NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
Walden University NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS– Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
Scenario 1: Peptic Ulcer
A 65-year-old female from the NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS assignment, comes to the clinic with a complaint of abdominal pain in the
epigastric area. The pain has been persistent for two weeks. The pain described as
burning, non-radiating and worse after meals. Denies N&V, weight loss or obvious
bleeding. She admits to frequent belching with bloating.
PMH: seasonal allergies with Chronic Sinusitis, positive for osteoarthritis,
Meds: Claritin 10 mg po daily, ibuprofen 400-600 mg po prn pain
Family Hx-non contributary
Social history: Separated recently pending divorce; stressful situation with trying to
manage two homes. Works as a Legal Assistant at a local law firm. She has 35 PPY of
smoking, drinks 1-2 glasses of wine a day, and 6-7 cups of coffee per day. She denies
illicit drug use, vaping or unprotected sexual encounters.
Breath test in the office revealed + urease.
The healthcare provider suspects the client has peptic ulcer disease.
Questions:
1. Explain what contributed to the development from this patient’s history of PUD?
Your Answer:
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) occurs following impairment of the mucosal defenses, which
leaves them incapable of protecting the epithelium from the effects of acid and pepsin.
The development of PUD is associated primarily with bacterial infection with H. pylori and
NSAIDs. NSAIDs like diclofenac and ibuprofen break down the stomach mucosal barrier
and disrupt the mucosal protection mediated systemically by cyclooxygenase (COX)
inhibition (Kuna et al., 2019). The patient’s PUD may have been contributed by H.pylori
infection, owing to the positive urease breath test, which reveals the presence of
Helicobacter pylori bacteria. Besides, the PUD may have been caused by taking a high
dose of ibuprofen 400-600 mg for pain relief. Ibuprofen causes reduced endogenous
prostaglandins, resulting in local gastric mucosal injury.
In addition, lifestyle factors like tobacco smoking and excessive alcohol and caffeine
consumption are associated with PUD. Caffeine stimulates the production of
hydrochloric acid. Smoking accelerates gastric emptying and decreases pancreatic
bicarbonate production (Kuna et al., 2019). Besides, ethanol irritates gastric mucosal and
nonspecific gastritis. The patient’s history of tobacco smoking, heavy caffeine intake, and
daily alcohol intake may have led to the development of PUD.
References
Kuna, L., Jakab, J., Smolic, R., Raguz-Lucic, N., Vcev, A., & Smolic, M. (2019). Peptic ulcer
disease: a brief review of conventional therapy and herbal treatment options. Journal of
clinical medicine, 8(2), 179. doi: 10.3390/jcm8020179
Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
Scenario 2: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
A 44-year-old morbidly obese female comes to the clinic complaining of “burning in my
chest and a funny taste in my mouth”. The symptoms have been present for years but
patient states she had been treating the symptoms with antacid tablets which helped
until the last 4 or 5 weeks. She never saw a healthcare provider for that. She says the
symptoms get worse at night when she is lying down and has had to sleep with 2
pillows. She says she has started coughing at night which has been interfering with her
sleep. She denies palpitations, shortness of breath, or nausea.
PMH-HTN, venous stasis ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome, osteoarthritis of knees,
morbid obesity (BMI 48 kg/m 2 )
FH:non contributary
Medications: Lisinopril 10 mg po qd, Bentyl 10 mg po, ibuprofen 800 mg po q 6 hr prn
SH: 20 PPY of smoking, ETOH rarely, denies vaping
Diagnoses: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Question:
1. If the client asks what causes GERD how would you explain this as a provider?
Your Answer:
The patient in the case study has GERD. I would inform her that several factors cause
GERD. One of the aspects that I will educate her is that GERD is a condition that develops
following the ulceration of the mucosal lining that protects the esophagus. One of the
causes of the disorder is Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, which increases the release of gastric
acid. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is characterized by the presence of multiple duodenal or
pancreatic tumors that increase gastric acid secretion (Maret-Ouda et al., 2020).
The other cause of GERD that the patient should be aware is the prolonged use of
NSAIDs. NSAIDs inhibit the synthesis of protective prostaglandins. They also lower the
production of bicarbonates and mucus while increasing the secretion of hydrochloric acid.
The other factor is smoking. Smoking suppresses the production of prostaglandins, mucus
for protection, and weakens the esophageal sphincter. Increased use of irritants such as
coffee and alcohol also play a crucial role (Katz et al., 2022). The irritation acts as a source
of stress that degrade the protective mucosa and increase the production of destructive
gastric acid.
The other cause is any form of stress. Stressors such as hospitalization and life
experiences also act as a source of GERD. Any stressors increase the production of gastric
acid. The risk of GERD increases if the patient already has other risk factors for GERD and
or peptic ulcer disease. The additional risk factors that should be addressed to prevent
GERD include obesity, hiatal hernia, esophageal contractions, prolonged or reduced
stomach emptying, and abnormalities of esophageal sphincter (Maret-Ouda et al., 2020).
