NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders
ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders
The introduction for the ST Thomas University NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders
Module 4 Discussion
Describe the causes of Upper respiratory infections and drug therapy.
Upper respiratory infections (URIs) are commonly caused by viruses, including rhinovirus, influenza, respiratory syncytial (RSV), adenovirus, and coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV-2. Bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae can also contribute to URIs, particularly in cases of bacterial sinusitis or acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. These infections are typically spread through respiratory droplets or contact with contaminated surfaces. Treatment for URIs is primarily symptomatic, focusing on alleviating discomfort and managing symptoms such as nasal congestion, sore throat, cough, and fever. Over-the-counter medications like analgesics (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen) and decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine, phenylephrine) can help relieve symptoms. Antiviral medicines like oseltamivir may sometimes be prescribed, especially for influenza infections. Antibiotics are generally not recommended for viral URIs but may be considered in cases of bacterial complications or suspected bacterial co-infections (Cheong et al., 2020). Additionally, supportive measures such as hydration, rest, and humidified air can aid in recovery from URIs.
Discuss triggers of asthma and treatment options.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Various factors can trigger asthma symptoms, including allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, mold, and cockroach droppings. Environmental irritants like tobacco smoke, air pollution, strong odors, and chemical fumes can also exacerbate asthma. Respiratory infections, exercise, cold air, changes in weather, and emotional stress are additional triggers. Management of asthma involves both long-term control medications to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms, as well as quick-relief medications to alleviate acute symptoms. Long-term control medications include inhaled corticosteroids (e.g., fluticasone, budesonide), long-acting beta-agonists (e.g., salmeterol, formoterol), leukotriene modifiers (e.g., montelukast), and biologic therapies (e.g., omalizumab, mepolizumab) for severe asthma. Quick-relief medications include short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) to relieve symptoms immediately. Additionally, patients may benefit from allergen avoidance strategies, proper inhaler technique, regular lung function monitoring, and an asthma action plan to manage exacerbations effectively. In severe cases, oral corticosteroids or hospitalization may be necessary (Sharma et al., 2020). Overall, personalized management tailored to each individual’s triggers and severity of asthma is crucial for optimal control of the condition.
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are naturally produced in the adrenal glands and have potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. They mimic the effects of cortisol, a hormone that regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress. Corticosteroids are widely used in medicine for their therapeutic effects in managing various inflammatory and immune-mediated conditions. Depending on the condition being treated and the desired therapeutic effect, they can be administered orally, topically, intravenously, or by inhalation. Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are commonly used to manage asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to reduce airway inflammation and prevent exacerbations. Topical corticosteroids effectively treat inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and dermatitis. Systemic corticosteroids, administered orally or intravenously, are used for more severe inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, inflammatory bowel disease, and certain respiratory conditions like acute exacerbations of asthma or COPD (Zajac, 2021). However, long-term use of systemic corticosteroids can lead to various adverse effects, including osteoporosis, diabetes, hypertension, weight gain, mood changes, and increased susceptibility to infections. Therefore, their use is typically limited to short-term or intermittent courses, and patients are often tapered off gradually to minimize withdrawal symptoms and potential adrenal suppression. Overall, corticosteroids are invaluable in managing various inflammatory and immune-related disorders. Still, their use requires careful consideration of potential risks and benefits and close monitoring for adverse effects.
Describe chronic bronchitis and treatment options.
Chronic bronchitis is a type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to persistent cough with sputum production for at least three months in two consecutive years. It is often caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational dust or chemicals. Chronic bronchitis thickens and narrows the bronchial tubes, leading to difficulty breathing, wheezing, chest tightness, and frequent respiratory infections. Treatment options for chronic bronchitis aim to alleviate symptoms, improve lung function, and reduce exacerbations. Smoking cessation is paramount and can significantly slow disease progression. Bronchodilators, such as short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol) and long-acting anticholinergics (e.g., tiotropium), are commonly used to relax the muscles around the airways and improve airflow. Inhaled corticosteroids may be prescribed to reduce airway inflammation and control symptoms in more severe cases or in combination with bronchodilators. Pulmonary rehabilitation programs, including exercise training, education, and breathing exercises, can help improve exercise tolerance and quality of life (Zhang et al., 2020). Oxygen therapy may be necessary in advanced stages to maintain adequate oxygen levels. In some cases, antibiotics are prescribed during exacerbations to treat bacterial infections. Vaccination against influenza and pneumonia is recommended to prevent respiratory infections. Additionally, lifestyle modifications such as avoiding respiratory irritants, maintaining a healthy weight, and staying physically active can help manage chronic bronchitis symptoms and improve overall lung health.
