NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
Severity Asthma Attack Classification
According to the presented information in the case study, the asthma attack experienced by D.R. can be categorized as moderate persistent asthma. Typically, moderate persistent asthma is commonly used for describing patients whose symptoms are not controlled accordingly, especially on the lower inhaled corticosteroid dosage (Holland, 2019). Through moderate persistent asthma, severe asthma symptoms are likely to rise daily and approximately at night weekly. Significantly most individuals diagnosed with moderate persistent asthma have normal lung functioning is approximately 60 up to 80% when no treatment is administered though much function is regained when treatment is administered (Holland, 2019). For this case, the classification was influenced by the frequency of symptoms since D.R. was encountering significant symptoms daily. Additionally, the night awakenings is another factor whereby D.R. has been experiencing nighttime symptoms for about three nights in the past week contributed to the classification.
Asthma Common Triggers
The common triggers comprise allergens such as pollens and respiratory infections like respiratory infections. Considering the patient’s case, there are likelihood of allergens contributing to the asthma symptoms he is experiencing. This is evident based on how he keeps on complaining of stuffy nose, waterway eyes, and postnasal discharge, which are known to be allergic responses. Regarding the respiratory infection, symptoms comprising breath shortness, cough, and nasal; symptoms reported by D.R in the past for days might confirm this trigger. This is influenced by the notion that these symptoms timings go hand in hand with respiratory infections.
Factors that might be D.R Etiology
One of the factors that might influence asthma exacerbation in D.R. is genetic predisposition. Traditionally, genetic factors are likely to impact the immune system’s response to environmental factors (Ranjbar et al., 2022). The other factor is the environmental exposure. Typically, being exposed to different environmental factors influences asthma development and exacerbation. Considering the patient’s case, the symptoms he presents indicate that the genetic and environmental factors have resulted in his asthma.
References
Holland, K. (2019, January 28). Moderate persistent asthma: Causes, symptoms, and treatment. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/asthma/moderate-persistent-asthma#classification
Ranjbar, M., Whetstone, C. E., Omer, H., Power, L., Cusack, R. P., & Gauvreau, G. M. (2022). The genetic factors of the airway epithelium associated with the pathology of asthma. Genes, 13(10), 1870. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes13101870
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Sample Answer 2 for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Type of Water and Electrolyte Imbalance
One of the water and electrolyte imbalances according to the admission laboratory values if Ms. Brown is hypernatremia. This is a result of increased high serum sodium emanating from insufficient intake of water and dehydration. The other one is hyperglycemia. Normally, this is associated with increased levels of serum glucose, contributing to dehydration and osmotic diuresis. Another one is hyperchloremia connected by increased chloride levels and highly indicates dehydration as it accompanies hypernatremia.
Signs and Symptoms.
Traditionally, hypernatremia is highly manifested with dryness in the mucous membranes, restlessness, thirst, and interfered mental status. Additionally, hyperglycemia signs and symptoms include urinating frequently, blurred vision, fatigue, and exercising thirst. Considering hyperchloremia, this condition is normally asymptomatic though it is connected with dehydration and acidosis. About Ms. Brown’s potassium levels, which in this case is high potassium levels, the commonly presented symptoms comprise fatigue, weakness of the muscles, and cardiac arrhythmias (Cleveland Clinic, 2023).
Suitable Treatment
One of the treatments involves electrolyte imbalance correction and monitoring with proper measures. Another treatment is encouraging the use of intravenous fluid for addressing the dehydration issue and correcting hyponatremia.
ABG indicating acid-base imbalance
Based on Ms. Brown acidosis is indicated by a pH of 7.30. Additionally, metabolic acidosis is indicated by HC03-20mEq/L. moreover, respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis is portrayed by PaCO2 32 mmHg.
Clinical Significance and Anion Gaps
The anion gap refers to the existence difference between the measured cation and anion. Normally, an anion gap is useful for pinpointing possible errors in electrolyte measurements. In most instances, an anion gap that is elevated indicates metabolic acidosis. Significantly, the anion gap’s clinical significance is that it is helpful for metabolic acidosis diagnosis and classification. This helps guide suitable treatment.
References
Cleveland Clinic. (2023, May 11). Hyperkalemia. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15184-hyperkalemia-high-blood-potassium
Pandey, D. G., & Sharma, S. (2023, July 10). Biochemistry, anion gap – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539757/
Sample Answer 3 for NUR 502 Module 3 Discussion Pulmonary Function
According to the case study information, how would you classify the severity of a D.R. asthma attack?
D.R.’s appearance indicates a moderate to severe asthma exacerbation. His symptoms, which include shortness of breath, wheezing, exhaustion, coughing, and nasal symptoms, suggest severe bronchoconstriction and airway inflammation. The daily monitoring of peak flow rates ranging from 65-70% of his baseline, particularly in the morning, indicates inadequate airflow. The transition to frequent albuterol nebulizer therapy, despite past use of an albuterol inhaler, suggests an unsatisfactory response to normal treatment, indicating a deteriorating asthma exacerbation (Kabundji et al., 2023). The continuation of evening symptoms and the necessity for more intensive therapy highlight the severity of the aggravation.
Name the most common triggers for asthma in any given patients and specify in your answer which ones you consider applied to D.R. in the case study.
