NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts

Walden University NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS 6630 Neurobiology and Medication Adherence Concepts

QUESTION 1

1. Of the components of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence, which component includes the following strategies: adaptive thinking, use of cues, and support?

A. Motivation

B. Skills

C. Logistics

D. Education

0 points

QUESTION 2

1. Motivation is a component of patient-focused interventions to enhance adherence. Based on the transtheoretical model, readiness to change can fluctuate across five stages. Which stage is represented by the patient who is aware that a problem exists and, while seriously thinking about overcoming it, has not yet committed to a plan of action?

A. Preparation

B. Action

C. Contemplation

D. Maintenance

0 points

QUESTION 3

1. Glia cells play a supportive role to the neuron. A few of the functions of the glial cells include providing nutrition, maintaining homeostasis, stabilizing synapses, and myelinating axons. The glial cells are categorized as microglia and macroglia. Of these two cell types, which one plays an active and critical role in glutamatergic neurotransmission by providing a co-agonist required for glutamate receptor function?

A. microglial

B. macroglial

0 points

QUESTION 4

1. Introducing adherence in facilitating treatment goals is something that would be necessary in a patient who has previously displayed nonadherence patterns.

A. True

B. False

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QUESTION 5

1. Which neurotransmitter is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter?

A. Glycine

B. GABA

C. Glutamate

D. Serotonin

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QUESTION 6

1. Receptors trigger one of two effector pathways resulting in changes in neuronal activity. These changes will, ultimately, effect gene expression. Which effector pathway is characterized by ion flux through transmitter-activated channels resulting in an altered membrane potential and neuronal activity?

A. Slow effector pathways

B. Modulated effector pathways

C. Rapid effector pathways

D. NMDA glutamate receptor pathways

0 points

QUESTION 7

1. If a patient admits to taking his medication every other day (instead of daily, as prescribed), a potential concern would be:

A. Sufficient understanding or acceptance of the illness

B. Abuse of the medication

C. Expense

D. Is the desired effect recognized at a lower daily dose?

0 points

QUESTION 8

1. 1Neurons are classified in several different ways. From the following statements, select which ones are true.

i. The two structural classifications are projection neurons and local inter-neurons.

ii. Function classifications are made up of two subcategories: excitatory and inhibitory.

iii. Histological classification includes bipolar, unipolar, and multipolar.

iv. Classifications using a combination of structural, functional, and neurotransmitter type provide the most robust and useful description.

v. Classification by neurotransmitter type alone provides the most useful description.

A. I only

B. III only

C. I, II, and V only

D. I, II, III, IV, and V

E. I, III, and IV

0 points

QUESTION 9

1. The synaptic cleft is best characterized by which of the following statements?

A. The synaptic cleft is the space between a single neuron’s dendrites and axon terminals in which intracellular communication occurs through the release of neurotransmitters allowing for signal conduction throughout the central nervous system.

B. The synaptic cleft is the space between the cell body and axon terminals that allows for release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic neuron for intercellular communication with an adjacent neuron (post synaptic neuron).

C. The synaptic cleft is an area where dendrites and axon terminals are within close proximity, allowing for the release of a neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron that can interact with receptors on dendritic cells of a post synaptic neuron, which is the main basis for intercellular communication of neurons.

0 points

QUESTION 10

1. Which of the following consists of all the known major neurotransmitters that are relevant in psychiatry?

A. glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, histamine, steroids, nitric oxide

B. glutamate, GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, endogenous opioids, steroids, cannabinoids, nitric oxide

C. glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine, endogenous opioids, nitric oxide, cannabinoids, steroids

D. glutamate, GABA, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, endogenous opioids, steroids, histamine, nitric oxide

0 points

QUESTION 11

1. G-protein coupled receptors are targets for several psychiatric medications. Given what we know about these receptors, what is the ultimate result we will see when one of them is activated in a way that would potentiate an action?

A. Intracellular activation of second messengers

B. Protein phosphorylation

C. Modification of gene expression

0 points

QUESTION 12

1. Neurotransmitters are defined by four essential characteristics. These are:

A. Neurotransmitters are synthesized within presynaptic neurons.

B. Depolarization of a neuron results in the release of a neurotransmitter, which exerts a multitude of actions on the postsynaptic neuron.

C. Their action on postsynaptic neurons can be replicated by administering a drug that mimics the activity of the endogenous neurotransmitter.