References
Cheong, D. H., Tan, D. W., Wong, F. W., & Tran, T. (2020). Anti-malarial drug, artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of respiratory diseases. Pharmacological Research, 158, 104901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104901
Sharma, A., Tiwari, S., Deb, M. K., & Marty, J. L. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2): a global pandemic and treatment strategies. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 56(2), 106054. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106054
Zajac, D. (2021). Inhalations with thermal waters in respiratory diseases. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 281, 114505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.11
Zhang, R., Wang, X., Ni, L., Di, X., Ma, B., Niu, S., … & Reiter, R. J. (2020). COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sciences, 250, 117583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117583
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NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders Sample Response 1
Causes and Pharmacotherapy of Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs):
Viral infections, specifically rhinovirus, coronavirus, and adenovirus, are the primary culprits behind upper respiratory infections (URIs), commonly known as the common cold. In addition, influenza viruses play a role in the occurrence of seasonal outbreaks (Ferrara et al., 2019).
Bacterial infections, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophiles influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis, can lead to more severe symptoms and complications, although they are not as prevalent as viral upper respiratory infections. Allergies, specifically allergic rhinitis, can cause upper respiratory symptoms when exposed to allergens such as pollen, dust mites, or pet dander.
Pharmacotherapy:
Alleviation of symptoms: Non-prescription drugs like decongestants (e.g., pseudoephedrine), antihistamines (e.g., loratadine), and pain relievers (e.g., acetaminophen) can alleviate symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing, and pain. Antiviral medications, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu), may be prescribed to lessen the length and intensity of symptoms in cases of influenza infection. Antibiotics are generally not advised for viral upper respiratory infections (URIs), but they may be prescribed if there is a suspicion or confirmation of a bacterial infection, particularly in cases of sinusitis or otitis media (Ferrara et al., 2019).
Triggers of Asthma and Available Treatment Methods:
Allergens, such as pollen, dust mites, mold, pet dander, and cockroach droppings, have the potential to induce asthma symptoms in individuals who are susceptible to allergies.
Environmental factors such as air pollutants (such as smoke, smog, and strong odors), cold air, respiratory infections, and occupational irritants (such as chemicals, dust, and fumes) can worsen asthma symptoms. Physical activity can trigger asthma symptoms, which is referred to as exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) or exercise-induced asthma (EIA).
Possible courses of treatment:
Short-Acting Beta Agonists (SABAs) such as albuterol are medications that rapidly alleviate asthma symptoms by relaxing the muscles in the airways, facilitating easier breathing during an asthma attack or prior to physical activity. Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) are essential medications for maintaining asthma. They have anti-inflammatory properties and effectively reduce airway inflammation, thus preventing asthma symptoms. Examples of ICS include fluticasone and budesonide. Long-Acting Beta Agonists (LABAs) such as salmeterol are frequently utilized alongside Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS) to enhance asthma management. They offer prolonged bronchodilation and alleviation of symptoms. Leukotriene Modifiers drugs such as montelukast inhibit the activity of leukotrienes, which are inflammatory substances implicated in asthma, in order to diminish airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction.
Corticosteroids:
Corticosteroids are artificial medications that imitate the actions of cortisol, a hormone secreted by the adrenal glands.
Due to their powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive characteristics, they are highly effective in treating a range of inflammatory conditions, such as asthma, allergic reactions, and autoimmune diseases. Corticosteroids can be given via different routes, including oral, topical (such as creams or ointments), inhalation (for asthma), or injection (such as intra-articular injections for joint inflammation). Common side effects of corticosteroids include weight gain, fluid retention, high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, bone loss, and increased vulnerability to infections.
Systemic corticosteroids should be used with caution for an extended period of time, and close monitoring is necessary to gradually reduce the dosage and minimize the potential for negative consequences (Hodgens & Sharman, 2023).
Chronic bronchitis and available treatments:
Chronic bronchitis is a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) that is distinguished by inflammation and constriction of the airways, resulting in a persistent cough accompanied by the production of sputum. Possible factors contributing to this condition are tobacco use, prolonged inhalation of environmental pollutants, and repeated respiratory infections (Singh et al., 2023).
Possible courses of treatment:
Smoking cessation is the most crucial measure to take in order to decelerate the advancement of chronic bronchitis and minimize exacerbations.
Bronchodilators, such as short-acting beta agonists (SABAs) and long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs), work by relaxing the muscles in the airways, which leads to improved airflow (Singh et al., 2023).
Inhaled Corticosteroids (ICS): Inhaled corticosteroids are commonly prescribed alongside bronchodilators to diminish airway inflammation and manage symptoms.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation: Inclusive programs incorporating exercise training, education, and support can enhance lung function, exercise tolerance, and quality of life in individuals diagnosed with chronic bronchitis.
Oxygen Therapy: In advanced cases, supplemental oxygen therapy may be required to enhance oxygen levels and alleviate symptoms of hypoxemia.
