NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
ST. Thomas University NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST. Thomas University NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST. Thomas University NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
The introduction for the ST. Thomas University NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
My common diagnosis is heart failure, and my less-common diagnosis is endocarditis. Working in critical care, I’ve seen a lot of heart failure exacerbations but have yet to see endocarditis. Signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF) include dyspnea on exertion or rest, orthopnea, and edema. The patient could also experience weight-gain secondary to fluid retention, bibasilar crackles on auscultation, tachycardia, and hypoxia (Grubbs & Davis, 2019). With endocarditis, the health care provider (HCP) would find signs and symptoms indicative of a systemic infection, such as fevers, chills, arthralgias, malaise, and fevers (Grubbs & Davis, 2019). As the infection progresses, the patient will develop petechiae, anemia, weight loss, a new or worsening heart murmur, and emboli (Grubbs & Davis, 2019).
A detailed history and physical (H&P) are required for both diagnoses. The H&P for HF requires the HCP to obtain a detailed account of underlying medical conditions and functional capacity to exercise (Malik et al., 2022). For endocarditis, the HCP would get a thorough history of any infectious process and note skin changes, such as petechiae. Upon auscultation, the HCP would hear new heart sounds (Gupta & Mendez, 2022).
For diagnosis, there are overlapping studies like a chest x-ray (CXR) and echocardiogram. If there is a strong suspicion of endocarditis, a transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) would be recommended, along with blood cultures (Gupta & Mendez, 2022). The purpose of the TEE vs. a transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) is that the images will be more precise with the TEE due to the proximity to the heart. Positive blood cultures and a positive echocardiogram are required to diagnose endocarditis. For HF, a CXR, echocardiogram, CBC, BNP, CMP, and cardiac catheterization are recommended (Grubbs & Davis, 2019). Interpreting the H&P, imaging, and lab results will assist the HCP in a proper differential diagnosis.
References:
Grubbs, L., & Davis, L. L. (2019). Cardiac and peripheral vascular systems. In M. J. Goolsby & L. Grubbs (Eds.), Advanced Assessment Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses (4th ed., pp. 187–234). F.A. Davis.
Gupta, A., & Mendez, M. D. (2022). Endocarditis. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499844/
Malik, A., Brito, D., Vaqar, S., & Chhabra, L. (2022). Congestive Heart Failure. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430873/
Sample Answer 2 for NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2019). Issues with the cardiovascular systems can impact other body systems and decrease quality of life. As providers, we must recognize the signs and systems of cardiovascular disease to get the patient early treatment. Early detection and interventions can significantly increase the chances of having a positive outcome (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2019). It is essential to perform an accurate health history and physical assessment of the cardiovascular system.
Chest pain is a prevalent symptom that brings many patients into the hospital. However, chest pain alone is not specific enough to make a clear diagnosis. One common diagnosis associated with chest pain is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), and a less common diagnosis associated with chest pain is Myocardial Infarction (MI).
It is essential to utilize the seven attributes of a symptom to differentiate between an MI and GERD. A person with GERD will describe the pain as a burning sensation or pressure in the substernal area (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2019). The pain is worse when lying down and commonly occurs after eating. The person may feel diaphoretic or nauseous (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2019). During an MI, the pain will present as a sudden, sharp pain/ pressure in the substernal region and may radiate to the arm or neck (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2019). The person may be diaphoretic, nauseous, weak, tachycardic, and short of breath (SOB) (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2019). Atypical pain is also seen in an MI; this can include jaw pain, fatigue, indigestion, and upper back pain which is more common in women, the elderly, and patients with diabetes (Goolsby and Grubbs, 2019). A thorough health history, including family history, is also essential.
MI can be confirmed with ST changes on an EKG and elevated troponin levels (Abraham et al., 2019). GERD will not show ST changes or elevated troponin level. These two diagnoses must be differentiated as soon as possible because an MI is a medical emergency where GERD can usually be treated with over-the-counter medication and does not require emergency medical care within the hospital setting.
References
Abraham, A. S., Vinson, D. R., & Levis, J. T. (2019). ECG diagnosis: Acute myocardial infarction in a ventricular-paced rhythm. The Permanente journal, (23)19-001. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/19-001
Goolsby, M. J. & Grubbs, L. (2019). Cardiac and peripheral vascular systems. In Advanced Assessment Interpreting Findings and Formulating Differential Diagnoses. (4th ed., 187-234). F.A Davis Company.
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Sample Answer 3 for NUR 600 Discussion 6.1: Cardiovascular Diagnoses
Cardiovascular disorders are among the health problems that affect a significant proportion of the population globally in the modern world. The disease burden attributed to cardiovascular disorders is high. Patients incur high healthcare costs and decrease in their overall quality of life. Nurses and other healthcare providers must utilize evidence-based interventions to improve outcomes for the affected populations. This paper explores a most common cardiovascular disorder and a least common one and their differentiation.
Hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular disorder. It is characterized by the elevation of blood pressure above 130/90 mmHg. If left untreated, hypertension causes other health problems such as stroke, heart attack, renal failure, and cardiomegaly. Patients affected by hypertension experience symptoms that include nosebleeds, headaches, edema, shortness of breath, vision changes, vomiting, anxiety, seizures, and chest pain (Mills et al., 2020; Oliveros et al., 2020).
One of the least common cardiovascular diagnoses is rheumatic heart disease. It is a complication of heart valves that arises from rheumatic fever. Patients with a history of untreated or poorly treated streptococcal infection develop this condition. The diagnosis is reached when a patient presents with specific symptoms alongside a recent history of strep infection. The most common symptoms include fever, joint pain and swelling, nodules, lattice-like skin rash, chest pain, shortness of breath, and lethargy (Beaton et al., 2022; Marijon et al., 2021).
One of the ways to differentiate between hypertension and rheumatic heart disease is by obtaining comprehensive history from the patient. A patient with hypertension will not have a history of strep infection. The other approach is by undertaking diagnostic investigations such as electrocardiogram. The blood pressure is elevated in hypertension while it is not in rheumatic heart disease.
Overall, hypertension and rheumatic heart disease are some of the cardiovascular health problems with considerable population impact. Hypertension is more common as compared to rheumatic heart disease. They differ based on symptoms and diagnostic findings.
References
Beaton, A., Okello, E., Rwebembera, J., Grobler, A., Engelman, D., Alepere, J., Canales, L., Carapetis, J., DeWyer, A., Lwabi, P., Mirabel, M., Mocumbi, A. O., Murali, M., Nakitto, M., Ndagire, E., Nunes, M. C. P., Omara, I. O., Sarnacki, R., Scheel, A., … Steer, A. C. (2022). Secondary Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Latent Rheumatic Heart Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 386(3), 230–240. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102074
Marijon, E., Mocumbi, A., Narayanan, K., Jouven, X., & Celermajer, D. S. (2021). Persisting burden and challenges of rheumatic heart disease. European Heart Journal, 42(34), 3338–3348. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab407
Mills, K. T., Stefanescu, A., & He, J. (2020). The global epidemiology of hypertension. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 16(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0244-2
Oliveros, E., Patel, H., Kyung, S., Fugar, S., Goldberg, A., Madan, N., & Williams, K. A. (2020). Hypertension in older adults: Assessment, management, and challenges. Clinical Cardiology, 43(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23303