NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review
Grand Canyon University NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review – Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 550 Benchmark – Evidence-Based Practice Project: Literature Review
Practice problems are widespread in healthcare and are linked to adverse outcomes, including workplace incivility, high healthcare costs, and job dissatisfaction. The high prevalence of type 2 diabetes among older adults is a significant nursing problem that deserves much attention from care providers, policymakers, and leaders. Nursing research shows that type 2 diabetes is associated with increased patient visits, increased healthcare costs, and high vulnerability to cardiovascular disease (Cigolle et al., 2022; Evans et al., 2022). These outcomes underline the need for effective interventions at healthcare facilities and communities. Besides, type 2 diabetes inhibits functional performance and independence among older adults (Ahmad et al., 2022). Due to their central role in primary care and change implementation, nurses should explore interventions tailored to improve older adults’ functional capacity and independence. Such interventions are the foundation of healthy living among this unique group, which reduces clinical visits and healthcare costs. The purpose of this paper is to review current, peer-reviewed literature on articles supporting the PICOT.
PICOT statement: In older adults with type 2 diabetes (P), does a twice-weekly tailored physical exercise training program (I), compared to no exercise interventions (C), improve functional fitness and independent living (O) in 8 weeks (T)?
Search Methods
Many research articles evaluating the link between physical exercises and functional ability among older adults are available online. However, many do not fit the criteria for translational research. As a result, specific keywords were used to retrieve appropriate articles from the leading databases such as CINAHL Plus, PubMed, Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Library. Google Scholar was also used due to the ease of access to articles and other appropriate research materials. The keywords and phrases include “older adults with type 2 adults and physical exercises,” “effects of physical exercises among older adults with type 2 diabetes,” “physical exercises and functional ability among older adults with type 2 diabetes,” and “physical exercises and health among older adults.” In the search process, Boolean Operators (and, or, no) help to filter and improve results (Gray et al., 2020). From the above phrases, the operator “and” was used to refine the search process to get better results.
Synthesis of Literature
The articles explore the value of physical exercises among older adults in various dimensions and provide detailed information to support the PICOT. In the first article, Zarco et al. (2021) engaged nine older adults at Adelphi University in a guided exercise program (Essentrics). The primary objective was to examine the perceived benefits of the program as far as physical health is concerned. Typically, Essentrics involve eccentric training and stretching (Esmonde-White, 2023; Zarco et al., 2021). To determine the link between variables, older adults participated in a one-hour Essentrics program twice weekly for a year. Zarco et al. (2021) then conducted focus group discussions with open-ended and close-ended questions on motivation for trying and proceeding with the program and its benefits. Data transcription and thematic analysis revealed that older adults perceived the Essentrics program positively since it improved their functional mobility, balance, energy, and flexibility. These findings support the PICOT by demonstrating the value of physical exercises in improving functional fitness and independence among older adults.
In a different study, Kirwan et al. (2021) evaluated the effectiveness of the Beat It program on anthropometric measures, physical fitness, and psychological outcomes among older adults with type 2 diabetes. Pivotal in improving diabetes management, the Beat It is a clinician-led, twice-weekly supervised group exercise and education program (Kirwan et al., 2021; Kirwan et al., 2022). Participants were 588 older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) from separate locations in New South Wales and the Australian Capital territory. After guiding older adults in the twice-weekly group exercises for eight weeks, Kirwan et al. (2021) collected data on anthropometric measures and physical fitness levels and compared it with baseline data. Height and weight measures were used to calculate body mass index (BMI), while the program’s effectiveness was assessed via paired T-tests. Researchers found a significant improvement in weight, physical fitness, and waist circumference post-program. Based on these findings, physical exercises are a foundation of improved functional fitness and healthy independent living, as the PICOT hypothesizes.
Harrison et al. (2020) focused on the motivators, barriers, and benefits associated with active engagement in physical activity and exercises among urban-community-residing older adults. In this qualitative study, 58 older adults enrolled in Senior Companion and Respite Aid programs in Washington and participating in various physical activities at the community level were enrolled. Researchers collected data on critical variables such as physical activity and exercise levels, food intake, and demographics through focus group discussions. Participants answered a short survey of about 5-8 questions assessing the health benefits of physical exercises among the participants. The thematic analysis demonstrated physical activities as a healthy living approach that prolonged life, increased physical energy, and strengthened the body. Strong bodies and high physical energy are essentials of body fitness and instrumental to independent living among older adults. As a result, the article supports the PICOT by demonstrating the value of physical exercises in improving functional fitness and independence among older adults with type 2 diabetes by increasing physical energy and body strength.
