NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU
ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU
Question 1: Drug Therapy Goals for Hypertension and Different Antihypertensive Treatment
One of the goals involve lowering the blood pressure levels. Treatments for lowering the blood pressure levels have depicted that blood pressure reduction pharmacologically through using antihypertensive medications is a suitable strategy for reducing cardiovascular events risks amongst the vulnerable population (Rahimi et al.,2021).
The other goal involves complications prevention. Typically, risks f or contracting varied complications like kidney disease, stroke, heart attack is increased by hypertension. Through the initiation of antihypertensive drug therapy, these risks are prevented as the blood pressure levels is controlled accordingly (Rahimi et al.,2021).
Another goal entails life quality improvement. The patients’ general wellness is improved when hypertension is managed amicably. The adherence to the prescribed antihypertensive drug therapy can contribute to the management of symptoms like fatigue, dizziness amongst other symptoms linked to hypertension, resulting in desirable health outcomes.
Significantly, varied antihypertensive treatment exists. One of them is diuretics. This form of medication is known for eradicating electrolytes and water from the body through promoting urination. The prescription of this medication for hypertension treatment is essential for preventing complications like stroke, heart conditions amongst others. The other one is angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors. These medications are commonly used for hypertension treatment and management, which is coronary disease, stroke, heart failure risk factors. (Herman et al., 2023).
Question 2: Types of Arrhythmias and their Treatment
One of the arrhythmias is atrial fibrillation. Traditionally, atrial fibrillation is the primary form of cardiac arrhythmias. This is commonly experienced as a result of abnormal electoral activity in the heart’s atria, resulting in their fibrillation (Nesheiwat et al., 2023). In addition, tachyarrhythmia is highly associated with this form of atrial fibrillation. The other form is supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Traditionally, this is a form of dysthymia emanating on or over the atrioventricular node (Patti & Ashurst, 2022).
Question 3: Atrial Fibrillation Discussion
Atrial fibrillation is regarded as the common form of cardiac arrhythmia. Normally, this form of arrhythmia can be persistent or paroxysmal. the irregularity of this rhythms have resulted in blood flowing through the heart turning out as turbulent, resulting in the formation of blood clots (Nesheiwat et al., 2023). This can lead to dislodging contributing to stroke (Nesheiwat et al., 2023). Varied risk factors are associated with atrial fibrillation. They comprise high blood pressure, congenital and underlying heart conditions, advanced age and increased consumption of alcohol (Nesheiwat et al., 2023). Predominantly, symptoms for atrial fibrillation varies highly from asymptomatic symptoms like palpations, nausea, dizziness and generalized fatigue. Despite atrial fibrillation being regarded as permanent health condition, treatment such as anticoagulation have been initiated to lower stroke risk in patients (Nesheiwat et al., 2023).
Question 4: Types of Anemia, Causes, Symptoms and Options for Treatment Discussion
Iron deficiency is a form of anemia commonly caused by reduced iron within the body, resulting in reduced hemoglobin production. Symptoms linked with this form of anemia include weakness, pale skin, breath shortness and fatigue (Warner & Kamran, 2023). Option for treatment for this health condition incorporate supplementation of iron and pinpointing the iron deficiency underlying causes (Warner & Kamran, 2023). The other form of anemia is vitamin B12 deficiency anemia. Thus condition is experienced as a result of insufficient vitamin B12 intake absorption useful for production of red blood cells. The symptoms of this form of condition comprise weakness, numbness, complications in walking and fatigue. Predominantly, the condition can be treated through taking vitamin B12 supplementation.
References
Herman, L. L., Padala, S. A., Ahmed, I., & Bashir, K. (2023, July 31). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK431051/
Nesheiwat, Z., Goyal, A., & Jagtap, M. (2023, April 26). Atrial fibrillation – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526072/
Patti, L., & Ashurst, J. V. (2022, August 8). Supraventricular tachycardia – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441972/
Warner, M. J., & Kamran, M. T. (2023, August 7). Iron deficiency anemia – StatPearls – NCBI bookshelf. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448065/
Rahimi, K., Bidel, Z., Nazarzadeh, M., Copland, E., Canoy, D., Ramakrishnan, R., … & Davis, B. R. (2021). Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different levels of blood pressure: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. The Lancet, 397(10285), 1625-1636.
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NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU Sample Response 1
Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders
Describe the goals of drug therapy for hypertension and the different antihypertensive treatments.
