NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
Walden University NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6 – Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6 assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6 depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6 is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6 assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
Schizophrenia, which is the chosen disorder for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6, is one of the mental health problems that affect the health, wellbeing, and functioning of the patients and their significant others. Patients affected by schizophrenia present the hospital with a range of symptoms that characterize the disorder. One of the symptoms as stated in DSM5 is delusions. Patients with schizophrenia have false conviction about things, others, and themselves. Patients also hallucinate. They can be either be auditory, visual, or tactile hallucinations. They report hearing, feeling, or seeing things that are real to them and unreal to others. Patients also have problems with speech. They experience disorganized speech in forms such as speech incoherence or frequent derailment.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Patients also have negative symptoms that include avolition and reduced or diminished emotional expression. A patient must have two or more of these symptoms for them to be diagnosed with schizophrenia. The symptoms should be present during a one-month period. Patients with schizophrenia report that the symptoms affect their social and occupational functioning. This includes affecting their functioning in areas that include interpersonal relations, studies, work, or family roles(McCutcheon et al., 2020). The disturbance by the symptoms should also persist for at least six months with one month of the core symptoms of schizophrenia.
Justification for Schizophrenia Diagnosis
The patient in the case study has most of the above symptoms, which justify her diagnosis with schizophrenia. The patient has delusions and hallucinations. She has been hearing things voices and seeing things that are not there. She also thinks that there are people that want to harm her. She told her family she cannot finish college since the voice told her she is dumb. She also has negative symptoms such as episodes of unexpected crying and rage(McCutcheon et al., 2020). These symptoms align with the above criteria of diagnosing schizophrenia, hence, the diagnosis.
NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6 References
McCutcheon, R. A., Reis Marques, T., & Howes, O. D. (2020). Schizophrenia—An Overview. JAMA Psychiatry, 77(2), 201–210. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360
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Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
Genetics has been identified to play a role in the development of schizophrenia. The existing evidence shows that the risk of a person developing schizophrenia 0.5-1%. The risk increases significantly among people that are born to families with a history of this disorder. The risk is largely attributed to factors such as heritability where schizophrenia has been shown to have a heritability rate of 0.8. Evidence from twin-studies also support the heritability pattern of schizophrenia. Most twin-studies agree that schizophrenia has up to 81% heritability rate in the population(Trifu et al., 2020). Therefore, a genetic relationship with a person with schizophrenia increases the risk of the disorder.
The role of genetics in schizophrenia is also evident in linkage studies. Linkage studies have shown that genetic traits that are closely associated tend to have a high risk of being inherited together as compared to distantly related traits. The relationship is attributable to gene translocation, which contributes to psychopathology in mental health. Studies have also identified individual genes that are implicated in the development of schizophrenia. A high association rate between schizophrenia and chromosome 13q32-34, 22q11, and homozygous deletion of 22q11 locus has been identified in some studies. In addition, genes involved in glutamatergic transmission and polymorphism of the PRODH genes have been linked with the development of schizophrenia. Mutations involving PRODH genes affect the regulation of dopamine and functioning of the glutamatergic synapses in the frontal cortex. These changes increase the risk of schizophrenia. The additional genes that contribute to schizophrenia include ZDHHC8, rs175174, COMT, and Neurolregulin 1 genes(Trifu et al., 2020). These genes have a high rate of inheritability, hence, the risk in relatives.
References
Trifu, S. C., Kohn, B., Vlasie, A., &Patrichi, B.-E. (2020). Genetics of schizophrenia (Review). Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 20(4), 3462–3468. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2020.8973
Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
Scenario 2: Bipolar Disorder
A 44-year-old female came to the clinic today brought in by her husband. He notes that she has been with various states of depression and irritability over the past 3 months with extreme fatigue, has lost 20 pounds and has insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to “flit from one thing to another.”. She hasn’t slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity.
DIAGNOSIS: bipolar type 2 disorder.
Question
- How does genetics play in the development of bipolar 2 disorders?
Your Answer:
Genetics plays a significant role in the development of bipolar 2 disorder. Having a family history of the condition increases the risk. Bipolar disorders have a heritable component, and certain genetic markers may be associated with an increased risk. However, bipolar 2 disorder is a complex condition influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Early identification of genetic risk may aid in early intervention and personalized treatment approaches. Research on the exact genetic contributions to bipolar 2 disorder is ongoing.
Sample Answer 4 for NURS 6501 PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS MODULE 6
Primary Diagnosis: Depression
- Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are the patient’s risk factors for this diagnosis?
