NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT

Walden University  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT – Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT  assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT  

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT   depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT  

The introduction for the Walden University  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT   is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT  

After the introduction, move into the main part of the  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT   assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT  

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for  NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT  

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT

Right-sided headaches that last for 2-3days coupled with nausea, photophobia, and vomiting are the symptoms associated with migraine as is the case in the NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT case stusdy. Migraine is a neurological condition that leads to multiple forms of symptoms (McCance & Huether 2019). It is often characterized by the presence of intense and debilitating headaches. Other symptoms are in the form of nausea, vomiting, difficulty in verbal communication, feeling numb, and increased sensitiveness to light and sharp sound. Migraines are often common in families and can affect all ages.  

Racial and Ethnic Variables

There are many forms of racial and ethnic variables that affect the normal physiological functioning of the body. As indicated in the case scenario, the prevalence of headache caused by migraine vary on the basis of race. Among women, the prevalence of migraine is higher for Caucasians compared to Africans. The same pattern is evident among men across races. African Americans have less likelihood of having nausea and vomiting. However, they are more likely to report sharp pain caused by headache. Also, it is contrasting that African Americans are less disabled by migraine compared to other races (Andreou & Edvinsson, 2019). In the United States, the race that has a higher prevalence of migraines are the Caucasians, followed by African Americans. The contributing factor to the differences in race is associated with the socio-economic status, diet, and symptom reporting, affecting the prevalence level. Although there is no full understanding of the causes of migraine, the key factors that play a role include environmental and genetic factors.  

Pathophysiology

The patient is faced with changes in the brainstem and the interaction with the trigeminal nerve. Therefore, a major pain pathway is involved in the process. In addition, the patient experiences imbalances in the brain chemicals, including critical components such as serotonin that aids in the regulation of pain in the nervous system. One of the causes of migraine is the hormonal changes among women. Women experience fluctuations in the level of estrogen, such as during and before menstrual periods. They also have estrogen imbalance when they are in pregnancy and when they attain menopause (Puledda et al.,2017). The processes and changes tend to trigger sharp headaches among women. Some of the available hormonal medications include the use of oral contraceptives and having hormone replacement therapy for the patient.   

The aura is an important component of a person. It entails the group of sensory, speech, and motor symptoms that are directly affected and act as a warning when migraine headaches are about to begin. It is commonly confusing for seizures or strokes. Normally, it appears as the first phase before the onset of the headaches. However, they can take place during and even after. Emotional stress is an example of an element that triggers migraine. Stressful events mean that certain chemicals are released in the brain to fight the stressful condition. The release of chemicals as a response to emotional distress leads to migraine. In addition, increase in emotions is related to increased anxiety and worry leading to the increased muscle tension that dilates the blood.  

Also Read:

PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6

Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 7

PEDIATRICS MODULE 8

References 

Andreou, A. P., & Edvinsson, L. (2019). Mechanisms of migraine as a chronic evolutive condition. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-019-1066-0 

Puledda, F., Messina, R., & Goadsby, P. J. (2017). An update on migraine: Current understanding and future directions. Journal of Neurology, 264(9), 2031-2039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-017-8434-y 

McCance, K. L. & Huether, S. E. (2019). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby/Elsevier

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT

Parkinson’s disease: Signs and Symptoms, Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology, and Race/Ethnic Variables

Introduction: Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms of PD

All the signs and symptoms of the patient are synchronous with the suggested diagnosis of Parkinson’s syndrome. The primary symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, according to the American Parkinson’s Disease Association (2023). The patient presents with earthquakes in the arms and legs, a classic disease symptom. “Pill rolling” movement of the fingers is also a specific finding in Parkinson’s disease (Chan et al., 2022). The patient presents with stiffness, slowness in doing simple tasks, and inability to rise independently from the chair, which indicates muscle rigidity, a primary symptom of Parkinson’s disease. Taking longer to perform simple tasks is also consistent with bradykinesia, the slowness of movement often seen in PD patients. The inability to rise from the chair without assistance may also indicate postural instability. The uneven gait and shuffling while walking are secondary to postural instability, which affects balance and coordination. Mask-like appearance on the face is a primary finding in Parkinson’s disease (Chan et al., 2022) due to stiffness of the facial muscles. Jerky and cogwheeling movements are due to muscle rigidity and involuntary jerky of limbs.