Antihypertensive medication aims to decrease cardiovascular morbidity and death linked to high blood pressure by focusing on reducing blood pressure and managing other cardiovascular risk factors. According to Verdecchia et al. (2022), the ideal blood pressure range is systolic pressure less than 120 and diastolic pressure less than 80. The therapy of hypertension includes many categories of antihypertensive drugs, with the most often suggested first categories being angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, calcium channel blockers (CCBs), thiazide-type diuretics, and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). Thiazide diuretics are the primary therapy for hypertension, while chlorthalidone is the preferred option for elderly individuals with osteoporosis. Calcium channel blockers are suggested for all individuals with hypertension except those with chronic renal disease. Dihydropyridines are more effective as vasodilators and are mostly used in the treatment of hypertension. For patients with cardiac failure and prolonged renal illness, ACE inhibitors, along with ARBs, are the recommended antihypertensive drugs. Both groups have similar therapeutic indications and efficacy. As a first line of therapy for hypertension, beta-blockers cannot be utilized until there is a clear sign of heart failure or myocardial infarction.
Describe types of arrhythmias and their treatment.
Arrhythmias are irregular heartbeats resulting from aberrant electrical impulses. They might manifest in the atria or ventricles. Common types of heart rhythm abnormalities include bradycardia (resting heart rate slower than 60 beats per minute), tachycardia (heart rate faster than 100 beats per minute), and supraventricular arrhythmias such as atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (Stavrakis et al., 2020). Ventricular arrhythmias originating in the ventricles may be hazardous and need prompt medical attention. Ventricular tachycardia is a rapid and consistent contraction of the ventricles that may last for a short period or an extended duration. Prolonged duration may result in severe arrhythmias, such as ventricular fibrillation, leading to cardiac arrest and death in a matter of minutes.
Treatments for arrhythmias include medications, surgical interventions, and other techniques aimed at regulating cardiac rhythms. It is crucial to implement healthy lifestyle modifications and seek medical advice if symptoms deteriorate to avoid exacerbating arrhythmias. Typical treatments consist of atropine for bradycardia, adenosine for tachycardia, beta-blockers for fatigue, calcium channel blockers for gastrointestinal problems, digoxin for atrial fibrillation, potassium channel blockers for hypotension, and sodium channel blockers for sudden cardiac arrest (Stavrakis et al., 2020). Treatments such as cardioversion, catheter ablation, implanted cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs), and pacemakers may be required if medications are ineffective. Treatments may restore normal cardiac rhythms and prevent or repair arrhythmias.
Discuss Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is a prevalent heart condition characterized by irregular electrical impulses in the heart’s upper chambers, leading to fast and irregular heartbeats. This arrhythmia may be paroxysmal or chronic, resulting in turbulent blood flow and an elevated risk of blood clot development, potentially leading to a stroke. Advanced age, high blood pressure, underlying respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, congenital heart abnormalities, and excessive alcohol use are risk factors. The symptoms include chest discomfort, palpitations, tachycardia, dyspnea, nausea, disorientation, diaphoresis, and weariness. Treatment options include anticoagulation, rhythm, rate control drugs, cardioversion, ablation, and other cardiac interventional therapies. According to current guidelines, individuals with atrial fibrillation with a CHA2DS2-VASc score of two or above should take oral anticoagulants (Chung et al., 2020). Except for those with moderate to serious mitral stenosis and artificial heart valves, non-vitamin K anticoagulants taken orally are favored over warfarin. Individuals with low CHA2DS2-VASc scores should not use aspirin. Percutaneous left atrial appendage ligation is recommended for patients with atrial fibrillation who are at high risk of stroke.
Discuss types of anemia, causes, symptoms, and treatment options.
Anemia is characterized by a decrease in the proportion of red blood cells, often indicative of an underlying medical condition. The symptoms of anemia can be influenced by various factors, such as its cause, how quickly it develops, and other existing health conditions, especially cardiovascular disease. The primary etiological factor of anemia is erythropoietin (EPO), a renally synthesized hormone that initiates the erythrocyte production process. The typical range of hemoglobin levels in males is 13.5 to 18.0 g/dL, whereas in females, the range is 12.0 to 15.0 g/dL. The normal range for pediatric patients is 11.0 to 16.0 g/dL (Wiciński et al., 2020). Anemia can arise from hyperproliferative or hyperproliferative factors, with the etiology contingent upon whether the corrected reticulocyte count is below 2% or above 2%. Anemias characterized by diminished red blood cell production is categorized into three groups according to the dimensions of the cells: normocytic anemia (MCV 80-100 Fl), macrocytic anemia (MCV>100 Fl), and microcytic anemia (MCV 80-100 Fl). Hemolytic anemia can be caused by many factors, including drug-induced hemolysis, hemoglobinopathies, enzymopathies, membrane defects, and hemolysis occurring both within and outside of blood vessels. Anemia may also result from infections, including PNH, AIHA, and venom from serpent wounds.