Pathophysiology of Primary Diagnosis | |
· Depression has been primarily being associated with low brain 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) levels and altered 5‐HT receptors, such as upregulated 5‐HT2 and downregulated 5‐HT1A receptors causing mood alterations (Tian et al., 2022). · Alterations in dopamine, glutamate, noradrenaline and GABA neurotransmitters and their receptors have been associated with synaptic plasticity and altered neurogenesis resulting in symptoms of major depression. · In addition, stress has been associated with high cortisol levels that inhibit 5‐HT1 neurotransmission increasing risk of depression. · High cortisol levels have also been associated with inflammatory cytokines such as interleukins that alter synaptic connections resulting in depression-like-behavior. | |
Causes | Risk Factors (genetic/ethnic/physical) |
· Neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia. · Genetic alterations in serotonin 5-HT receptors (Remes et al., 2021). · Poor nutrition resulting in anemia · Thyroid diseases · Cushing disease · Pregnancy and post-partum state. | · Family history of depression especially in a first degree relative. · Medical conditions such as cancer and diabetes (Remes et al., 2021). · Female gender. · Psychological stress · Grief and loss · Alcohol and substance use. |
- What are the patient’s signs and symptoms for this diagnosis? How does the diagnosis impact other body systems and what are the possible complications?
Signs and Symptoms – Common presentation | How does the diagnosis impact each body system? Complications? |
· Depressed mood · Insomnia or hypersomnia · Anhedonia · Loss of concentration · Increased or reduced appetite (Christensen et al., 2020) · Weight gain or loss · Fatigue and lack of energy. · Feeling guilty or worthless · Suicidal ideations | · The diagnosis has been associated with an increased risk of comorbid alcohol and substance use. · Depression has higher risks of relapse thus increasing morbidity rates (Fernandes et al., 2023). · The diagnosis has been associated with an increased rate of suicide hence increasing their morbidity and mortality. · Depression has an impact in a patient’s social life leading to failed friendships and marriage further worsening the prognosis. · Obesity can co-occur increasing the patient’s risk for cardiovascular diseases. |
- What are other potential diagnosis that present in a similar way to this diagnosis (differentials)?
· Central nervous system diseases such as Parkinson’s and dementia. · Endocrine diseases such as hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, and Cushing’s disease (Menezes et al., 2022). · Schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. · Medical conditions such as syphilis and HIV. · Alcohol and substance use intoxication. · Anxiety disorders |
- What diagnostic tests or labs would you order to rule out the differentials for this patient or confirm the primary diagnosis?
· Thyroid function tests. · Complete blood count. · Rapid plasma reagin (RPR). · HIV test. · Dexamethasone suppression tests (Menezes et al., 2022). · Blood alcohol level and toxicology screen. · Urea, electrolytes, and creatinine (UECs). · Brain magnetic resonant imaging (MRI). |
- What treatment options would you consider? Include possible referrals and medications.
a) Pharmacotherapy using antidepressants such as: · Selective serotonin receptor inhibitors such as fluoxetine. · Serotonin-Noradrenaline receptor inhibitors such as venlafaxine (Karrouri et al., 2021). · Tricyclic antidepressants such as amitriptyline. · Monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as phenelzine. b) Psychotherapy methods such as: · Cognitive-behavioral therapy (Karrouri et al., 2021) · Interpersonal therapy · Problem-solving therapy · Behavioral activation c) Electroconvulsive therapy in patients who: · Have failed drug response. · Have high risk of suicide (Karrouri et al., 2021). · Need high antidepressant response. |
References
Christensen, M. C., Wong, C. M. J., &Baune, B. T. (2020). Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder and Their Impact on Psychosocial Functioning in the Different Phases of the Disease: Do the Perspectives of Patients and Healthcare Providers Differ?. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 280. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00280
Fernandes, M. D. S. V., Mendonça, C. R., da Silva, T. M. V., Noll, P. R. E. S., de Abreu, L. C., & Noll, M. (2023). Relationship between depression and quality of life among students: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scientific reports, 13(1), 6715. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-33584-3
Karrouri, R., Hammani, Z., Benjelloun, R., &Otheman, Y. (2021). Major depressive disorder: Validated treatments and future challenges. World journal of clinical cases, 9(31), 9350–9367. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i31.9350
Menezes, I. C., von Werne Baes, C., Fígaro-Drumond, F. V., Dias Macedo, B. B., Bueno, A. C., Lacchini, R., Feijó de Mello, M., de Castro, M., &Juruena, M. F. (2022). Differential Diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder: Genetic and Hormonal Assessment and the Influence of Early-Life Stress. Brain sciences, 12(11), 1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12111476
Remes, O., Mendes, J. F., & Templeton, P. (2021). Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature. Brain sciences, 11(12), 1633. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121633
Tian, H., Hu, Z., Xu, J., & Wang, C. (2022). The molecular pathophysiology of depression and the new therapeutics. MedComm, 3(3), e156. https://doi.org/10.1002/mco2.156