Common asthma causes include allergies, respiratory illnesses, exercise, air pollution, and irritants. In D.R.’s instance, potential triggers include airborne allergens, which cause nose symptoms and respiratory distress. The observed wet eyes and postnasal discharge indicate an allergic component. According to Jackson and Gern (2022), the recent respiratory illness may have been a factor in the sudden onset and worsening symptoms. The requirement for more intensive therapy and a decreased response to his regular albuterol inhaler may indicate the presence of numerous triggers, necessitating a comprehensive strategy for managing both allergy and infectious components of his exacerbation.
Based on your knowledge and your research, please explain the factors that might be the etiology of D.R. being an asthmatic patient.
Asthma’s etiology is complex, comprising both genetic predisposition and environmental variables. Genetic susceptibility increases an individual’s risk of having asthma, with family history frequently playing a role. The environmental factors include allergen exposure, such as airborne particles that cause an allergic reaction in vulnerable people like D.R. Respiratory infections, particularly in childhood, can influence asthma development. Kabundji et al. (2023) opine that asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction caused by a complex interplay of hereditary and environmental factors. Understanding these aspects allows for more tailored management options, such as trigger avoidance and appropriate pharmacotherapy, for asthmatic patients like D.R.
Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Homeostasis
Based on Ms. Brown admission’s laboratory values, could you determine what type of water and electrolyte imbalance does she have?
Ms. Brown’s laboratory results show hyperglycemia, hypernatremia, and hyperchloremia, which suggests a hyperosmolar hyperglycemic condition (HHS). The increased serum glucose level of 412 mg/dL indicates uncontrolled diabetes, which contributes to osmotic diuresis. Serum salt and chloride levels are significantly high, indicating severe dehydration and a mainly hyperosmolar condition (Prabhu, 2023). The high potassium level could be the result of cell dehydration. Overall, Ms. Brown has the complicated electrolyte and fluid imbalances typical of HHS.
Describe the signs and symptoms to the different types of water imbalance and described clinical manifestations she might exhibit with the potassium level she has.
Ms. Brown’s hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity can cause severe dehydration, such as dry mucous membranes, decreased skin turgor, and hypotension. Neurological symptoms associated with hypernatremia may include disorientation and fatigue. Elevated potassium levels (5.6 mEq/L) can cause mild hyperkalemia symptoms such as muscle weakness and palpitations (Umpierrez, 2020). However, the severity of hyperkalemia-related symptoms varies, and Ms. Brown’s presentation could include mild indications as a result of the modest elevation in serum potassium.
In the specific case presented, what would be the most appropriate treatment for Ms. Brown, and why?
Ms. Brown’s case requires a holistic strategy that addresses her hyperglycemia, dehydration, and electrolyte abnormalities. To treat her acute dehydration and hypernatremia, she requires immediate IV fluid resuscitation with isotonic saline. Concurrent insulin therapy should be initiated to control hyperglycemia and improve glucose utilization. Frequent monitoring of electrolytes, particularly sodium and potassium, is required to guide the gradual correction of imbalances (Simonetti et al., 2023). Given the potential of cerebral edema with quick changes, Ms. Brown’s overall safety and recovery depend on a cautious and controlled correction of hypernatremia and hyperosmolarity.
What do the ABGs from Ms. Brown indicate regarding her acid-base imbalance?
Ms. Brown’s arterial blood gas (ABG) readings indicate metabolic acidosis, with a low pH of 7.30 and a bicarbonate level of 20 mEq/L. Based on Prabhu’s (2023) recommendations, this acid-base imbalance is most likely caused by the acute dehydration and hyperosmolarity that accompany hyperglycemia in the context of her diabetes. The respiratory component, with a PaCO2 of 32 mmHg, is comparatively compensatory, representing the respiratory reaction to metabolic acidosis.
Based on your readings and your research, define and describe Anion Gaps and its clinical significance.
The anion gap is a computed parameter that represents the difference between the measured cations (sodium and potassium) and anions (chloride and bicarbonate) in serum. An enlarged anion gap indicates the existence of unmeasured anions, which is commonly associated with metabolic acidosis (Sun et al., 2020). Clinically, anion gap analysis helps to identify various acid-base diseases and guides diagnostic tests. Conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis can enlarge the gap, revealing important information about the underlying pathophysiology and guiding effective therapeutic interventions.
References
Kabundji, D., Eyassu, M., Musonda, J., & Musekiwa, A. (2023). Severity of and associated triggers for acute asthma attack in patients presenting to an emergency department. General Practitioner, 4(2), 66–72. https://doi.org/10.36303/sagp.0165
Jackson, D. J., & Gern, J. E. (2022). Rhinovirus Infections and Their Roles in Asthma: Etiology and Exacerbations. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 10(3), 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2022.01.006
Prabhu, S. R. (2023). Imbalances in fluids and electrolytes, Acids and bases: An overview. Textbook of General Pathology for Dental Students, 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31244-1_14
Umpierrez, G. E. (2020). Hyperglycemic crises: Diabetic ketoacidosis and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state. Diabetes Complications, Comorbidities and Related Disorders, 595–614. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36694-0_21
Simonetti, G. D., Lava, S. A. G., Milani, G. P., & Bianchetti, M. G. (2023). Differential diagnosis and management of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders. Pediatric Kidney Disease, 905–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11665-0_34
Sun, T., Cai, C., Shen, H., Yang, J., Guo, Q., Zhang, J., Zhang, B., Ding, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Anion Gap Was Associated with Inhospital Mortality and Adverse Clinical Outcomes of Coronary Care Unit Patients. BioMed Research International, 2020, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4598462