Neurological and Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology in Parkinson’s disease

“Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons innervating the striatum, the main input structure of the basal ganglia” (Ztaou & Amalric, 2019). This results in an imbalance between the release of dopaminergic inputs and cholinergic interneurons. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that controls and coordinates movement. The effectiveness of L-Dopa, which is anticholinergic in this disease, implies an increased cholinergic tone. Kouli et al. (2018) stated that PD does not only affect the nigrostriatal region but affects other neuronal cells. The heterogeneity of the disease makes it difficult to find a specific diagnostic test. Kouli et al. (2018) highlighted that histopathological findings of PD include “α-synuclein-containing Lewy bodies (LBs) or Lewy neurites.” Pathophysiology involves the formation of Lewy bodies and abnormal protein deposits in the brain cells. These Lewy bodies are considered a hallmark of PD and contribute to the cell death and dysfunction seen in the substantia nigra and other brain regions.

Interaction of Processes Affecting the Patient

Physiologically, a balance between the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems is essential in ensuring striatal circuitry for modulating movement. Ztaou & Amalric (2019) emphasized the effect of progressive loss of dopamine on disrupting movement, including resting tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Loss of dopamine deregulates the movement pathway and leads to resting tremors. Helmich et al. (2012) highlighted“the basal ganglia, which are primarily affected by dopamine depletion in Parkinson’s disease, and the cerebellum-thalamocortical circuit, which is also involved in many other tremors.”

Racial/Ethnic Variables

The risk factors for developing PD are increased age with increased life expectancy, causing an increase in the prevalence of the disease. Ben-Joseph et al. (2020) mentioned that most studies show a high prevalence of PD among the white population (1671.63/100,000) compared to the black population (1036.41/100,000) and Asians (1138.56/100,000). Ben-Joseph et al. (2020) mentioned that geographical location is a greater determinant of the disease than ethnicity. The prevalence of PD among black Africans in sub-Saharan Africa is lower than among people of African origin residing in the USA. Mortality rates among patients with PD show a difference where the rates are higher among the black than the white population. Hispanic patients have a lower risk of death than white Population patients (Ben-Joseph et al., 2020).

Conclusion

Parkinson’s disease presents with symptoms around rigidity, resting tremors, postural imbalance, and bradykinesia. The symptoms result from a disruption of the dopaminergic and cholinergic systems. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that controls and coordinates physiological movement. Loss of dopamine due to the neurodegenerative pathophysiology results in the primary symptoms.

Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT

Introduction

This case study analysis examines the presentation of a 24-year-old female administrative assistant who presents to the emergency department with severe right-sided headaches. The patient reports experiencing these headaches on six occasions in the last two months, with each episode lasting 2-3 days and significantly impacting her ability to concentrate at work. Additionally, she complains of nausea, photophobia (light sensitivity), and has vomited three times in the last 3 hours. The severity of her headache is rated as 10/10 at the time of presentation, and while she has attempted to alleviate her symptoms with ibuprofen and acetaminophen, her relief has been partial. This analysis will explore the underlying neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes that may account for the patient’s symptoms and consider any potential racial/ethnic variables that could impact physiological functioning in the context of her condition. Furthermore, the interaction between these processes and how they contribute to the patient’s overall presentation will be investigated. By analysing these aspects, we aim to gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors at play in this patient’s case and provide valuable insights for effective diagnosis and treatment.

Neurological Pathophysiologic Processes in Migraine

Migraine is a complex headache disorder involving neurological dysfunction. The patient’s presentation of severe right-sided headache, photophobia, nausea, and vomiting is characteristic of migraine. Migraines are thought to be triggered by cortical spreading depression, a phenomenon where there is a wave of neuronal depolarization followed by prolonged suppression of neuronal activity. This process likely occurs in the brainstem and thalamus, which are responsible for sensory processing, including pain (Mignot et al., 2023).

Photophobia and nausea are linked to abnormal brainstem processing of visual and vestibular information. The thalamus, known for relaying sensory information to the cortex, may also play a role in the amplification of pain signals during migraines (Kuburas & Russo, 2023). Additionally, the abnormal release of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), contributes to the dilation of blood vessels and inflammation in the brain, leading to the characteristic throbbing headache. Serotonin, in particular, plays a vital role in regulating pain pathways and mood, and alterations in serotonin levels have been associated with migraine susceptibility.

Musculoskeletal Pathophysiologic Processes and Sedentary Lifestyle

The patient’s role as an administrative assistant involves long periods of sitting at a desk, using a computer, and performing tasks that promote a sedentary lifestyle. This sedentary work environment can lead to muscular tension and tightness in the neck and shoulders due to prolonged poor posture and reduced physical activity. These musculoskeletal issues can potentially contribute to triggering or exacerbating headaches, including migraines (Di Antonio et al., 2021). The increased muscular strain in the neck and shoulder regions can indeed lead to discomfort during a migraine episode.