In the fourth article, Syue et al. (2022) studied how physical activity, functional fitness, and life satisfaction are related among community-dwelling older adults. Guided by the hypothesis that higher physical fitness leads to better functional fitness and life satisfaction, researchers conducted a cross-sectional study among 623 older adults in functional fitness and health screen stations in Chi-Yi City. Participants engaged in physical activity exercises of varying intensities, primarily dancing and strenuous household chores, and data was collected via the International Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) form in 2016 and 2017. Multiple tests, such as the curl, chair, and stand tests, were used to assess functional fitness. Data post-study revealed that physical activity increases functional fitness and life satisfaction among older adults. Accordingly, the findings support the PICOT by positively linking physical exercises with better functional fitness, which is the proposed project’s primary objective.
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Comparison of Articles
The four articles’ main similarity is that they evaluate how physical exercises improve functional fitness and independent living among older adults. Their findings are also positive, underlining the significance of physical exercise programs in healthcare facilities and at home for healthy, independent living among older adults with type 2 diabetes. Concerning differences, Kirwan et al. (2021) and Syue et al. (2022) are quantitative, while Harrison et al. (2020) and Zarco et al. (2021) are qualitative articles. The settings where the studies took place, and the intensity and length of physical exercise sessions also differ. Overall, the central theme is the value of physical exercises in improving functional fitness and how older adults perceive them positively. Guided participation is highly recommended for improved outcomes.
In the qualitative articles (Harrison et al., 2020; Zarco et al., 2021), researchers conducted focus group discussions and analyzed data thematically. Kirwan et al. (2021) analyzed the outcomes of the Beat It program, while Syue et al. (2022) conducted a cross-sectional study. Regarding the conclusions, the researchers conclude that interventions focused on promoting and improving physical exercises are essential to increase older adults’ potential for better health and well-being. Governments and care providers should prioritize policies to encourage and sustain such exercises. Limitations include limited generalizability due to a small sample size (Zarco et al., 2021), a lack of a comparison group (Kirwan et al., 2021), a short survey period (Harrison et al., 2020), and the inability of a cross-sectional study to demonstrate the cause-effect relationship between variables (Syue et al., 2022). No controversies have been identified since all researchers found a positive link between physical exercises and better functional ability.
Suggestions for Future Research
Translational researchers find different gaps that should guide future research. For instance, Kirwan et al. (2021) suggested longer-term follow-up studies to establish whether the positive changes from the Beat It program can be maintained beyond the program’s delivery period. Based on the overall findings, another area of future research is the potential risks of physical exercises, considering the frailty of older adults with type 2 diabetes. In this case, their implementers should be guided effectively to ensure that the intensity does not exceed the healthy limit. Another important focus area is whether significant differences exist between rural and urban community-dwelling adults based on their lifestyles and health perceptions.
Conclusion
Nursing literature on interventions to improve health among older adults is extensive. As the reviewed literature demonstrates, moderate physical exercises effectively improve functional fitness and independence among older adults with type 2 diabetes. To achieve the desired results, older adults should be guided and monitored appropriately. Nursing professionals should also ensure barriers and motivators are adequately evaluated to encourage participation in physical exercises and maximize their benefits.
References
Ahmad, E., Sargeant, J. A., Yates, T., Webb, D. R., & Davies, M. J. (2022). Type 2 diabetes and impaired physical function: a growing problem. Diabetology, 3(1), 30-45. https://doi.org/10.3390/diabetology3010003
Cigolle, C. T., Blaum, C. S., Lyu, C., Ha, J., Kabeto, M., & Zhong, J. (2022). Associations of age at diagnosis and duration of diabetes with morbidity and mortality among older adults. JAMA Network Open, 5(9), e2232766-e2232766. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.32766
Esmonde-White, M. (2023). The miracle of flexibility: a head-to-toe program to increase strength, improve mobility, and become pain free. Simon and Schuster.
Evans, M., Chandramouli, A. S., Faurby, M., Matthiessen, K. S., Mogensen, P. B., & Verma, S. (2022). Healthcare costs and hospitalizations in US patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: a retrospective database study (OFFSET). Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, 24(7), 1300–1309. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14703
Gray, J. R., Grove, S. K., & Sutherland, S. (2020). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research-E-book: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Harrison, E. A., Lord, L. M., Asongwed, E., Jackson, P., Johnson-Largent, T., Jean Baptiste, A. M., … & Jeffery, T. (2020). Perceptions, opinions, beliefs, and attitudes about physical activity and exercise in urban-community-residing older adults. Journal of Primary Care & Community Health, 11, 2150132720924137. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150132720924137
Kirwan, M., Chiu, C. L., Hay, M., & Laing, T. (2021). Community-based exercise and lifestyle program improves health outcomes in older adults with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(11), 6147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18116147
Kirwan, M., Chiu, C. L., Laing, T., Chowdhury, N., & Gwynne, K. (2022). A web-delivered, clinician-led group exercise intervention for older adults with type 2 diabetes: Single-arm pre-post intervention. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 24(9), e39800. https://doi.org/10.2196/39800
Syue, S. H., Yang, H. F., Wang, C. W., Hung, S. Y., Lee, P. H., & Fan, S. Y. (2022). The associations between physical activity, functional fitness, and life satisfaction among community-dwelling older adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 8043. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138043
Zarco, E. P. T., Aquino, M., Petrizzo, J., Wygand, J., & McGorry, A. (2021). Perceived benefits of a guided exercise program among older adults. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 7, 23337214211060147. https://doi.org/10.1177/23337214211060147
NUR-550 Translational_research Sample
Translational Research Graphic Organizer
African Americans are disproportionately affected by cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) due to a history of disparity in access to healthcare and poor lifestyle habits. In order to assess the context of health patterns of black-Americans, the following translational research graphic organizer is develop and provide insights on studies conducted that identify the incidences of CVDs among the populations.
