but is secreted by the kidneys after birth. In reaction to reduced oxygen delivery, erythropoietin stimulates kidney production, which interacts with receptors on RBC progenitor cells to release mature red blood cells into the bloodstream. This function is hindered by chronic kidney disease. J.R. stated that he had a metallic taste in his mouth which is consistent with chronic kidney disease (Dlugasch & Story, 2020).
Reproductive Function Case Study
Clinical Manifestations and Examination
Based on the symptoms listed, the most significant diagnosis is pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The vaginal and cervix bacterial flora caused an ascending infection. Because the patient has been suffering from untreated gonorrhea for days, the bacteria that cause PID have been spread. Eight days earlier, the patient reported engaging in vaginal intercourse without protection. Typically, it takes 2–5 days from contact with the bacteria until symptoms appear. Standard microscopic features of Neisseria gonorrhea include (+) white blood cells and (+) gram-negative intracellular diplococci. Lower stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, and heavy and thick, greenish-yellow color discharge are critical clinical signs in severe PID secondary to gonorrhea. When the infection has progressed a bit further, nausea and vomiting may appear.
Microorganisms Involved
A microscopic examination would reveal the presence of gram-negative intracellular diplococci bacterium that is caused by Neisseria gonorrhea. If left untreated, this bacterium can spread quickly and become highly resistant to treatment (Chang, 2022).
Criteria for Hospitalization
A young woman who is sexually active presents with pain in her lower abdomen and an excessive amount of vaginal discharge. Microscopic analysis revealed the presence of white blood cells (WBCs). The patient was diagnosed with PID and requires treatment of intravenous antibiotics. These results warrant prompt admission and the start of empirical treatment because the patient could develop a tubo-ovarian abscess which is known to cause infertility and scarring of the fallopian tubes (Dlugasch & Story, 2020).
References
Chang, A. L. (2022). Pelvic inflammatory Disease (PID). https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true%26AuthType=ip,sso&db=ers&AN=86194415&site=eds-live
Dlugasch, L., & Story, L. (2020). Applied pathophysiology for the advanced practice nurse (1st ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning
Kellum, J. A., Romagnani, P., Ashuntantang, G., Ronco, C., Zarbock, A., & Anders, H.-J. (2021). Acute kidney injury. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-021-00284-z
Thapa, P., Kc, S., Hamal, A. B., Sharma, D., Khadka, S., Karki, N., Jaishi, B., Tiwari, P. S., Vaidya, A., & Karki, A. (2020). Prevalence of Acute Kidney Injury in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis. JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical Association, 58(228), 554–559. https://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.5147