Interaction of Neurological and Musculoskeletal Processes

The interaction between neurological and musculoskeletal processes can significantly impact the patient’s migraine experience. The muscular tension and pain in the neck and shoulders, caused by stress or poor posture, can lead to mechanical stress on the cervical spine, which may contribute to the frequency and severity of headaches. Moreover, stress and anxiety, common migraine triggers, can lead to increased muscle tension in the neck and shoulders, potentially worsening the patient’s condition.

Racial/Ethnic Variables Impacting Physiological Functioning

In the context of the scenario, while the specific racial or ethnic background of the patient is not mentioned, it is important to consider the potential impact of racial/ethnic variables on physiological functioning in the context of migraines. Research has shown that genetic variations can play a significant role in migraine susceptibility (Eng & Tram, 2021). Certain racial and ethnic groups may have a higher prevalence of specific genetic markers associated with migraines. For instance, studies have suggested that African Americans and Asians may have a lower prevalence of migraines compared to Caucasians. Studies have also identified genetic variants related to ion channels and neurotransmitter receptors that can influence migraine development. These genetic differences among racial and ethnic groups may impact the severity and frequency of migraines, as well as the response to treatment.

Serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating pain pathways and mood, has been linked to migraines. Racial and ethnic groups may exhibit variations in serotonin metabolism, potentially affecting how they experience and respond to migraines. For example, research has indicated that African Americans and Hispanics may be more likely to underreport pain or express pain differently compared to whites. Differences in serotonin receptor binding potential have been found among different racial and ethnic groups, suggesting potential variations in pain perception and migraine pathophysiology.

Cultural beliefs and practices can also influence how migraines are perceived and managed within different racial and ethnic groups. Certain communities may have specific approaches to healthcare and pain management, including the use of traditional remedies or avoidance of certain triggers. For instance, some Asian cultures may emphasize holistic approaches to healthcare and might rely on traditional remedies or mind-body practices for pain relief. Cultural attitudes toward seeking medical care and expressing pain may also impact how migraines are reported and treated.

Furthermore, racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare access and quality of care can impact migraine diagnosis and treatment. Differences in treatment outcomes and symptom management may occur between racial and ethnic groups because of difficulties gaining access to specialized migraine care or acquiring suitable drugs and therapies.

Understanding and considering these racial/ethnic variables is crucial for healthcare providers in delivering personalized and effective care for patients with migraines from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. By recognizing and addressing these factors, healthcare professionals can ensure patient-centered and culturally sensitive care, ultimately improving migraine management and patient outcomes.

Interaction of Processes Affecting the Patient

The neurological and musculoskeletal systems can interact in certain situations, contributing to the severity or recurrence of headaches, including migraines (Greenbaum & Emodi-Perlman, 2023). For example, poor posture or muscular tension in the neck and shoulders can create mechanical stress on the cervical spine and surrounding structures, potentially triggering or exacerbating headaches.

Additionally, stress and anxiety, which are common triggers for migraines, can lead to muscle tension and pain in the neck and shoulders. Conversely, the pain and discomfort from a severe headache can cause the patient to hold their head and neck in abnormal positions, leading to musculoskeletal strain.

To provide optimal care, healthcare providers should consider both the neurological and musculoskeletal aspects when evaluating and treating the patient. A comprehensive approach may involve addressing headache triggers, providing pain relief and anti-nausea medications for acute migraine attacks, and incorporating strategies to manage stress and muscular tension, such as relaxation techniques and physical therapy.

Conclusion

A comprehensive understanding of the neurological and musculoskeletal pathophysiologic processes in migraines, as well as the impact of racial/ethnic variables, is crucial in diagnosing and treating patients with complex symptoms. Addressing the patient’s sedentary lifestyle and potential genetic factors like serotonin levels can aid in developing personalized and effective treatment strategies. Healthcare providers must consider both the physiological and cultural aspects to deliver patient-centered and culturally sensitive care, ultimately improving outcomes and patient satisfaction.

