NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

Walden University NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

Alzheimer’s disease is defined as a neurological ailment that begins slowly and worsens with time. This health condition is linked to 70% of dementia cases worldwide  (Son et al., 2019). The absence of memory relating to current events is the most common first sign. Other signs of the condition include mood swings, confusion, low self-esteem, linguistic problems, and behavioral abnormalities  (Iniesta et al., 2022). All bodily functions gradually deteriorate, finally leading to death. The important thing to remember is that while Alzheimer’s disease cannot be cured, it may be controlled to improve the patient’s quality of life.  

Summary of Case Presentation 

The media file case study outlines the examination and treatment of Mr. Akkad, a 76-year-old Iranian geriatric man. His eldest son thought he had strange characteristics and was uninterested in religious activities with his family. Furthermore, the patient forgets things, and confabulation was discovered in his case after numerous memory tests. The patient was given the Mini-Mental State Exam, which revealed scores of 18 out of 30 with primary deficiencies in orientation, recognition, attention, and recollection. The result indicates moderate dementia. 

Treatment Decisions 

Exelon 1.5mg twice a day is the most recommended initial intervention based on the patient’s history as stated above. Exelon (rivastigmine) is a medication licensed by the Food and Drug Administration to treat mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (Abdel-Atty et al., 2021). Previous research supports the drug’s efficacy and safety profile in the elderly with Alzheimer’s disease  (Ray et al., 2020). The second choice was to increase the Exelon dose to 4.5 mg twice daily, as advised by most clinical practice guidelines for individuals with high tolerance but low efficacy  (Iniesta et al., 2022). The final option was to raise the dosage to 6mg twice daily to encourage maximum success, as the patient still showed limited symptom remission with the earlier intervention (Mirakhori et al., 2022). 

Expected Outcome 

Exelon, when taken correctly, takes between 8 and 12 weeks to completely treat Alzheimer’s symptoms in senior adults, according to evidence  (Son et al., 2019). As a result, the patient was projected to achieve around 50% symptom remission with the first intervention of 1.5mg Exelon twice daily. The dose, however, needed to be titrated to achieve the best results, not exceeding 6mg twice daily (Abdel-Atty et al., 2021). The second and third procedures produced the same results, with no adverse effects. 

Difference Between Expected Outcome and Actual Outcome 

The patient had a small improvement in Alzheimer’s symptoms, as predicted, with no adverse effects noted with the initial intervention  (Ray et al., 2020). After the dose was raised in the second intervention, the patient reported additional symptom remission, but at a slower rate, so the dose was increased in the final intervention, which resulted in optimum remission of Alzheimer’s symptoms, precisely as planned  (Iniesta et al., 2022). 

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Conclusion  

Alzheimer’s disease is a frequent ailment that affects the elderly’s quality of life and well-being. Exelon was administered to the patient in the case study at a beginning dose of 1.5 mg, which was titrated to 4.5mg, then 6.5mg twice daily. This medicine was quite helpful in managing the patient’s Alzheimer’s symptoms, with no adverse effects recorded. 

References 

Abdel-Atty, M. E. A. E.-F., Khalil, W. F., & Mohamed, S. M. (2021). Effect of Curcumin, Exelon and their Combination on Brain in Alzheimer’s Disease-Induced Rats. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research, 65–78. https://doi.org/10.9734/jammr/2021/v33i330822 

Iniesta, M., Schurad, B., Koch, C., Schug, B., Morte, A., Vaqué, A., & De la Torre, R. (2022). Comparative Bioavailability Study of a Novel Multi-Day Patch Formulation of Rivastigmine (Twice Weekly) with Exelon® Transdermal Patch (Daily)- A Randomized Clinical Trial. Current Alzheimer Research, 19(7), 541–553. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567205019666220823105059 

Mirakhori, F., Moafi, M., Milanifard, M., & Tahernia, H. (2022). Diagnosis and Treatment Methods in Alzheimer’s Patients Based on Modern Techniques: The Orginal Article. Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results, 1889-1907.https://doi.org/10.47750/pnr.2022.13.S01.226 

Ray, B., Maloney, B., Sambamurti, K., Karnati, H. K., Nelson, P. T., Greig, N. H., & Lahiri, D. K. (2020). Rivastigmine modifies the α-secretase pathway and potentially early Alzheimer’s disease. Translational Psychiatry, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-0709-x 

Son, M., Park, C., Rampogu, S., Zeb, A., & Lee, K. (2019). Discovery of Novel Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors as Potential Candidates for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(4), 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20041000 

‌ Sample Answer 2 for NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

Introduction

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), a challenging neurological condition, demands a nuanced and evidence-based approach to alleviate suffering and enhance patients’ quality of life. This in-depth analysis delves into the intricate case of a 43-year-old white male diagnosed with CRPS in his right hip. Through a series of carefully considered decisions, this patient’s journey sheds light on the complexities of managing CRPS while balancing medication side effects and therapeutic outcomes.

