NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Walden University NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Patient acuity is rising while registered nurses (RNs) at the bedside are dwindling. The State of Texas nursing shortage is at an average of 11.06% of its registered nurse slots unfilled (Wieck, Oehler, Green, & Jordan, 2004). American Nurses Association (ANA) Principles for Nurse Staffing (1999) served as a framework for policy change. Nurse strategists undertook the challenge with the overall intent to provide excellent patient care. 

An example to address nurse staffing and the ensuing problems is the California Staffing Ratio Law. Nurse-to-patient ratios (NPR) are a direct association between errors and the number of RNs. Moghri, Kokabisaghi, & Tabatabaee’s (2021) studies on NPR show that a high ratio affects the quality of treatment, increases adverse events, and raises the patient’s hospitalization period. It is a perfect example of the tension that significantly affects nurses’ individual rights and the collective good. Addressing the nursing shortage issues in health care institutions is both challenging and controversial. Suppose a patient’s prolonged hospitalization period can cost the hospital financial strains. Hospitals are businesses; the median length of stay was six days, the median total cost was $11,267, and the median cost per day was $1,772 (Study: Covid-19 hospitalization costs, outcomes in 2020 improved over time, 2022). Nevertheless, at what cost will it have on nurses’ rights? 

Nurses are sworn to follow a set of ethics such as Beneficence & Nonmaleficence. While health care providers are obligated to help people in need, we must do not harm (Bodenheimer & Grumbach, 2009). Nurses are overworked and unable to provide good care for their patients and consequently consider leaving their jobs. The tension between ethical and legal consideration leave nurses in a dilemma. For example, a nurse will work overtime hours to help the hospital organization but is at risk of committing a medical error that can lead to legal consequences. Mandatory overtime laws prohibit healthcare facilities from requiring employees to work more than their regularly scheduled hours except during a health care disaster that increases the need for health care personnel unexpectedly (Bae & Brewer, 2010). On the other hand, hospitals are still experiencing staffing shortages to care for their patients. 

Reference 

  Bae, S.-H., & Brewer, C. (2010). Mandatory Overtime Regulations and Nurse Overtime. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 11(2), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154410382300 

Bodenheimer, T., & Grumbach, K. (2009). Understanding Health Policy : A Clinical Approach: Vol. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill Professional. 

Moghri, J., Kokabisaghi, F., & Tabatabaee, S. S. (2021). Nurse staffing norms in a hospital: Determining a golden standard using a new estimation method. International Journal of Healthcare Management, 14(4), 1367–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/20479700.2020.1760586 

Study: Covid-19 hospitalization costs, outcomes in 2020 improved over time. Texas A&M Today. (2022, January 3). Retrieved April 4, 2022, from https://today.tamu.edu/2022/01/03/study-covid-19-hospitalization-costs-outcomes-in-2020-improved-over-time/ 

Wieck, K. L., Oehler, T., Green, A., & Jordan, C. (2004). Safe Nurse Staffing: A Win-Win Collaboration Model for Influencing Health Policy. Policy, Politics, & Nursing Practice, 5(3), 160–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527154404266578 

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Health Care Policy. 

Covid-19 vaccine mandate for health care workers gained a lot of publicity towards the end of last year. It was very important to have a policy that would guide health care workers due to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy that was rampant in all population sectors for different reasons. A regulation was established to ensure all staff who were eligible to receive a COVID-19 vaccine would do so by January of this year before providing any care or treatment (Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 2021). It was the responsibility of companies especially skilled long-term care facilities to establish a policy that would ensure those who qualified to be exempted did so in alignment of the guidelines established by the federal laws. 

Tension between Individual Rights and the Collective Good. 

In the health care world, herd immunity has been promoted especially in community nursing. It is very important because with herd immunity not everybody but the majority of the people can receive vaccination that leads to immunity of a disease. This makes infection transmission to be unlikely leading to the entire population being protected. This would cover even those who are not eligible for vaccinations. It is therefore important for bedside staff to be vaccinated. However according to Farah, Breeher, Shah, Hainy, Tommaso  & Swift (2022), there are major  disparities in actual vaccination rates among different health care workers (HCWs). Advanced practice staff who spend the least amount of time with patients have statistically received the vaccines than nurses and support staff. The probability of an infected support staff spreading COVID-19 would likely be higher because the close proximity of proving care with activities of daily living like showers may not be completed with full personal protective equipment (PPE) in place. 

