NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion
ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 5 Discussion
Gastrointestinal Function: Definition of Constipation and Risk Factors
Hard, dry stools and irregular or painful bowel motions are symptoms of constipation. Inadequate fiber consumption, dehydration, inactivity, some medications (such as antacids and opioids), ignoring the need to defecate, changes in routine or lifestyle, and medical conditions like hypothyroidism or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are all risk factors that contribute to constipation (McRae, 2020). According to my personal experience, constipation may be better managed by increasing fiber consumption (via fruits, vegetables, and whole grains), keeping hydrated, and sticking to an exercise regimen.
Clinical Manifestations of Constipation in R.H.
Constipation is likely the cause of R.H.’s symptoms, which include infrequent bowel movements, firm stools, and difficulties starting bowel motions with extended straining. The need for three pillows to sleep upright and the presence of bloating might also point to a connection with constipation. Although not stated in the case study, other symptoms that are often linked to constipation include pain in the abdomen, a sensation that the stool is not completely passing out, and even tiny quantities of blood that may be caused by straining (McRae, 2020). For an all-encompassing evaluation and treatment strategy, it is essential to recognize these signs.
Possibility of Anemia as a Complication
From the information given in the case study, anemia is one possible adverse effect of chronic constipation. Anemia may develop over time as a result of hemorrhoids or anal fissures caused by persistent constipation, which in turn cause gradual, chronic blood loss. It is essential to rule out other medical issues or dietary deficits as possible causes of anemia. If R.H.’s anemia is a consequence of his constipation, a complete assessment, including blood testing, is required to confirm or rule it out, as described by Werth & Christopher (2021). In my opinion, general health and wellness must deal with constipation and its related difficulties as soon as possible by making lifestyle changes and using the right medical treatment.
Endocrine Function: Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Clinical Manifestations
C.B., a member of the Winnebago Indian tribe, is one of several Native Americans whose diabetes mellitus is more common than the national average. African-Americans, Hispanics, and Asian-Americans are among other groups who have a higher risk (Avilés-Santa et al., 2020). Varieties in genetics, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status may explain the observed prevalence differences. For early identification and treatment, it is critical to identify groups with a greater risk.
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is the most likely diagnosis based on C.B.’s symptoms. Her left foot has recently become weak and numb, and she has an increased need to pee at night, all of which point to uncontrolled hyperglycemia impacting her circulatory and neurological systems. The metabolic alterations associated with diabetes are also supported by the weight increase, particularly in the last six months (Avilés-Santa et al., 2020). These symptoms, together with her three-year history of high cholesterol and blood sugar, highlight the need for prompt management to avoid consequences linked to uncontrolled diabetes.
Glycemia Values in the Context of Bacterial Pneumonia
Due to the stress reaction induced by the illness, C.B.’s glycemia readings may rise if she were to get bacterial pneumonia. Pneumonia and other infections may cause an upregulation of insulin resistance and consequent increases in blood glucose levels due to the release of catecholamines and cortisol, which are hormones that work to regulate blood sugar levels (Eshwara et al., 2020). Keeping an eye on her glycemic levels while she is sick is essential, and she may need to make some changes to her diabetes treatment plan to get it under control enough to avoid problems.
Non-Pharmacologic and Pharmacologic
It is recommended that non-pharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies be included in the first therapy for C.B. Modifications to one’s way of life, such as eating a balanced diet with a focus on limiting carbs, increasing physical activity, and regulating one’s weight, would constitute non-pharmacologic interventions. For self-management to be successful, it is vital to monitor glucose levels continuously and check blood sugar levels regularly (Eshwara et al., 2020). Insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs may be part of her pharmacologic treatment plan for her hyperglycemia. C.B. and her healthcare professionals must work together to develop a personalized strategy that targets cardiovascular risk factors in addition to glycemic management. The key to effective treatment is educating patients on the significance of taking their medicines as prescribed and making other lifestyle adjustments.
References
Avilés-Santa, M. L., Monroig-Rivera, A., Soto-Soto, A., & Lindberg, N. M. (2020). Current state of diabetes mellitus prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Latin America: challenges and innovative solutions to improve health outcomes across the continent. Current diabetes reports, 20, 1-44.
Eshwara, V. K., Mukhopadhyay, C., & Rello, J. (2020). Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults: An update. The Indian journal of medical research, 151(4), 287.
McRae, M. P. (2020). Effectiveness of fiber supplementation for constipation, weight loss, and supporting gastrointestinal function: a narrative review of meta-analyses. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 19(1), 58-64.
Werth, B. L., & Christopher, S. A. (2021). Potential risk factors for constipation in the community. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 27(21), 2795.