D. Their action in the synaptic cleft is terminated by a specific action.

E. A, C, and D only

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QUESTION 13

1. Treatment adherence is affected by several different factors. Clinical factors include mood, anxiety, psychosis, and substance misuse. There are also patient factors such as knowledge, attitude, and beliefs; economic and racial/ethnic disparities, and clinical encounters. A patient who presents hopeless, with decreased energy, and poor concentration is affected by which factor?

A. Substance misuse

B. Knowledge deficits

C. Attitude ad belief system

D. Mood

0 points

QUESTION 14

1. Serotonin (5HT) is a neurotransmitter associated with mood, sleep, and psychosis. There are several serotonin receptors all over the human body. A unique aspect of the second generation antipsychotics is their ability to block 5HT2a receptors. What is the effect of this inhibition?

A. Stabilizes dopamine concentrations in the CNS

B. Induces anxiety

C. Causes hallucinations

D. Reduces platelet function

0 points

QUESTION 15

1. G-protein coupled receptors are examples of what type of effector pathway?

A. Slow effector pathways

B. Rapid effector pathways

C. NMDA glutamate receptor pathways

D. Modulated effector pathways

0 points

QUESTION 16

1. The human brain is subcategorized into four major structures. These structures include the cerebral cortex, brainstem, subcortical structures, and the cerebellum. Of these major categories, which one houses the area of the brain that has been found in some neuropathological studies of patients with schizophrenia to be of smaller size?

A. Cerebral cortex

B. Brainstem

C. Subcortical structures

D. Cerebellum

0 points

QUESTION 17

1. When dopamine (subtype 2) receptors are blocked in this pathway (system), it is evident by EPS.

A. Mesocortical

B. Tuberoinfundibular

C. Nigrostriatal

D. Mesolimbic

0 points

QUESTION 18

1. A patient arrives in the ED via EMS having a grand mal seizure. The ED physician instructs the RN to give 10 milligrams of Diazepam IV X1 dose STAT. The patient’s seizure breaks within 2 minutes of the Diazepam being administered. The mechanism by which this medication causes rapid resolution of seizure activity is via which receptor type (effector pathway/receptor subtype)?

A. Slow effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor

B. Slow effector pathway/ion channel

C. Rapid effector pathways/G-protein coupled receptor

D. Rapid effector pathway/ion channel

0 points

QUESTION 19

1. Upon blocking a Serotonin reuptake pump, what happens in the synaptic cleft and on the post synaptic cell membrane?

A. The result will be an increase in available Serotonin in the synaptic cleft causing the post synaptic cell to increase the number of Serotonin receptors.

B. The result will be an increase in the available Serotonin in the synaptic cleft causing the post synaptic neuron to reduce the number of Serotonin receptors.

C. The result will be an increase in Serotonin in the synaptic cleft resulting in an increase in reuptake pumps on the presynaptic neuron.

D. The result will be an increase in Serotonin in the synaptic cleft resulting in a decrease in reuptake pumps on the pre-synaptic neuron.

0 points

QUESTION 20

1. Neurotransmission is unidirectional insofar as chemical and electrical conduction is concerned within the individual neuron. Of the following descriptions, which best characterizes the order of neurotransmitter/receptor interaction that results in an electrical signal impulse and the release of another neurotransmitter for interaction in the synaptic cleft (signal conduction through a neuron)?

A. Cell body, dendrites, Axon, Axon terminals

B. Dendrites, Axon, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals

C. Dendrites, Cell body, Axon, Axon terminals

D. Axon terminals, Axon, Cell body, Den

Also Read:

Assessing and Treating Vulnerable Populations for Depressive Disorders

Assessing and Treating Patients With Bipolar Disorder

Assessing and Treating Patients With Anxiety Disorders

Treatment for a Patient With a Common Condition

Study Guide for Medication Treatment Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychosis Disorders

WEEK 8 Short Answer Assessment

Assessing and Treating Patients With Sleep Wake Disorders

Assessing and Treating Patients With ADHD

Psychopharmacologic Approaches to Treatment of Psychopathology

Assessing and Treating Patients With Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Addiction

NURS 6630 Week 2 Psychopharmacology Scavenger Hunt Concept Map Sample

Concept Map: Agonist Spectrum 

Introduction 

The agonist spectrum includes four types of agents: agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, and inverse agonists. Each of these agents interacts with specific receptors in the body, mediating distinct biological activities. Understanding these interactions and mechanisms is essential for applying medications appropriately in clinical practice. 

Agonists 

Definition: Agonists bind to receptors and activate them, producing a full biological response. 

Characteristics: 

• Full activation of the receptor. 

• Maximum efficacy in eliciting a physiological response. 