There are  HCWs who are hesitant to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Bellanti (2021), refers a delay in acceptance or outright refusal of vaccines as vaccine hesitancy. Those staff members who decline to receive the vaccine even when they are eligible to get it cannot work in some hospitals or nursing homes. This creates a further challenge with staff shortage already being a major concern. 

It is an undeniable fact that every person has a right to choose what goes in their body but it would not be wise to put people at risk if it was avoidable. To decline to get a vaccine because of misinformation, fallacies, or myths is unfortunate. This is relevant to the COVID-19 vaccine. 

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Ethical and Legal Considerations of the Policy. 

There are different factors that surround the mandate for COVID-19 vaccination policy among HCWs.  Perez, Paul, Raghuraman, Carter, Odibo,  Kelly & Foeller (2022), point out the nature of HCWs make them have a high occupational  risk for contracting and transmitting the COVID-19 infection after exposure. Legally and ethically it would therefore be fair to give them a priority to receive the vaccines first. 

Getting to a point of herd immunity would also be critical. This is not achievable if the vaccine is not accessible on a global level. According to Hosseini (2021), one of challenges of COVID-19 vaccine is whether the manufactures of the vaccine can be forced to share information with competitors so that availability of the vaccine across the globe can be reached quickly. It would be ethically meaningful to look at infectious diseases as public rights instead of individual needs. 

Education is key to knowledge. It is important to acknowledge vaccinations have been an important tool that has been used to contain some dangerous diseases in the past. According to Gurenlian,  Eldridge, Estrich,  Battrell,  Lynch,  Morrissey, Araujo, Vujicic & Mikkelsen (2022), it would be for the greater good to further educate HCWs on topics like virology and epidemiology. 

Reference 

Bellanti, J. A. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines and vaccine hesitancy: Role of the allergist/immunologist in promotion of vaccine acceptance. Allergy and Asthma Proceedings, 42(5), 386–394. https://doi.org/10.2500/aap.2021.42.210063 

Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. (November, 2021). Biden-Harris Administration Issues Emergency Regulation Requiring COVID-19 Vaccination for Health Care Workers.https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/biden-harris-administration-issues-emergency-regulation-requiring-covid-19-vaccination-health-care#:~:text=All%20eligible%20staff%20must%20have,beliefs%2C%20observances%2C%20or%20practices. 

Farah, W., Breeher, L., Shah, V., Hainy, C., Tommaso, C. P., & Swift, M. D. (2022). Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health care workers. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.045 

Gurenlian, J. R., Eldridge, L. A., Estrich, C. G., Battrell, A., Lynch, A., Morrissey, R. W., Araujo, M. W. B., Vujicic, M., & Mikkelsen, M. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccine Intention and Hesitancy of Dental Hygienists in the United States. Journal of Dental Hygiene, 96(1), 5–16. 

Hosseini, M.(2021). A Covid Competition Dilemma: Legal and Ethical Challenges Regarding the Covid-19 Vaccine Policies during and after the Crisis. Public Governance, Administration and Finances Law Review, 6(1), 51–63. https://doi.org/10.53116/pgaflr.2021.1.5 

Perez, M. J., Paul, R., Raghuraman, N., Carter, E. B., Odibo, A. O., Kelly, J. C., & Foeller, M. E. (2022). Characterizing initial COVID-19 vaccine attitudes among pregnancy-capable healthcare workers. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100557 

Sample Answer 3 for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your discussion, I have learned that Nurse-to-patient ratios (NPR) are a direct association between errors and the number of RNs. There is a direct correlation between nurse-to-patient ratios and the number of errors that occur in a hospital setting (Twigg et al., 2021). The lower the number of RNs on staff, the higher the likelihood of errors happening. This could be for a variety of reasons, including nurses being overworked and not able to give each patient the individualized care they need. When nurses are stretched too thin, they are more likely to make mistakes in the course of healthcare delivery. The California Staffing Ratio Law is a regulation that sets a maximum number of patients that can be assigned to each registered nurse in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities (Harrington et al., 2020). The law was passed in 1998 with the goal of ensuring that nurses have enough time to properly care for their patients. Under the law, hospitals are required to maintain a nurse-to-patient ratio of 1:5 for general medical/surgical units and 1:4 for intensive care units (Sharma & Rani, 2020). Skilled nursing facilities must maintain a ratio of 1:10. These ratios are based on the number of beds in the hospital or facility, not on the total number of patients.