NUR 502 Module 6 Discussion STU
Musculoskeletal Function
Osteoarthritis vs Osteoarthrosis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility. Osteoarthrosis (OA) and other degenerative joint alterations (such as degenerative disc disease) fall under the umbrella term of osteoarthrosis. The breadth of degenerative joint changes is what distinguishes osteoarthrosis from OA; the former primarily pertains to cartilage deterioration in the joints, while the latter covers a more generalized set of symptoms (Allen et al., 2022). The basic symptoms of osteoarthritis are present in G.J.’s case: long-term bilateral knee soreness that is worse with weight gain and certain weather conditions; stiffness that improves with movement; and so on. She is 71 years old, overweight, has a family history of joint problems, has had chronic lower back pain for a long time, and her symptoms have become worse as her weight has risen. All of these things increase the likelihood that she may develop osteoarthritis.
Differences
Although both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) impact the joints over time, the symptoms, diagnostic criteria, and joints impacted by each are unique. Osteoarthritis (OA) is mostly a degenerative joint disease that causes pain, stiffness, and decreased mobility due to cartilage degradation and bone abnormalities. It often manifests in the spine, hips, and knees, which carry the brunt of human weight. Osteoarthritis (OA) manifests itself clinically via a slow but steady increase in joint discomfort, stiffness that becomes worse when you sit still and better when you walk about, increased joint size as a result of bone spur production, and reduced mobility (Allen et al., 2022). Physical exam, imaging techniques (such as X-rays), and symptom assessment are the approaches used to diagnose OA. Joint discomfort, swelling, and deformity may develop as a result of inflammation of the synovium in autoimmune diseases like RA. The hands, wrists, and feet are common sites of symmetrical impact on smaller joints. Systemic symptoms such as fever and exhaustion, symmetric joint involvement, rheumatoid nodules, and morning stiffness that lasts more than an hour are clinical signs of rheumatoid arthritis. Radiation arthritis (RA) testing includes imaging scans, blood tests for rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, and evaluation of clinical criteria such as joint involvement and symptom duration.
Treatment Alternatives
For G.J., a comprehensive treatment approach for osteoarthritis should aim to alleviate pain, improve function, and slow disease progression. Physical therapy for muscle strengthening and joint stability, weight reduction for reduced joint stress, and low-impact activities like swimming or cycling for improved mobility without aggravating pain are all examples of non-pharmacological treatments. Orthotic inserts and knee braces are two examples of assistive devices that help lessen the load on the joints. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), cold or heat treatment, and other similar techniques may also alleviate symptoms (Abramoff & Caldera, 2020). Acetaminophen is a potential first-line analgesic pharmacological option because of its minimal risk of gastrointestinal side effects; this is particularly relevant given G.J.’s resistance to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). For targeted pain treatment, you may want to think about using capsaicin cream or topical NSAIDs. When dealing with chronic pain, it is best to take opioid analgesics like tramadol with caution and for short periods of time.
However, they should only be administered with caution and closely monitored because of the hazards of tolerance and dependency. Localized joint inflammation and discomfort may be temporarily alleviated by intra-articular corticosteroid injections. Glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate are examples of disease-modifying osteoarthritis medications (DMOADs), which have conflicting data about their effectiveness in slowing the course of the disease. In extreme circumstances when functional damage is substantial, surgical treatments such as joint replacement may be explored (Abramoff & Caldera, 2020). To track the development of symptoms, make necessary adjustments to treatments, and encourage self-management techniques for long-term joint health, patient education and frequent follow-up are essential parts of therapy.
Handling Patient Concerns
I would start by explaining to G.J. the dangers of osteoporosis and how her age and family history are among the risk factors for the disease. When it comes to preventing osteoporosis, I think it is crucial to make certain changes to your lifestyle. For example, you should avoid smoking and drink too much alcohol. Make sure to do weight-bearing exercises regularly. Make sure to get enough calcium and vitamin D via food and supplements. In order to evaluate her present bone health and direct future treatment, I would also go over the importance of bone density testing, such as a dual-energy X-ray absorption (DEXA) scan, as recommended by Abramoff & Caldera (2020). Osteoporosis prevention and treatment suggestions, including the use of prescription drugs such as bisphosphonates or selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), would be based on her unique risk profile. In order to lessen the likelihood of fractures, I would also advise her on fall prevention measures, such as making sure her house has enough lighting and getting rid of any obstacles that may cause her to trip.
References
Abramoff, B., & Caldera, F. E. (2020). Osteoarthritis: pathology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Medical Clinics, 104(2), 293-311.