Mechanism: 

• Agonists bind to the active site of the receptor, causing a conformational change that activates intracellular signaling pathways. 

Example Medication: 

• Oxycodone: An opioid agonist that targets the μ-opioid receptor, leading to analgesic effects by mimicking endogenous opioids like endorphins (Stein, 2016). 

Partial Agonists 

Definition: Partial agonists bind to receptors and produce a partial response, even when all receptors are occupied. 

Characteristics: 

• Partial activation of the receptor. 

• Less than maximum efficacy compared to full agonists. 

Mechanism: 

• Partial agonists bind to the active site but induce a less efficient conformational change in the receptor, resulting in a submaximal response. 

Example Medications: 

• Aripiprazole: A partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors, used in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. It stabilizes dopamine levels by partially activating these receptors (Shapiro et al., 2003). 

• Brexpiprazole: Another partial agonist at dopamine D2 receptors and serotonin 5-HT1A receptors, used for schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (Maeda et al., 2014). 

Antagonists 

Definition: Antagonists bind to receptors but do not activate them, blocking the action of agonists. 

Characteristics: 

• No activation of the receptor. 

• Blocks agonist action, preventing a biological response. 

Mechanism: 

• Antagonists occupy the active site or an allosteric site on the receptor without triggering the intracellular signaling pathways, thereby blocking agonist binding. 

Example Medications: 

• Naloxone: An opioid antagonist that binds to μ-opioid receptors with high affinity, reversing the effects of opioid overdose by displacing opioid agonists from the receptor (Jordan et al., 2024). 

• Haloperidol: An antagonist of dopamine D2 receptors, used to treat psychotic disorders by blocking dopamine activity (Seeman, 2002). 

• Risperidone: An antagonist at both dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, used for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (Siafis et al., 2018). 

Inverse Agonists 

Definition: Inverse agonists bind to the same receptor as agonists but induce the opposite effect, reducing basal activity of the receptor. 

Characteristics: 

• Decreases receptor activity below basal levels. 

• Produces opposite effects to those of agonists. 

Mechanism: 

• Inverse agonists stabilize the receptor in its inactive form, decreasing constitutive activity and reducing downstream signaling. 

Example Medications: 

• Pimavanserin: An inverse agonist at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, used to treat Parkinson’s disease psychosis by reducing excessive serotonin signaling (Meltzer et al., 2009). 

Application of Medications to Agonist Spectrum 

• Oxycodone: Agonist 

• Brexpiprazole: Partial Agonist 

• Aripiprazole: Partial Agonist 

• Naloxone: Antagonist 

• Haloperidol: Antagonist 

• Risperidone: Antagonist 

• Pimavanserin: Inverse Agonist 

Concept Map Design 

The concept map visually represents the agonist spectrum with distinct branches for each agonist type. Each branch includes the definition, characteristics, mechanism of action, and examples of medications.  

Conclusion 

The concept map provides a comprehensive overview of the four agonist types, their mechanisms, and examples of relevant medications. Understanding these distinctions is crucial for effective pharmacological intervention and patient care. 

References 

Jordan, M. R., Patel, P., & Morrisonponce, D. (2024, May 5). Naloxone. StatPearls – NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441910/ 

Siafis, S., Tzachanis, D., Samara, M., & Papazisis, G. (2018). Antipsychotic Drugs: From Receptor-binding Profiles to Metabolic Side Effects. Current Neuropharmacology, 16(8), 1210–1223. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159×15666170630163616 

Maeda, K., Sugino, H., Akazawa, H., Amada, N., Shimada, J., Futamura, T., … & Kikuchi, T. (2014). Brexpiprazole I: In vitro and in  

vivo characterization of a novel serotonin-dopamine activity modulator. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental  

Therapeutics, 350(3), 589-604. 

Seeman, P. (2002). Atypical antipsychotics: Mechanism of action. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47(1), 27-38. 

Shapiro, D. A., Renock, S., Arrington, E., Chiodo, L. A., Liu, L. X., Sibley, D. R., … & Roth, B. L. (2003). Aripiprazole, a novel  

atypical antipsychotic drug with a unique and robust pharmacology. Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(8), 1400-1411. 

Stein, C. (2016). Opioid receptors. Annual Review of Medicine, 67, 433-451. 

Meltzer, H. Y., Mills, R., Revell, S., Williams, H., Johnson, A., Bahr, D., & Friedman, J. H. (2009). Pimavanserin, a Serotonin2A Receptor Inverse Agonist, for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease Psychosis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35(4), 881–892. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.176