Patient Summary

The patient’s ordeal commenced seven years ago, following a fall at work resulting in significant right hip injury. Despite extensive diagnostic tests, he faced skepticism from healthcare professionals, leading to delays in appropriate treatment. The decisions taken included initiating amitriptyline at 25 mg, titrating to 125 mg at bedtime, and later reducing the dosage to 100 mg daily. These decisions were geared towards mitigating pain, enhancing functionality, and minimizing side effects such as grogginess and weight gain.

Evidence-Based Support for Decisions

The initiation of amitriptyline aligns with studies demonstrating its efficacy in managing neuropathic pain, particularly CRPS (Neyama et al., 2020). Amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, modulates pain perception through multiple pathways, making it a cornerstone in neuropathic pain management (Solomon et al., 2022). The decision to maintain the dose despite minor weight gain is substantiated by research indicating that the benefits of pain control often outweigh modest side effects (Naguib et al., 2021). Additionally, the avoidance of Qsymia was prudent, considering its potential cardiac risks and the patient’s BMI falling below the recommended threshold for its use (Lei et al., 2021).

In addition to pharmaceutical interventions, exploring alternative therapies such as neuromodulation techniques has gained significant attention. A comprehensive study by Sivanesan, & Goebel (2021) delves into the effectiveness of spinal cord stimulation and peripheral nerve stimulation in managing Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, providing valuable insights into diverse treatment modalities.

Goals and Outcomes

The overarching goal was to reduce the patient’s pain levels to an acceptable threshold (around 3 on the scale) and restore his ability to perform daily activities without crutches. The outcomes were remarkably positive; the patient’s pain diminished from a debilitating 9 to a manageable 4. This reduction facilitated enhanced mobility and daily functioning, marking a significant improvement in his overall well-being. Despite minor weight gain, the patient’s improved quality of life underscored the success of the interventions.

Discrepancies Between Expectations and Results

In this case, the outcomes closely mirrored the expectations. The patient experienced a substantial reduction in pain, improved functionality, and minimal side effects, including manageable weight gain. The decisions made successfully struck a delicate balance between therapeutic benefits and potential drawbacks, ensuring the patient’s optimal quality of life. The minor weight gain, while a concern, was overshadowed by the vast improvements in pain control and functionality, aligning with the patient’s stated preferences.

Conclusion

CRPS management necessitates a holistic and individualized approach, integrating evidence-based practices, patient preferences, and vigilant monitoring of outcomes. This case study underscores the pivotal role of healthcare providers in navigating the complexities of CRPS treatment. By employing a comprehensive understanding of available therapies and their potential effects, clinicians can significantly enhance the lives of individuals afflicted with this debilitating condition.

References

Lei, X., Ruan, J., Lai, C., Sun, Z., Yang, X., Lei, X.-G., & Ruan, J.-Q. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of Phentermine/Topiramate in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obesity (19307381), 29(6), 985–994. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.23152

Naguib, I. A., Ali, N. A., Elroby, F. A., & Elghobashy, M. R. (2021). Green HPLC-DAD and HPTLC Methods for Quantitative Determination of Binary Mixture of Pregabalin and Amitriptyline Used for Neuropathic Pain Management. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 59(6), 536–547. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmab031

Neyama, H., Dozono, N., Uchida, H., & Ueda, H. (2020). Mirtazapine, an α 2 Antagonist-Type Antidepressant, Reverses Pain and Lack of Morphine Analgesia in Fibromyalgia-Like Mouse Models. The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 375(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.120.265942

Sivanesan, E., & Goebel, A. (2021). Complex regional pain syndrome: developing diagnostic tools and treatments from sympathetic nervous system, neuroimmune and neuromodulation discoveries in neuropathic pain. Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine, 46(3), 193–195. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2020-101644