References

Adisa Kuburas, & Andrew F. Russo. (2023). Shared and independent roles of CGRP and PACAP in migraine pathophysiology. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 24(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-023-01569-2

Di Antonio, S., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Ponzano, M., Bovis, F., Torelli, P., Finocchi, C., & Castaldo, M. (2022). Cervical musculoskeletal impairments in the 4 phases of the migraine cycle in episodic migraine patients. Cephalalgia: An International Journal of Headache, 42(9), 827–845. https://doi.org/10.1177/03331024221082506

Eng, S. M., & Tram, J. M. (2021). The Influence of Family and Community Factors on Ethnic Identity. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 49(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmcd.12204

Mignot, C., Faria, V., Hummel, T., Frost, M., Michel, C. M., Gossrau, G., & Haehner, A. (2023). Migraine with aura: less control over pain and fragrances? The Journal of Headache and Pain, 24(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s10194-023-01592-3

Tzvika Greenbaum, & Alona Emodi-Perlman. (2023). Headache and orofacial pain: A traffic-light prognosis-based management approach for the musculoskeletal practice. Frontiers in Neurology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1146427

Sample Answer 4 for NURS 6501 CASE STUDY ANALYSIS MODULE 5 ASSIGNMENT

The case study depicts a 55-year-old male with complaints of worsening cough, chest tightness, profuse sweating, lightheadedness, and breathing difficulty. On arrival to the ER, findings include ST segment elevation in the anterior, shallow pulse, respirations of 10 breaths/min, troponin-13ng/l, and CK-265 U/L. The purpose of this paper will be to address cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary pathophysiological processes responsible for the patient’s symptoms.

Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Pathophysiologic Process Resulting in Presenting Symptoms

The patient’s symptoms can be attributed to myocardial infarction (MI). MI occurs due to abrupt and severe oxygen deprivation in the myocardial tissue. The cardiovascular pathophysiologic process causing the symptoms is reduced blood flow in the coronary artery due to the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent occlusion of the artery by a thrombus (Saleh & Ambrose, 2018). Infarction develops over minutes to hours when blood flow is abruptly decreased by 80-90%.

The cardiopulmonary processes causing the symptoms occur when the cells are deprived of oxygen. Ischemia develops, cellular injury occurs, and the lack of oxygen results in infarction, or the death of cells, leading to permanent loss of myocardial contractility in the affected area (Smit et al., 2020). Necrosis of myocardial tissue contributes to the patient’s chest pain, breathing difficulty, diaphoresis, lightheadedness, and shallow pulse. The disruption of cell membranes because of hypoxia led to the release of creatinine kinase (CK) and troponin (regulates myocardial contractility process) into the systemic circulation resulting in elevated CK and troponin levels (Smit et al., 2020). The patient has an ST-segment elevation on ECG, which has a specificity of 90% and a sensitivity of 45% for diagnosing MI.

Racial/Ethnic Variables Impacting Physiological Functioning

Racial/ethnic differences have been established in the prevalence of MI. African Americans have a higher rate of MI than whites in the US. Hackler et al. (2019) explain that the factors causing these racial differences include a high burden of risk factors among AAs, like a high prevalence and worse control of hypertension and high rates of smoking and diabetes mellitus. Among AA women, high rates of obesity contribute to MI. Furthermore, a relationship exists between socioeconomic status, risk factors, risk factor control, and racial disparities in MI.

Processes that Interact to Affect the Patient

The pathophysiological processes interact to cause distressing symptoms in the patient. One of the most distressing symptoms is chest pain. The chest pain in MI is severe, diffuse steady substernal pain of a crushing and squeezing nature. It is not alleviated by rest or sublingual vasodilator therapy and may radiate to the arms, shoulders, neck, back, or jaw. Besides, it persists for more than 15 minutes and usually produces anxiety and fear, increasing heart rate, BP, and respiratory rate (Hegazy et al., 2022). Besides, the processes can contribute to complications like myocardial dysfunction, cardiac failure, cardiogenic shock, and cardiac rupture.

Conclusion

The patient developed myocardial necrosis caused by acute coronary artery obstruction, which led to chest discomfort, dyspnea, diaphoresis, lightheadedness, and elevated cardiac markers. AAs have a high prevalence of MI due to their lifestyle practices. The Pathophysiological processes of MI contribute to distressing symptoms like severe chest pain, which affect the patient.

References

Hackler, E., Lew, J., Gore, M. O., Ayers, C. R., Atzler, D., Khera, A., … & De Lemos, J. A. (2019). Racial differences in cardiovascular biomarkers in the general population. Journal of the American Heart Association, 8(18), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.012729

Hegazy, M. A., Mansour, K. S., Alzyat, A. M., Mohammad, M. A., & Hegazy, A. A. (2022). Myocardial Infarction: Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Classification, Assessment, and Management. Cardiology Research and Reports, 4(5). https://doi.org/10.31579/2692-9759/056

Saleh, M., & Ambrose, J. A. (2018). Understanding myocardial infarction. F1000Research, 7, F1000 Faculty Rev-1378. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.15096.1

Smit, M., Coetzee, A. R., & Lochner, A. (2020). The pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia and perioperative myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 34(9), 2501-2512. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.005