References
Katz, P. O., Dunbar, K. B., Schnoll-Sussman, F. H., Greer, K. B., Yadlapati, R., &Spechler, S. J.
(2022). ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal
Reflux Disease. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 117(1), 27–56.
https://doi.org/10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538
Maret-Ouda, J., Markar, S. R., & Lagergren, J. (2020). Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A
Review. JAMA, 324(24), 2536–2547. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.21360Links to
an external site.
Also Read:
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Women’s and Men’s Health, Infections, and Hematologic Disorders
Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
Scenario 3: Upper GI Bleed
A 64-year-old male presents the clinic with complaints of passing dark, tarry, stools. He
stated the first episode occurred last week, but it was only a small amount after he had
eaten a dinner of beets and beef. The episode today was accompanied by nausea,
sweating, and weakness. He states he has had some mid epigastric pain for several
weeks and has been taking OTC antacids. The most likely diagnosis is upper GI bleed
which won’t be confirmed until further endoscopic procedures are performed.
Question:
1. What are the variables here that contribute to an upper GI bleed?
Your Answer:
The patient in the case study has a potential diagnosis of upper GI bleed. Several variables
contribute to the development of the upper GI bleed. One of the variables is peptic ulcer
bleeding. Patients with chronic ulcers are increasingly at a risk of developing upper GI
bleed. The bleed arises from severe destruction of the protecting mucosal layer by gastric
secretions. The other variable is gastritis. The irritation and inflammation of the gastric
mucosa increase the risk of its destruction by gastric acid(Graham & Carlberg, 2019).
Over time, gastritis causes upper GI bleed due to the destruction of the mucosal barrier in
esophagus and stomach.
The other variable associated with upper GI bleed is esophagitis. Esophagitis refers
to the inflammation of the esophagus. The inflammation occurs from the different
irritants to the esophageal mucosa. Chronic inflammation may cause altered mucosa
integrity and damage from gastric reflux, hence, the development of upper GI bleed. The
other variable is esophageal varices. Esophageal varices are inflamed veins within the
esophagus. The varices are highly prone to rupture when exposed to stressors such as
straining or irritants(Leebeek& Muslem, 2019). Rupture of the veins cause upper GI
bleeding, hence, a potential cause of the client’s problem in this case study.
The other variable contributing to upper GI bleed that should be considered in the
client is Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Mallory-Weiss syndrome causes tears and bleeding
from the stomach or esophageal lining. Cancer of the upper GI also may contribute to
upper GI bleed. For example, cancers of the stomach or esophagus may cause rupture of
the blood vessels, resulting in the upper GI bleed(Graham & Carlberg, 2019).
Consequently, these potential causes should be ruled out through comprehensive
diagnostics in the patient’s care.
References
Graham, A., & Carlberg, D. J. (2019). Gastrointestinal Emergencies: Evidence-Based Answers
to Key Clinical Questions. Springer.
Leebeek, F. W. G., & Muslem, R. (2019). Bleeding in critical care associated with left
ventricular assist devices: Pathophysiology, symptoms, and
management. Hematology, 2019(1), 88–96.
https://doi.org/10.1182/hematology.2019000067
Sample Answer 4 for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS MODULE 3
Scenario 4: Diverticulitis
A 54-year-old schoolteacher is seeing your today for complaints of passing bright red
blood when she had a bowel movement this morning. She stated the first episode
occurred last week. The episode today was accompanied by nausea, sweating, and
weakness. She states she has had some LLQ pain for several weeks but described it as
“coming and going”. She says she has had a fever and abdominal cramps that have
worsened this morning.
Diagnosis is lower GI bleed secondary to diverticulitis.
Question:
1. What can cause diverticulitis in the lower GI tract?
Your Answer:
The patient in the case study has diverticulitis. Diverticulitis develops when a part of the
colon weakens leading to pouches and protrusion in the wall of the colon. Several factors
can cause diverticulitis. One of them is aging. The risk of a patient developing diverticulitis
increase significantly as one ages. The other cause of obesity. The risks of diverticulitis
increase significantly with excessive weight gain. An imbalance between the bacterial
flora in the colon has also been attributed to diverticulitis (Peery et al., 2021). For
example, an imbalance between Clostridium coccoides and Escherichia have been
identified to cause diverticulitis in most of the patients.
Diet also plays a role in the development of diverticulitis. Patients with a history of
low fiber diet have an elevated risk of developing the disorder as compared to those who
take fiber rich diet. Low fiber diet results in too much volume within the colon, hence,
increasing the risk of diverticulitis. The other cause is physical inactivity. Physical
inactivity affects intestinal microbiome as well as increases the risk of diverticulitis-
associated risk factors such as obesity. Genetics also contributes to diverticulitis.