Anemia care includes addressing the root causes, such as acute blood loss, dietary inadequacies, bone marrow and stem cell abnormalities, chronic illnesses, and heightened red blood cell breakdown. Treatment includes intravenous fluids, oxygen therapy, and ensuring hemoglobin levels remain above seven g/dL (Wiciński et al., 2020). Oral and intravenous iron supplements are the primary methods used to replenish iron levels, with intravenous iron being advantageous for patients needing a quick rise in levels. Treatment options include hemoglobinopathies like sickle cell anemia, which may need exchange transfusions, blood transfusions, hydroxyurea treatment, bone marrow transplants, and chronic illness management. Antifibrinolytic medicines are used to treat severe bleeding that poses a risk to life.
References
Chung, M. K., Refaat, M. M., Shen, W., Kutyifa, V., Cha, Y., Di Biase, L., Baranchuk, A., Lampert, R., Natale, A., Fisher, J. D., & Lakkireddy, D. (2020). Atrial fibrillation. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 75(14), 1689–1713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.02.025
Stavrakis, S., Kulkarni, K., Singh, J. P., Katritsis, D. G., & Armoundas, A. A. (2020). Autonomic modulation of cardiac arrhythmias. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology, 6(5), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.02.014
Verdecchia, P., Cavallini, C., & Angeli, F. (2022). Advances in the Treatment Strategies in Hypertension: Present and Future. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 9(3), 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd9030072
Wiciński, M., Liczner, G., Cadelski, K., Kołnierzak, T., Nowaczewska, M., & Malinowski, B. (2020). Anemia of Chronic Diseases: Wider Diagnostics—Better Treatment? Nutrients, 12(6), 1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061784
NUR 600 Module 3 Discussion Drug Therapy & Treatments for Cardiovascular and Hematologic Disorders STU Sample Response 2
Optimizing Cardiovascular and Hematologic Health
Drug therapy for hypertension and antihypertensive treatment
The purpose of drug treatment for essential hypertension is to optimize blood pressure to be at least partially within the ideal range to decrease the progression of things like stroke, heart attack, and kidney damage. Antihypertensive treatments, as a whole, are a collection of different kinds of meds, each addressing a specific mechanism to bring down blood pressure (Al-Makki et al., 2022). Among them are diuretics that decrease the body volume and the sodium level to reduce blood pressure and heart rate, which are lowered by β-blockers. In the same way, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) constitute another group that dilates blood vessels and interferes with the renin-angiotensin
Types of Arrhythmias and Treatment
Arrhythmias involve abnormal heart rates, including tachycardias (fast heart rates) and bradycardias (slow heart rates). Treatment depends on the kind and condition of the arrhythmia (Rahimi et al., 2021). Supra-ventricular arrhythmias, including AF, may be treated with drugs to reduce heart rate, such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digoxin, rhythm control drugs like antiarrhythmics such as amiodarone, catheter ablation, or electrical cardioversion. Subsequently, ventricular arrhythmias may need more sophisticated treatments, such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, antiarrhythmic medications, or catheter ablation.
Discuss Atrial fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (Afib) is the most common sustained type of cardiac arrhythmia, which involves the rapid, irregular electrical activity of the atria with the resulting irregular ventricular response. AF is caused by the clots within the atrial cavities, increasing the risk of bleeding. The treatment focuses on heart rate control and thromboembolic prevention goals (Al-Makki et al., 2022). The rate control approach includes drugs such as beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or digoxin. Rhythm control strategies may involve using antiarrhythmic drugs or cardioversion. Besides, with agents such as warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), anticoagulation therapy prevents the occurrence of further strokes.
Types of Anemia
Anemia generally means either a decrease in the number of red blood cells or a decrease in their ability to carry oxygen, which leads to a deficit of oxygen-carrying components of blood. The types of which are, for instance, iron deficiency anemia due to inability to consume or absorb enough of it; vitamin deficiency anemias such as B12 deficiency anemia or folate deficiency anemia; hemolytic anemias whereby red blood cells get broken down too fast; and lastly, anemia of chronic diseases, for example, inflammatory disorders or chronic kidney disease Anemia manifests itself in ways such as tiredness, weakness, lack of breath, and pale skin color (Gado et al., 2022). The course of treatment depends on the sources and may comprise iron supplementation, vitamin supplementation, blood transfusions, and tackling the underlying disease.
In summary, pharmacological therapy of cardiovascular causes and diseases of the blood is aimed to be both effective and have minimal side effects and complications. Besides goals and means of different medications, finding the right therapy for every patient is inseparable. From hypertension to arrhythmias and anemia, comprehensive treatment, which includes drug therapy, lifestyle adjustments as well and procedures when needed, may result in greatly improving the process of curing and increasing the patient’s overall well-being.