| Clinical practice issue of translational Research in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) | The distinction between structured (practical) and unstructured (theoretical) research in clinical trials | Observations (Similarities/Differences) |
Methodology | Basically, the three major types of translational research; translational research 1 (T1) translational research 2 (T2), and translation research (T3) demand the researchers to be directly involved in the study variables in order to achieve the anticipated goal of the project (Spring et al., 2013). In this context, researchers initiate activities by taking full control of the dependent variables of the project during the entire study. The methodologies are thus; T1: Observational studies, Phase I and Phase II clinical trials, Case studies and Randomized Control Studies (RCTs) (Al-Bayan et al., 2017) T2: Phase III clinical trials, evidence synthesis, observational studies, and CVDs clinical guidelines (Spring et al., 2013). T3: Phase IV clinical trials, implementation research, dissemination research and diffusion research. | Methodology as per traditional practices for clinical research vary as per the following; Qualitative: Group discussions, focus groups, observation and individual depth interviews. Quantitative: Population surveys, Audits and Laboratory Simulations | In each of the cases, researches are complex since all are considered hypothesis-oriented in order to formulate the desired clinical decision. Either of the studies require researchers to develop and design methodology by actively taking part in the research process. Contrary to traditional research, translational research are based on experiments that are closely monitored so to answer sets of biomedical questions related to clinical findings on the prevalence of CVDs among black-Americans (Brown et al., 2017). |
Goals | T1: CVDs screening, diagnosis, developing treatments and interventions. T2: Testing the effectiveness and efficacy of the established treatment protocols and interventions T3: Dissemination together with the implementation of research for the selected system-wide change (Spring et al., 2013). | Qualitative: To assess and develop an understanding about the underlying causes as well as reasons and motivations. In addition, the goal is to uncover prevalent as well as trends in thought and opinion about CVDs among African Americans (Shabani et al., 2018) Quantitative: To establish sources of data so as to generalize results as per the given sample to the African American population diagnosed with CVDs. | Traditional research is based on the analysis of human behavior with regard to selected population as well as the discovery of facts related to a given social phenomenon predominant among African Americans. On the contrary, translational research focuses on a health policy that determines health patterns among African Americans with the main aim of implementing an evidence-based practice in a given clinical setting (Al-Bayan et al., 2017). |
Data Collection | Data obtained from population surveys clinical trials, practice-based research networks and population-based interventions. | Qualitative: Data collected through interviews, focused group discussion and the observation of the African American participants (Carnethon et al., 2017). Quantitative: Data collected by measuring the selected variables. | Traditional research is based on data analysis by the use of various tools whereas translational research relates to an interpretation of evidence-based research that can be implemented ins clinical practice. |
References
Al-Bayan, M., Islam, N., Edwards, S., & Duncan, D. T. (2016). Neighborhood perceptions and hypertension among low-income black women: a qualitative study. BMC public health, 16(1), 1075.
Brown, A. G., Hudson, L. B., Chui, K., Metayer, N., Seguin, R. A., & Folta, S. C. (2017). Improving heart health among Black/African American women using civic engagement: a pilot study. BMC public health, 17(1), 112.
Carnethon, M. R., Pu, J., Howard, G., Albert, M. A., Anderson, C. A., Bertoni, A. G., … & Yancy, C. W. (2017). Cardiovascular health in African Americans: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 136(21), e393-e423.
Shabani, A., Shabani, R., Dalili, S., & Rad, A. H. (2018). The effect of concurrent endurance and resistance training on cardio-respiratory capacity and cardiovascular risk markers among sedentary overweight or obese post-menopausal women. Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Sciences, 5(4), 123.
Spring, B., Coons, M. J., Duncan, J., Sularz, A., & Deary, J. (2013). Translational behavioral medicine. Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine, 1992-1997.