Accordingly, people born to families with a history of diverticulitis are increasingly at a
risk of developing the disorder. However, the direct link between the exposure and
development of diverticulitis is inconclusive. The use of certain medications has also been
shown to increase the risk of diverticulitis. For example, NSAIDs and steroids have been
shown to increase the risk of diverticulitis due to their effect on gastrointestinal
physiology. Lifestyles such as smoking also increases the risk(Peery et al., 2021). This can
be seen from the evidence that most of the smokers have a high rate of diverticulitis as
compared to non-smokers.
References
Peery, A. F., Shaukat, A., & Strate, L. L. (2021). AGA clinical practice update on medical
management of colonic diverticulitis: Expert review. Gastroenterology, 160(3), 906-911.e1.
https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.059
Sample Answer for NURS 6501 GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS
Question 1
The contributing factors to the patient’s development of PUD comprise smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, stress and the persistent use of NSAIDS medications. The disease develops due to chronic wounds around and beyond the stomach’s muscular mucosa lining (Sadiq et al., 2020). Underlying factors triggering such occurrences constitute alcohol and smoking, producing acids that erode the lining. The two have the greatest possibility of increasing the production of hydrochloric acid, destroying the mucosa lining and creating wounds around the duodenum and the stomach walls (Sadiq et al., 2020). Different medications alongside chronic stress also heighten the risk of PUD for the patient. The factors explain the underlying reasons for the health outcome.
Question 2
Scenario 1: Peptic Ulcer
What is the pathophysiology of PUD formation of peptic ulcer?
PUD formation into a peptic ulcer results from an imbalance between the destructive and the mucosal protective aspects of the gastric lining in the stomach. Most of the time, PUD is characterized by the development of mucosal wounds due to a high difference in the aggressive and mucosal aspects (Malik et al., 2018). H-pylori infections enhance the problem by creating an imbalance that perforates the ulcers in the peritoneal activity. The outcome interferes with gastric activity, causing severe discomfort and pain (Malik et al., 2018). Such elements illustrate the pathophysiology of PUD formation with a peptic ulcer.
Flag question 3
Scenario 2: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
If the client asks what causes GERD, how will you explain this as a provider?
The client needs to understand that GERD is caused by the continuous regurgitation of contents in the gastric area into the esophagus. Most of the time, the condition develops due to delayed emptying of the gastric contents, impairments on the lower levels of the esophageal sphincter (LES) and reduced acid clearance from the esophagus (Clarrett & Hachem, 2018). The three factors, together with unhealthy eating habits accompanying sleep time, influence the development of GERD. The development of GERD is directly influenced by other factors that constitute morbid obesity, causing an excessive body mass index (Clarrett & Hachem, 2018). The foul taste in the mouth is also a common symptom, signaling problems in acid control in the patient’s gastric region. The insights guide the patient’s understanding of the causative factors of GERD.
Question 4
Scenario 3: Upper GI bleed
What are the variables here that contribute to an upper GI bleed?
In the identified case, the patient can suffer from upper gastrointestinal bled due to ageing, epigastric inflammation and the excessive use of antacids. Old age remains a key risk factor for bleeding in senior patients. From the patient’s details, the condition might have also been caused by inflammation of the gastric region (Antunes & Copelin, 2021). The outcome is due to the problem occurring around the duodenum. The increased use of antacid medications also remains a variable factor causing the health outcome for the patient. The problem occurs when the gastric lining is destroyed, causing bleeding that can be seen in faecal matter.
Question 5
Scenario 4: Divercutilitis
What can cause diverticulitis in the lower GI tract?
The condition is caused by infections in one or more of the diverticular areas of the lower gastrointestinal tract. It occurs in the region because complex pieces of digested food or fecal matter can get stuck inside the pouches (Hawkins et al.,2020). When that occurs, the present bacteria multiply rapidly, causing infections in the affected regions. The stool bacteria multiply themselves and spread faster, thus causing infections in the digestive system. The sac-like protrusions around the gastrointestinal tract in the lower section become inflamed and infected (Hawkins et al.,2020). The compounds trigger abnormalities such as intestinal spasms. The occurrences lead to the development of diverticulitis in the long term.
References.
Antunes, C., & Copelin II, E. L. (2021). Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. In Stat Pearls [Internet]. Stat Pearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470300/.
Clarrett, D. M., & Hachem, C. (2018). Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Missouri medicine, 115(3), 214.
Hawkins, A. T., Wise, P. E., Chan, T., Lee, J. T., Mullaney, T. G., Wood, V., … & Lightner, A. L. (2020). Diverticulitis–an update from the age-old paradigm. Current problems in surgery, 57(10), 100862. Doi: 10.1016/j.cpsurg.2020.100862.
Malik, T. F., Gnanapandithan, K., & Singh, K. (2018). Peptic ulcer disease. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534792/.
Sadiq, K., Rizwan, B., Noreen, S., Fatima, A., Sheraz, M., Shafqat, M., & Rashid, H. M. (2020). Determinants of Peptic Ulcer Disease: A Systematic Review. DOI:10.36349/easjnfs. 2020.v02i05.003.