Understanding the etiology, stimuli, and therapeutic alternatives for upper respiratory infections, asthma, corticosteroids, and chronic bronchitis is crucial for proficient control and enhancing patient results.
References
Ferrara, P., Cutrona, C., & Sbordone, A. (2019). Which treatment for upper respiratory tract infections? Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 41(S2). https://doi.org/10.1186/1824-7288-41-s2-a31
Hodgens, A., & Sharman, T. (2023, May 1). Corticosteroids. PubMed; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554612/
Singh, A., Avula, A., & Zahn, E. (2023). Acute bronchitis. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448067/
NUR 600 Module 4 Discussion Treatments for Respiratory Disorders Sample Response 2
Describe causes of Upper respiratory infections and drug therapy
Upper respiratory infections are viral illnesses of the upper airways. They are caused by numerous rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, enterovirus, and other viruses. According to Smith et al. (2023), there are close to 200 different strains. The incubation time for these viruses is 2–4 days. URIs can cause a common cold, which lasts around two weeks in immunocompetent people and is self-limiting. URI symptoms such as nasal congestion, cough, sore throat, and malaise are immune-mediated responses to viruses. Most treatments focus on symptom relief. Nasal decongestants constrict nasal blood vessels to decrease congestion. Antitussives can control lower cough frequency and severity. Expectorants enhance lung fluid production to lower mucus viscosity, whereas mucolytics break down disulfide bonds in mucus to relieve coughing by simplifying evacuation. First-generation antihistamines can pass the blood-brain barrier and inhibit histaminic and muscarinic receptors, which may affect the brainstem cough center. They block nerve impulses that cause sneezing and mucus production. Antipyretic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities are found in plant-derived aromas (Smith et al., 2023). URIs may significantly influence sleep, work, and well-being. Therefore, therapies attempt to ease symptoms and enhance quality of life. OTC treatments, home remedies, nutritional supplements, and drugs given orally, topically, or inhaled are widely used to treat URIs.
2. Discuss triggers of asthma and treatment options
Breathing becomes difficult due to inflammation and airway constriction caused by asthma, a chronic lung illness. Although asthma triggers may vary significantly from person to person, frequent ones include respiratory infections, stress, exercise, certain medicines, allergens (such as pollen, mold, pet dander, and dust mites), irritants (such as smoking, pollution, and strong smells), and respiratory infections. Effective asthma management requires being aware of and avoiding these triggers. The goals of asthma treatment are to manage symptoms and prevent asthma episodes. According to Sockrider and Fussner (2020), it usually requires both quick-relief (rescue) drugs, such as short-acting beta-agonists, for rapid symptom alleviation during an attack, and long-term control medications, like inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene modifiers, to decrease inflammation and avoid symptoms. Immunotherapy and other allergy therapies may be helpful for those whose allergens aggravate their asthma. In addition, patients with severe asthma may benefit from biologic medicines that target specific immune system components.
3. Discuss corticosteroids
The primary therapeutic applications of corticosteroids, which are synthetic medications with immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory actions, are to simulate the effects of hormones generated by the adrenal cortex. These substances are essential to treating many different types of illnesses in many other specialties of medicine. According to Hodgens and Sharman (2023), because of their potent capacity to inhibit the immune system and decrease inflammation, they are beneficial in treating rheumatic illnesses, skin disorders, autoimmune diseases, asthma exacerbations, COPD, and allergic responses, among other conditions. By preventing the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and other mediators involved in the inflammatory process, corticosteroids act via both genomic and nongenomic pathways to minimize inflammation and the symptoms of the disorders they are used to treat. Depending on the individual patient and the intended course of treatment, they may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or by inhalation. Corticosteroids are widely used and have many advantages, but they may also have serious side effects that call for close monitoring and assessment by medical specialists.
4. Describe chronic bronchitis and treatment options
Chronic bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs that lasts for an extended period and is characterized by a persistent cough and mucus production. Standard therapies attempt to alleviate symptoms while also preventing consequences from occurring. Corticosteroids, which decrease inflammation; bronchodilators, which open up airways; and antibiotics, which treat bacterial infections, are all included in this category (Hoerr, 2021). Oxygen treatment assists patients experiencing severe disease, while pulmonary rehabilitation helps improve lung function. Because smoking makes the situation worse, smokers must give up the habit. It is suggested that individuals get vaccinations against pneumococcal infections and influenza to avoid additional lung damage. These therapies have the potential to dramatically enhance the quality of life for those who are plagued with chronic bronchitis, even though long-term care of the condition is required.
References
Hoerr, F. J. (2021). The pathology of infectious bronchitis. Avian Diseases, 65(4), 600-611.
Hodgens, A., & Sharman, T. (2023). Corticosteroids. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Smith, A., Kardos, P., Pfaar, O., Randerath, W., Riolobos, G. E., Braido, F., & Sadofsky, L. (2023). The treatment of mild upper respiratory tract infections–a position paper with recommendations for best practice. Drugs in Context, 12.