Solomon Tesfaye, Gordon Sloan, Jennifer Petrie, David White, Mike Bradburn, Tracey Young, Satyan Rajbhandari, Sanjeev Sharma, Gerry Rayman, Ravikanth Gouni, Uazman Alam, Steven A Julious, Cindy Cooper, Amanda Loban, Katie Sutherland, Rachel Glover, Simon Waterhouse, Emily Turton, Michelle Horspool, … Dinesh Selvarajah. (2022). Optimal pharmacotherapy pathway in adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: the OPTION-DM RCT. Health Technology Assessment, 26(39). https://doi.org/10.3310/RXUO6757

Sample Answer 3 for NURS 6521 DECISION TREE FOR NEUROLOGICAL AND MUSCULOSKELETAL

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative neurological ailment that begins with moderate cognitive symptoms and progresses to severe memory loss over time (Fish et al., 2019). Patients, on the other hand, can considerably benefit from the current treatment choices to improve their quality of life if they are diagnosed early (Breijyeh & Karaman, 2020). This discussion depicts the decisions taken when deciding on the appropriate therapy for an older patient diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.

Summarize the Patient Case Study

            In the given case study, the 76-year-old man patient was brought to the clinic by his son due to odd behavior. For the past two years, he has been exhibiting Alzheimer’s symptoms such as forgetfulness, disorientation, and lack of interest in religious activities in which he was previously engaged. In addition to the patient’s age, gender, and symptoms, another patient-specific attribute that will influence the choice of which drug to provide is Iranian race and minimum mental exam results confirming mild dementia. Alzheimer’s disease caused the patient to be diagnosed with a serious neurocognitive deficit (presumptive).

Treatment Decisions

            From the available options, the initial intervention for this patient was to take 1.5 mg Exelon (rivastigmine) orally twice daily. Rivastigmine is licensed and recommended by the FDA as the first-line treatment for Alzheimer’s disease in the geriatric population due to its efficacy and tolerability demonstrated via evidence-based practice (Fish et al., 2019). Based on the patient’s limited remission of symptoms after 4 weeks of the initial intervention, the second intervention was to raise the dose to 4.5mg of rivastigmine twice daily (Cummings et al., 2019). Despite high tolerance and adherence, the patient’s impact was minimal. As a result, the dosage was increased to 6mg twice daily as the final intervention to achieve full symptom remission (Vaz & Silvestre, 2020).

Expected Outcome

            When 1.5 mg Exelon was provided, the patient was predicted to have at least a 50% improvement in Alzheimer’s symptoms. Only minor and self-limiting adverse effects like nausea and vomiting were anticipated (Atri, 2019). Based on patient tolerance and adherence demonstrated in the first four weeks, increasing the dosage in the second intervention by 1.5mg was predicted to induce further symptom remission with no adverse effects (Breijyeh & Karaman, 2020). As the last intervention, the patient was expected to have entirely treated symptoms with a mini-mental evaluation score of less than 10.

Difference Between Expected and Actual Outcome

The patient returned to the clinic after 4 weeks of utilizing 1.5mg Exelon with the limited treatment of Alzheimer’s symptoms and no side effects, as predicted. However, the patient’s level of symptom remission was rather modest, as she still showed a lessened interest in attending the church. In the second intervention, the same thing happened (Atri, 2019). When the dosage was increased to 6mg twice a day in the last intervention, the patient experienced total symptom relief with no adverse effects, as predicted (Vaz & Silvestre, 2020).

Conclusion

Alzheimer’s disease is a widespread neurological ailment that affects the majority of the older population due to brain degeneration (Fish et al., 2019). The older patient in the case study appeared with Alzheimer’s symptoms, and a mini-mental assessment revealed mild dementia. To assist control the patient’s symptoms, 1.5 mg of Exelon was provided twice daily at first, then raised to 4.5 mg and ultimately 6mg (Cummings et al., 2019).

References

Atri, A. (2019). Current and Future Treatments in Alzheimer’s Disease. Seminars in Neurology, 39(02), 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1678581

Breijyeh, Z., & Karaman, R. (2020). Comprehensive Review on Alzheimer’s Disease: Causes and Treatment. Molecules, 25(24), 5789. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245789

Cummings, J. L., Tong, G., & Ballard, C. (2019). Treatment Combinations for Alzheimer’s Disease: Current and Future Pharmacotherapy Options. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 67(3), 779–794. https://doi.org/10.3233/jad-180766

Fish, P. V., Steadman, D., Bayle, E. D., & Whiting, P. (2019). New approaches for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 29(2), 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.11.034

Vaz, M., & Silvestre, S. (2020). Alzheimer’s disease: Recent treatment strategies. European Journal of Pharmacology, 887(1), 173554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173554