References

Harrington, C., Dellefield, M. E., Halifax, E., Fleming, M. L., & Bakerjian, D. (2020). Appropriate nurse staffing levels for US nursing homes. Health services insights, 13, 1178632920934785. 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_248_20

Sharma, S. K., & Rani, R. (2020). Nurse-to-patient ratio and nurse staffing norms for hospitals in India: a critical analysis of national benchmarks. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 9(6), 2631. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7491754/

Twigg, D. E., Whitehead, L., Doleman, G., & El‐Zaemey, S. (2021). The impact of nurse staffing methodologies on nurse and patient outcomes: A systematic review. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 77(12), 4599-4611. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.14909

Sample Answer 4 for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

Hello. Thanks for the insightful discussion. From your discussion, I have learned that with herd immunity not everybody but the majority of the people can receive vaccination that leads to immunity of a disease. If enough people are vaccinated, it can create a ‘herd immunity’ that protects even those who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons or because they are too young (Giubilini et al., 2018). For example, measles is highly contagious and can easily spread in a population that is not immune. But if most people in the population are vaccinated against measles, then the disease cannot spread as easily. That is because when there are enough people who are vaccinated, it becomes very difficult for the disease to find new hosts (people to infect). So even those who can’t be vaccinated (such as newborns) benefit from herd immunity. The decision about whether or not to get vaccinated for COVID-19 will be based on an individual’s specific risk factors and health history (Farah et al., 2022). However, most healthcare workers should consider getting vaccinated, as they are more likely than the general population to come into contact with people who are infected with the virus. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that all healthcare workers receive the vaccine for both seasonal flu and H1N1 (swine flu), as these viruses are similar to COVID-19 (Randolph & Barreiro, 2020). In addition, those who work in healthcare facilities should routinely practice good hand hygiene and respiratory etiquette to help prevent the spread of infection.

References

Farah, W., Breeher, L., Shah, V., Hainy, C., Tommaso, C. P., & Swift, M. D. (2022). Disparities in COVID-19 vaccine uptake among health care workers. Vaccine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.03.045

Randolph, H. E., & Barreiro, L. B. (2020). Herd immunity: understanding COVID-19. Immunity, 52(5), 737-741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.012

Giubilini, A., Douglas, T., & Savulescu, J. (2018). The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism, and collective easy rescue. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy, 21(4), 547-560. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11019-018-9829-y

Sample Answer 5 for NURS 8100 Week 6 Discussion Individual Right Versus the Collective Good

The Vaccines Health Policy

Vaccines are responsible for various global public health successes, such as the eradication of smallpox and significant reductions in other serious infections like polio and measles. Even so, vaccinations have also long been the subject of various ethical controversies. In the United States, state policies mandate certain immunizations, including school entry requirements, which cover significant numbers of children (Salmon & Omer, 2006). The first vaccination requirements were enacted in the 1850s to prevent smallpox, and Federal and state efforts to eradicate measles in the 1960s and 1970s motivated several modern mandates policies (Toebes, 2020). By the 1990s, all 50 states required immunizations, and vaccines were licensed and added to the immunization schedule, after research, testing, and monitoring, coordinated and reviewed by The National Vaccine Program and other key vaccine committees (Salmon & Omer, 2006).

Explain the Tension between Individual Rights and the Collective Good.