Sockrider, M., & Fussner, L. (2020). What is asthma? American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine, 202(9), P25-P26.
NUR 600 Module 5 Discussion Treatments for Gastrointestinal & Endocrine Disorders
Module 5 Discussion: Treatments for Gastrointestinal & Endocrine Disorders
Question 1: Description of Diagnostic Criteria for Nausea and Vomiting and Treatment Recommendations
Nausea and vomiting are complaints highly encountered in medicine. Normally, these symptoms are primarily linked with poor quality of life and high morbidity (Tome et al., 2022). Nausea refers to an uneasy feeling subjective sensation within the throat preceding vomiting immediately in most instances. Significantly, vomiting is a particular physical event that results in the gastric contents’ rapid and forceful oral expulsion followed by abdominal musculature contraction (Tome et al., 2022). Nausea’s subjective criterial involves the urge to vomit subjective feeling. Contrarily, vomiting diagnostic criteria incorporate gastric contents and forceful expulsion via the mouth (Tome et al., 2022).
Treating nausea and vomiting is essential for desirable health outcomes to be achieved. One of the treatment recommendations involved underlying causes identification and treatment. This can incorporate certain infections or conditions influencing the development of nausea and vomiting (Tome et al., 2022). The other treatment taking fluids and electrolyte replacement. This is a significant approach for controlling dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, promoting desirable health outcomes (Tome et al., 2022).
Question 2: Discussion of GERD, Symptoms, Complications and Drug Management
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is highly termed as heartburn. It is a digestive disorder known for causing a burning and squeezing sensation within the mid-chest (Harvard Health, 2023). Through this condition, digestive enzymes and acid from the stomach flow into the esophagus backward. Significantly, the stomach content flow to the esophagus is termed “reflux” (Harvard Health, 2023).
GERD is manifested by several symptoms. One of the symptoms is heartburn which is a burning or sharp chest pain on the back of the breastbone. The other one is chest tightness. Normally, this pain is likely to result in discomfort influencing people to wake up at night. The other symptom is regurgitation which involves the stomach contents backflow into the stomach (Harvard Health, 2023).
Predominantly, complications for GERD include the barrette esophagus which is the precancerous changes within the esophagus lining. In addition, esophagitis is another complication involving esophagus inflammation.
GERD can be managed pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically. the pharmacological management includes proton pump inhibitors including esomeprazole, and antacids like magnesium hydroxide for relieving symptoms (Harvard Health, 2023). Non-pharmacologically, the condition can be managed through modifying lifestyle. This incorporates avoidance of food and habits leading to GERD (Harvard Health, 2023).
Question 3: Comparison and Contrasting of Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn’s disease is known for affecting the GI tract part right from the mouth to the anus though it is commonly situated at the small intestine end and colon start. In addition, this condition is highly limited to the GI tract and can impact the eyes, skin, liver, and joints. Moreover, it can result in the intestines blockages swelling, and scarring (Kerr, 2021). Symptoms for this condition constitute abdominal pain, constipation occasionally, diarrhea frequently, skin conditions, and fever (Kerr, 2021).
On the contrary, ulcerative colitis is highly constricted to the colon and affects mucosa and submucosa highly. For this condition, inflammation is highly involved in the colon’s lining and continuous inflammation (Kerr, 2021). Symptoms of this condition include loose stools, fatigue, abdominal weight loss, bloody stool, and bowel movement urgency (Kerr, 2021).
Question 4: Discussion 1 of Diabetes, its Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
Diabetes is a long-lasting health condition impacting the body’s involvement in turning food into energy. In addition, diabetes is associated with the body not making sufficient insulin or cannot use it as needed (CDC, 2023). Normally, diabetes can be classified as type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune reactions while type 2 diabetes is caused by the body failing to utilize insulin and being unable to keep blood sugar levels within normal limits (CDC, 2023). Common symptoms of diabetes comprise excessive hunger, excessive thirst, increased urination, wounds taking a long heal, and blurred vision. The treatment for type 1 diabetes involves the administration of insulin therapy while for type 2 involves taking medications including metformin. In addition, lifestyle medications can be embraced for desirable health outcomes to be achieved (CDC, 2023).
References
- CDC. (2023, September 5). What is diabetes?. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/basics/diabetes.html
Harvard Health. (2023, February 2). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/gastroesophageal-reflux-disease-gerd-a-to-z
Kerr, M. (2021, November 12). The difference between crohn’s, UC, and ibd. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/crohns-disease/crohns-ibd-uc-difference#crohns-disease
Tome, J., Kamboj, A. K., & Sweetser, S. (2022). A practical 5-step approach to nausea and vomiting. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 97(3), 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.10.030