NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2
Walden University NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2 depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2 is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2 assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2
The case study for NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2 portrays a 45-year-old female presenting with complaints of dyspnea, fevers, and a productive cough having thick green sputum for three days. She is a known COPD patient and has a chronic cough that has worsened and disrupted her sleep. She states that the sputum has become too thick and hard, and she is unable to expectorate. Chest auscultation findings include hyperresonance, rhonchi, and coarse rales in all lung fields. Chest X-ray shows an increased AP diameter and a flattened diaphragm. The purpose of the NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2 paper is to discuss the pathophysiologic processes in the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems causing the symptoms and racial/ethnic factors that may affect physiological functioning.
Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes Causing the Symptoms
The patient’s symptoms can be attributed to inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles due to exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke. The irritants elicit inflammation of the airways, vasodilation, mucosal edema, congestion, and bronchospasm (Brandsma et al., 2020). The patient has had chronic inflammation due to a long history of COPD. The inflammation increased the number and size of mucous glands, resulting in the production of copious amounts of thick mucus, which explains the patient’s symptoms of thick mucus and chronic cough (Choi & Rhee, 2020). Besides, the bronchial walls thicken, obstructing airflow.
The bronchial wall thickening and excessive mucus obstruct some smaller airways and constrict larger ones. This explains the patient’s dyspnea. The excessive mucus becomes a breeding ground for microbes resulting in chronic low-grade infection. The most common infections are caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Haemophilus influenzae (Choi & Rhee, 2020). The patient’s fevers and green sputum are due to the low-grade infection, which could be caused by one of these bacteria.
Racial/Ethnic Variables Impacting Physiological Functioning
Cigarette smoking is considered the greatest risk factor for COPD. The prevalence of tobacco smoking is highest among Alaskan Natives and Northern Plains American Indians. It is also higher among African Americans (Hikichi et al., 2019). Therefore, individuals from these ethnic/racial groups with a history of smoking or exposure to second-hand smoke have a high risk of developing inflammation of the airways resulting in COPD.
How These Processes Interact To Affect the Patient
The pathophysiologic processes in COPD significantly affect the patient due to limitation in airflow caused by constriction of airways and obstruction of airflow. Consequently, oxygenation of all body tissues is affected. Reduced oxygenation can cause tissue anoxia and necrosis (Brandsma et al., 2020). The patient develops major complications due to reduced gas exchange and oxygenation levels, including hypoxemia, acidosis, respiratory infection, dysrhythmias, and cardiac failure.
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NURS 6501 CARDIOVASCULAR AND RESPIRATORY DISORDERS MODULE 2 Conclusion
The patient’s symptoms can be attributed to inflammation of the airways by irritants. The inflammation causes increased mucus production, which clogs the airways limiting airflow and gas exchange, resulting in cough, dyspnea, and production of thick mucus. Cigarette smoke is a major irritant, and therefore ethnic groups with a high smoking rate such as African Americans, American Indians, and Alaskan Natives have a higher prevalence of COPD.
References
Brandsma, C. A., Van den Berge, M., Hackett, T. L., Brusselle, G., & Timens, W. (2020). Recent advances in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease pathogenesis: from disease mechanisms to precision medicine. The Journal of pathology, 250(5), 624–635. https://doi.org/10.1002/path.5364
Choi, J. Y., & Rhee, C. K. (2020). Diagnosis and Treatment of Early Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (COPD). Journal of clinical medicine, 9(11), 3426. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9113426
Hikichi, M., Mizumura, K., Maruoka, S., & Gon, Y. (2019). Pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) induced by cigarette smoke. Journal of thoracic disease, 11(Suppl 17), S2129–S2140. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2019.10.43
NURS 6501 WEEK 4 Case Study Analysis
Case Study Analysis
The case study presents a 38-year-old female patient who arrives at the emergency room with symptoms of dyspnea and left leg pain. The patient has a medical history of systemic lupus erythematosus and has recently traveled by airplane. Additionally, she is using oral contraception. This paper elucidates the pulmonary pathophysiologic processes and explores the influence of racial/ethnic variables on these processes, highlighting their combined impact on the patient in question.
Pulmonary Pathophysiologic Processes
The patient exhibits dyspnea and left leg pain, which are typical symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). SLE can lead to various pulmonary conditions, including pleural effusion/pleuritis. This condition is characterized by chest pain, cough, dyspnea, and fluid accumulation in the pleural space (Dörner & Furie, 2019). Pleuritis, with or without pleural effusion, is a prevalent manifestation of acute pulmonary involvement in SLE. Immune complex deposits in different organs primarily cause the pathology in SLE. This activates complement and other inflammatory mediators, resulting in symptoms like leg pain and inflammation (Aringer, 2020).
Racial/Ethnic Variables
Compared to non-Hispanic Whites, Black and White Hispanics have a higher incidence and severity of SLE (Barber et al., 2021). SLE is three times more common in African-American women than in White women, and although the prevalence of SLE in Hispanic women is unknown, it is greater than in White women (Tsokos, 2020). A large percentage of Amerindian ancestry is correlated with an increased number of risk alleles for SLE, and there is abundant evidence that distinct susceptibility genes for SLE exist between Blacks and Whites or Hispanics (Fanouriakis et al., 2020).
Interaction of Processes
The patient’s medical history of systemic lupus erythematosus, recent airplane travel, and use of oral birth control may all contribute to her current clinical condition. Combined hormonal contraceptives, like the birth control pill, may be appropriate for certain lupus patients. However, caution should be exercised in individuals with highly active disease or heightened susceptibility to blood clots, such as those with positive antiphospholipid antibodies and previous instances of blood clots, among other risk factors (Basta et al., 2020). Extended periods of sitting can pose challenges for individuals with joint or muscle pain. Individuals with lupus may have an increased susceptibility to the formation of blood clots due to prolonged periods of sitting. It is advisable to take stretch breaks every hour while driving for extended periods, stand up, and frequently engage in movement during prolonged flights.
Conclusion
The patient has a history of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). However, she experiences flare-up symptoms due to risk factors, such as prolonged sitting during air travel. When managing this patient, it is essential to consider the genetic factors that contribute to the disease, particularly in patients from diverse racial backgrounds.
References
Aringer, M. (2020). Inflammatory markers in systemic lupus erythematosus. Journal of Autoimmunity, 110, 102374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102374
Barber, M. R., Drenkard, C., Falasinnu, T., Hoi, A., Mak, A., Kow, N. Y., Svenungsson, E., Peterson, J., Clarke, A. E., & Ramsey‐Goldman, R. (2021). Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature Reviews Rheumatology, 17(9), 515–532. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-021-00668-1
Basta, F., Fasola, F., Triantafyllias, K., & Schwarting, A. (2020). Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) therapy: the old and the new. Rheumatology and Therapy, 7(3), 433–446. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40744-020-00212-9
Dörner, T., & Furie, R. (2019). Novel paradigms in systemic lupus erythematosus. The Lancet, 393(10188), 2344–2358. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)30546-x
Fanouriakis, A., Tziolos, N., Βertsias, G., & Boumpas, D. T. (2020). Update οn the diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 80(1), 14–25. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-218272
Tsokos, G. C. (2020). Autoimmunity and organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Nature Immunology, 21(6), 605–614. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-020-0677-6