 People decline vaccines for various reasons, like inadequate access to vaccines, fears of iatrogenic diseases, preferences for natural lifestyles, and religious opposition to vaccines (Van Hooste&Bekaert, 2019). The other reasons are the increased sense of responsibility for the small risks of vaccines, as opposed to the responsibility for the risks of exposing one’s children to infectious diseases, and the rest being, simply vaccine-hesitant, not rejecting vaccination tout court in principle, but their skepticism and concerns, cause them to delay vaccination (Van Hooste&Bekaert, 2019). Tension results when individuals want to exercise their right to protect themselves, and their children by refusing vaccination, by not accepting existing medical or safety evidence, or if their ideological beliefs do not support vaccination (Toebes, 2020). The vaccination decisions and policies present tensions between individual rights and the moral duty to contribute to harm prevention, as the government to protect the public from infectious diseases, imposes health vaccine regulations and compulsory immunization requirements (Toebes, 2020). These requirements can infringe upon individual liberty, with laws that curtail their autonomy, with some aspects of these health requirements, being viewed as paternalistic, and the objection to vaccines therefore arises, because these individuals, communities disagree with the mandates, and/or have religious or philosophical beliefs that conflict with vaccination (Van Hooste&Bekaert, 2019). The clinical and public health perspective frameworks also contributed to the arguments for, and against making vaccination mandatory, because neither of them could solve the question of mandatory vaccination policies completely.  One side supports mandatory immunization, based on the duty of health professionals to improve the well-being of the public, while the other one, supported the violation of the employee’s autonomy, which is mentioned as a primary objection to the requirement of immunization (Toebes, 2020).

Analyze the Ethical and Legal Considerations of the Policy.

The ethics of vaccination clearly exemplifies the interdependence of individual responsibilities to be vaccinated, the collective responsibilities, realizing herd immunity against infectious diseases, with institutional responsibilities, enact policies that guarantee herd immunity, and its fair realization (Toebes, 2020). Mandatory vaccination is the leading factor in the new ethics point of view, and the government has a legal responsibility, to protect the public, from the dangers of highly communicable, and deadly diseases. The responsibilities, however, were not clear as to whether to mandate vaccination or assessment of a recalcitrant person with a serious communicable disease and their execution in a non-discriminating and fair manner, as per the US Constitution (Krasser, 2021). This was to protect an individual’s rights and help to ensure a balance between the ethical requirements of government, ensure society’s welfare, and support individual autonomy in the context of justice. The public health ethics frameworks justify mandatory programs by supporting the claim that the protection of the community through immunization is fundamental to public health. The same ethics also support the claim that there is no direct evidence, that mandatory vaccination programs prevent diseases, and should therefore not be implemented (Van Hooste&Bekaert, 2019). The anti-vaccines argue that non-coercive measures are ethically preferable unless in emergency cases, while the pro-vaccines state that the measures should be ethically justified even in absence of emergencies, with the fundamental moral principle being, the protection of the vulnerable, with the implementation of a comprehensive approach to ensure that these patients are protected (Grohskopf et al., 2020). The healthcare provider is ethically bound by the four ethical Hippocratic principles, to care, to prevent harm or infection to the patient. and the new ethics model tried to substitute the clinical Hippocratic model with a public health model, with the emphasis on prevention and optimizing public health, not on individual outcomes (Van Hooste&Bekaert, 2019). An expert committee replaced the individual patient, as a decision-maker, and the mandatory influenza vaccination was, therefore, based on authority, and not on facts (Grohskopf et al., 2020). The policy of requiring a vaccine, like the flu vaccine as a condition to work in healthcare, demonstrates the dogmatism of the public health model, and how it transcends individual autonomy, while the Hippocratic ethics, and evidence-based medicine, argue that the strength of the evidence, is inversely proportional to the moral zeal of the mandatory proponents of vaccination (Giubilini, 2021).

References:

 Giubilini, A. (2021). Vaccination ethics, British Medical Bulletin, Volume 137, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 4–12, https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldaa036

Grohskopf, L. A., Liburd, L. C., & Redfield, R. R. (2020). Addressing Influenza Vaccination Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA.;324(11):1029–1030. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1584

Krasser, A (2021). Compulsory Vaccination in a Fundamental Rights Perspective: Lessons from the ECtHR” ICL Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 207-233. https://doi.org/10.1515/icl-2021-0010

Salmon, D. A., & Omer, S. B. (2006). Individual freedoms versus collective responsibility: immunization decision-making in the face of occasionally competing for values. Emerging themes in epidemiology, 3, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-7622-3-13

Toebes, B., (2020). Mediating tensions between public health and individual rights, European Journal of Public Health, Volume 30, Issue Supplement_5, September 2020, ckaa165.044, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa165.044

Van Hooste, W., &Bekaert, M. (2019). To Be or Not to Be Vaccinated? The Ethical Aspects of Influenza Vaccination among Healthcare Workers. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(20), 3981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203981