NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2
Grand Canyon University NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2 assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2 depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2
The introduction for the Grand Canyon University NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2 is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2 assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2
Explain the pathophysiological development of breast cancer. Detail the varying types and oncogenic influences for each type.
Breast cancer is one of the most dominant in American women and numbers demonstrate that early detection is a key factor for treatment specially for women with hx of familial and are in early 30’s can have a major impact on fighting this cause. Factors that are considered is race- AAW have higher incidence up to 40 y/o. WW have higher incidence after age 40 Relative risk 1.1-1.9, familial- BCA 1st degree relative before age of 60 y/o is 2-3 Risk
Histologic Type BCAs
DUCTS
Papillary- Is well delineated cystic mass varying in different areas of the breast, hemorrhage (+), age 40-60 y/o and skin is often involved.
Intraductal- (+) inflammation, well circular tumor within duct, differentiated tumor cells, rare ulceration is seen.
INFILTRATING CARCINOMA-
Ductal -NST- Fibrous, firm, glistening, and gray-tan mass and chalky streaks, a pattern demonstrates a mixture; client will express a discharge from nipple area- approx. 70-80 % of all breast CA’s will be in this category.
Mucinous- Demonstrates a large usually >3cm, encapsulate, glistening in appearance, variables in color and two type pre and mixed- pure surrounded by mucin- infrequent and usually found in lateral half of breast and usually seen in women after age 70 y/o
Medullary- Capsulated, growth seen on tumor large 7-8 cm diameter, found in lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate: usually seen after age 50.
Tubular- well differentiated, orderly tubules in center (stroma) of tumor, can be associated in non-infiltrating ductal carcinoma.
Adenoid cystic Very rare; well-circumscribed, painless mass arising from nipple and areola.
Metaplastic-Involves cartilage or bone, mixed tumors or osteogenic sarcoma.
Squamous cell Frequent in blacks; originates in ductal epithelium.
Carcinoma of Mammary lobules- Lobular carcinoma in situ Found in individuals with fibrocystic disease; localized to upper breast quadrants; 15%–35% risk of becoming invasive; occurs frequently in mid-40s; infiltrating variety occurs in early 50s Infiltrating lobular.
Infiltrates from duct; firm mass with chalky streaks Paget disease
Eczema of nipple that extends to areola; cancer usually found underneath nipple; poorly circumscribed; large Paget cells arise from duct and directly invade nipple; history of scaly (McCance & Huether, 2018).
Testicular cancer is common in younger men. Upon examination, you discover a hard nodule of the right testes. What are the oncogenic influences associated with testicular cancer?
Testicular cancer is considered highly treatable and even the most aggressive forms of TC, the seminoma all stages combined has a cure of 90%, seminomas low stage non seminoma has a cure of almost 100% (McCance & Huether, 2018). In addition, 90 % of TC are from germ cell tumor gametes and other testicular cancers ate based on seminomas which are least aggressive and consist of 30-35% of cancers, non-seminomas are divided into 3, embryonal canrcinomas, teratomas, and choriocarcinomas- tested by embryo hCG/ AFP, teratomas- hCG, ChorioCa- No increase in hCG/AFP and they are the most aggressive but are less then 1% of all TC. In addition, the neoplasm is unknown but what is known is that increase chances are with brothers, identical twins, and other close familial relatives. Moreover, testicular tumors may be classified by the location in which they are ex. Leydig cell, Sertoli Cell, Granulosa cell, Theca cell, in which they form < 10% of TC. Furthermore, literature study demonstrates that there is familial germ cell tumors that are associated with transgenerational inheritance of epigenetic events in environment, work, and drugs or ETOH use or abuse. Additionally, risk factor are hx of cryptorchidism, prior hx of TC/ and or Cryptorchidism 2’ studies show that 50% of the 1-2% with both TCA’s and Cryptorchid are from treated and untreated cryptorchidism (McCance & Huether, 2018).
McCance, K. L., & Huether, S. E. (2018). Pathophysiology – e-book (8th ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences.
Sample Answer 2 for NUR-631 Topic 15 DQ 2
Menopause comes at different ages for women. What are the changes causing menopause and what are the changes experienced after menopause?
Menopause is essentially the cessation of ovulation and menstruation due to ovarian failure, the age at which it stops is dependent on individual factors and lifestyles. The average age range for menopause is between 40 and 60 years of age. Depending on weight, genetics, and tobacco use, premature menopause can occur before the age of 40 (McCance et.al, 2019). In the years prior to menopause, it is known as the transitional period between reproductive and non-reproductive years, in this phase the menstrual cycle is longer and correlates to anovulatory cycles (McCance et.al, 2019). Changes in hormones such as higher estradiol levels, lower progesterone, and a disturbance in the ovarian-pituitary-hypothalamic system contribute to the years leading up to menopause. One of the first signs is irregular or unpredictable ovulation and/or periods. Some changes that women often experience after menopause include changes in breast tissue, changes to the GI tract such as uterus atrophy, reduced bone mass, increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, vasomotor flushes (hot flashes), lower estrogen levels, and unpredictable changes in mood (McCance et.al, 2019). Management for women with menopause includes support, estrogen supplements, calcium intake, and heart health.
Testicular cancer is common in younger men. Upon examination, you discover a hard nodule of the right testes. What are the oncogenic influences associated with testicular cancer?
Testicular cancer is common among younger men. This type of cancer affects over 90% of young men and comprises of different neoplasms depending on the cell of origin and the age of presentation (Rjpert-DeMeyts et.al, 2023). Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) comprise of seminoma and no seminoma, they are typically derived from germ cell neoplasia in situ (GCNIS). Testicular cancers represent developmental, endocrine, and reproductive problems in young adult men, so it is important to identify the several different oncogenic influences associated with testicular cancer. Studies suggest that individuals with developmental abnormalities of the gonads and sex differentiation (DSD) are at one of the higher risk categories for developing a germ cell neoplasia (Rajpert-DeMeyts et.al, 2023). Other oncogenic influences include low birth weight, Down syndrome, premature birth, high maternal age, late age puberty, and high levels of maternal estrogens (Rajpert-DeMeyts et.al, 2023). The first sign of testicular cancer is usually a scrotal mass with presenting tenderness in very few patients, in a few cases with the same symptoms it can be metastatic, but other symptoms such as lumbar pain and supra-clavicular lymph-node enlargement can also be found with testicular cancer. Management of a patient with testicular cancer includes supportive treatment for early diagnosis, testosterone deficiency, fertility issues, and the impact of the treatment on quality of life and changes to family planning (Rajpert-DeMeyts et.al, 2023). Treatments for testicular cancer include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and continuous monitoring of reproductive hormone profiles.
References:
McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V. L., Rote, N. S. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (Eighth ed.). Elsevier.
Rajpert-De Meyts E, Aksglaede L, Bandak M, et al. Testicular Cancer: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Management with Focus on Endocrine Aspects. [Updated 2023 Mar 29]. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, et al., editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK278992/