Allen, K. D., Thoma, L. M., & Golightly, Y. M. (2022). Epidemiology of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage, 30(2), 184-195.
Neurological Function
Risk Factors for Alzheimer’s Disease
Age, having a family history of the illness, having the apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele, having a history of brain trauma, and specific lifestyle factors including not being active enough, eating poorly, smoking, and being overweight are the most prevalent risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. There is evidence that certain medical disorders, such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and cardiovascular disease, may raise the likelihood of acquiring Alzheimer’s disease. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular function are just a few areas of brain health that these risk factors affect, which in turn contributes to the development and progression of Alzheimer’s disease (Zhang et al., 2021). The specific etiology of the illness is yet unknown. If these risk factors can be identified and managed early on, it may be possible to lessen or postpone the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
Similarities and Differences
The many forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia, are characterized by different symptoms and pathologies. The most prevalent kind of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease is marked by a gradual deterioration in cognitive abilities, changes in behavior, and loss of memory. Cognitive impairment, including memory loss, confusion, and trouble with thinking and problem-solving, may be caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, which is often caused by strokes or small artery disease (Zhang et al., 2021). This condition is known as vascular dementia. Symptoms of visual hallucinations, cognitive fluctuations, and motor issues including tremors and stiffness are shared by Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and dementia with Lewy bodies. Before major memory loss happens, people with frontotemporal dementia see changes in their personality, conduct, and language abilities due to the disease’s impact on the frontal and temporal lobes of the brain. There may be some symptom overlap between dementia categories, however, treatment techniques and prognoses are affected by differences in underlying causes and pathological characteristics.
Explicit and Implicit Memory
Memories that are intentionally and consciously recalled from one’s history are called explicit memories or declarative memories. Tasks like recall and recognition are often used to evaluate this kind of memory, which is associated with the hippocampus and other regions in the medial temporal lobe. Implicit memory, on the other hand, is the ability to automatically retrieve knowledge without consciously recalling it; it is also called non-declarative memory (Ahmadian, 2020). Procedure learning, priming effects, and conditioned responses are common ways that people exhibit implicit memory, which is a shared memory across different parts of the brain (basal ganglia, cerebellum, etc.). Implicit memory functions below the level of conscious awareness and is shown by task performance without explicit recollection of past experiences, in contrast to explicit memory, which depends on deliberate effort and maybe recounted orally.
Diagnosis Criteria
Diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease were developed by the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) to provide researchers and doctors with uniform recommendations. To help in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease throughout its range, from preclinical stages to dementia, these criteria were last revised in 2011. They integrate clinical, cognitive, and biomarker data. The standards stress the need to identify cognitive impairment by means of an all-encompassing examination, which includes testing of language, memory, executive function, and visuospatial ability (Dubois et al., 2021). The criteria also acknowledge the use of biomarkers in confirming the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease, such as amyloid-beta and tau proteins in CSF or detected by neuroimaging. The goal of these diagnostic criteria is to make it easier to spot Alzheimer’s disease early on, which will lead to better treatment options.
Best Therapeutic Approach
A holistic care plan that takes into account C.J.’s cognitive impairments helps her with everyday functioning, and improves her quality of life would be the best therapy strategy. To help her with her memory issues, she may need to engage in cognitive stimulation activities or use memory aides like calendars, lists, or reminders. Furthermore, it is essential to provide C.J. and her family with assistance and information so that they can comprehend and manage the difficulties of living with Alzheimer’s disease. Memantine and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are pharmacological treatments that may be investigated for the management of cognitive symptoms and the slowing of disease development; however, the effectiveness of these therapies differs from person to person (Dubois et al., 2021). To provide C.J. with the comprehensive care she requires, addressing her emotional, cognitive, and functional requirements in the long run, a multidisciplinary team consisting of neurologists, geriatricians, psychologists, and occupational therapists may be formed. To ensure the best possible results and keep C.J. healthy in the long run, it is crucial to closely evaluate her reaction and make modifications to her treatment plan as needed.
References
Ahmadian, M. J. (2020). Explicit and implicit instruction of refusal strategies: Does working memory capacity play a role? Language Teaching Research, 24(2), 163-188.
Dubois, B., Villain, N., Frisoni, G. B., Rabinovici, G. D., Sabbagh, M., Cappa, S., … & Feldman, H. H. (2021). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations of the International Working Group. The Lancet Neurology, 20(6), 484-496.
Zhang, X. X., Tian, Y., Wang, Z. T., Ma, Y. H., Tan, L., & Yu, J. T. (2021). The epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease modifiable risk factors and prevention. The journal of prevention of Alzheimer’s disease, 8, 313-321.