References
Al-Makki, A., DiPette, D., Whelton, P. K., Murad, M. H., Mustafa, R. A., Acharya, S., … & Khan, T. (2022). Hypertension pharmacological treatment in adults: a World Health Organization guideline executive summary. Hypertension, 79(1), 293-301. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18192
Gadó, K., Khodier, M., Virág, A., Domján, G., & Dörnyei, G. (2022). Anemia of geriatric patients. Physiology international. https://doi.org/10.1556/2060.2022.00218
Rahimi, K., Bidel, Z., Nazarzadeh, M., Copland, E., Canoy, D., Ramakrishnan, R., … & Davis, R. (2021). Pharmacological blood pressure lowering for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease across different blood pressure levels: an individual participant-level data meta-analysis. The Lancet, 397(10285), 1625-1636. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00590-0
NUR 600 Module 3 Assignment Draft of Project
Draft of Project
Roger Abraham Zaldivar Gutierrez
St. Thomas University
NUR-600-AP3.24/SP2
Dr. Glenda Quinones
March 31st, 2024
Draft of Project
Background: The FDA has approved gabapentin, also referred to as Neurontin, for the treatment of neuralgia postherpetic and seizures with partial onset. Comparable efficacy to carbamazepine and tricyclic antidepressants has been observed in clinical trials (Russo et al., 2022). Additionally, chronic back pain, neuropathic cancer pain, and HIV infection pain are treated with it. While the precise mechanism by which it operates remains unknown, this substance is generally well-tolerated, titratable, and does not necessitate laboratory monitoring. Gabapentin-eligible patients must exhibit a distinct neuropathic pain syndrome.
Objective: The objective of this capstone project is to evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin as a treatment for adult chronic pain (De Leeuw et al., 2019).
Rationale: Neuropathic pain is a difficult condition that can render individuals permanently disabled. Treatment frequently involves a combination of physical and pharmacological interventions. Standard analgesics such as paracetamol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are deemed ineffective, although topical lidocaine patches and capsaicin may provide relief for some individuals (Horne et al., 2020). ‘Unconventional analgesics’ such as antidepressants and antiepileptics are frequently employed in treatment. Gabapentin is commonly prescribed as an initial-line treatment for neuropathic pain; nevertheless, it has been associated with a low rate of effectiveness and a significant likelihood of adverse events (Puljak, 2020).
Design and Methodology: The project will use a thorough literature review design to analyze randomized controlled trials conducted between 2019 and 2024, comparing the effectiveness of gabapentin with placebo among other active therapies for neuropathic pain. Data will be gathered and examined to assess significant or moderate pain reduction. Chi-squared tests will be used for comparison, and findings will be presented simply and academically, including a table showing all outcome measurements (Mathieson et al., 2020).
Expected Results: Gabapentin can alleviate the pain associated with peripheral diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia when administered daily at high doses ranging from 1800 to 3600 milligrams. However, there is limited evidence regarding other forms of neuropathic pain. An adverse effect of a 50% reduction in pain intensity is associated with improvements in function, work, sleep quality, fatigue, depression, and overall well-being (Verret et al., 2020). More than half may encounter adverse events.
Conclusion: Gabapentin is effective for some individuals suffering from persistent neuropathic pain. It is impossible to predict in advance who will gain advantages and who might not. Current understanding indicates that a brief trial is the most effective method of determining.
References
De Leeuw, T. G., Mangiarini, L., Lundin, R., Kaguelidou, F., Van Der Zanden, T., Della Pasqua, O., Tibboel, D., Ceci, A., & De Wildt, S. N. (2019). Gabapentin as an add-on to morphine for severe neuropathic or mixed pain in children from age 3 months to 18 years – evaluation of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and efficacy of a new gabapentin liquid formulation: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-3169-3
Horne, A., Vincent, K., Hewitt, C., Middleton, L., Koscielniak, M., Szubert, W., Doust, A., & Daniels, J. (2020). Gabapentin for chronic pelvic pain in women (GaPP2): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet, 396(10255), 909–917. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31693-7
Mathieson, S., Lin, C. C., Underwood, M., & Eldabe, S. (2020). Pregabalin and gabapentin for pain. The BMJ, m1315. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1315
Puljak, L. (2020). Can gabapentin alleviate chronic neuropathic pain in adults? American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 99(6), 558–559. https://doi.org/10.1097/phm.0000000000001420
Russo, M., Graham, B. A., & Santarelli, D. M. (2022). Gabapentin—Friend or foe? Pain Practice, 23(1), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.13165
Verret, M., Lauzier, F., Zarychanski, R., Perron, C., Savard, X., Pinard, A., Leblanc, G., Cossi, M., Neveu, X., & Turgeon, A. F. (2020). Perioperative use of gabapentinoids for the management of postoperative acute pain. Anesthesiology, 133(2), 265–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/aln.0000000000003428