NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Walden University NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS– Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

Statistical analysis is important in research as it helps in the analysis of the collected data to give important results and reveal important trends, which then helps answer research questions and draw conclusions. One of the aspects is frequency and descriptive statistics which are used in describing the main features of a dataset. Therefore, it is important for researchers to have adequate knowledge regarding data analysis using relevant statistical approaches and interpret the analyzed data to support decisions such as clinical decisions (Grey & Grove, 2020). Therefore, the purpose of this assignment is to review a provided descriptive statistics SPSS output. In addition, a summary of the interpretation of the frequency data provided for the respondent’s age, highest school grade completed, and family income will be given.

Participants’ Age

In terms of the participant’s age, the number of observations (N) is 1000. Therefore, this number of observations is adequate to represent the distribution of data since 20 observations are often considered sufficient. The maximum value is 49.43, and the minimum is 19.38. The observation is large enough to offer more precise estimates as part of the analysis and results (Mishra et al.,2019). The mean age of the respondents is 36.64, which shows that the average age of the respondents in the sample was approximately 37 years.

It is also important to explore the measures of variance. As such, the standard deviation of the respondents’ age is 6.20, which implies that the majority of the observations are spread within the standard deviations of either side of the mean (Kaliyadan & Kulkarni, 2019). The respondents’ age data is also left skewed as the value observed is -0.374. The implication is that it is slightly left-skewed. As observed from the histogram, the respondent’s age is left-skewed since most of the values fall on the left side of the histogram.

Highest High School Grade Completed

It is also important to explore the descriptive statistics for the highest grade completed. The observations observed (N) for this parameter is 989, which also implies that the values are sufficient for reporting. The mean value for the highest grade completed is 11.28, which is a measure of the average grade attended by the respondents. The measure of variance (standard deviation) observed for the highest grade completed is 1.56, which shows some variability. In addition, with normal data, the majority of the observations are spread within 0.75 standard deviations on either side of the mean. While a lower standard deviation shows a lower spread in the sampled data, a higher standard deviation shows a bigger spread in the sampled data (McGrath et al.,2020).

 In terms of skewness, the data was again left skewed as the observed value was -0.73, which is lower than -1.0. This observation is supported by the shaper of the histogram on the high school grade completed, as the majority of the values fall on the left side of the histogram.

Family Income

Another analysis is on the family income. Therefore, it is also important to consider the descriptive statistics. The number of observations in the case of family income is 895. While the maximum value in terms of earnings per family is $6,593, the lowest or minimum earning is 0. The mean value for family income is $1,172.59. In terms of the measure of variance, the standard deviation value is $26.34, which is an indication of some variability in the family income. The skewness for family income is 2.03, which indicates that the family income values are positively skewed, pointing to a positively skewed distribution (Orcan et al.,2020). Indeed, this observation has been supported by the shape of the histogram on the family income, which shows the majority of the observations falling on the right side of the histogram, which is a further indication of right skewness.

Race and Ethnicity

Another important aspect of the data and analysis shown in the output is race and ethnicity. While those who identified themselves as blacks, not Hispanic, were 80.3%, Hispanics formed 12.8%. In addition, Whites, not Hispanics, were 5.3%, while those who identified themselves as other races were 1.4%. This analysis shows that most of those who gave their details were blacks; as such, conclusions made from this set of data would point more to what is happening with blacks than other races.

The other important aspect of data is the number or percentage of those who are currently employed. From the analysis, a total of 546 respondents who participated in the yes or no question to confirm their employment status confirmed that they were not employed, constituting 54.6%. The remaining 45.2%, or 452, are currently employed. Even though the number of those employed was lower than the unemployed, the difference was slight, which implies a smaller variation.

Conclusion

Descriptive statistics and frequency can play an important role in the analysis of a set of raw data to help gain a deeper insight into the data under consideration. As such, a summary of such analysis can reveal important sample features. Therefore, this analysis has focused on various data aspects such as the respondent’s age, the highest school grade completed, race and ethnicity, and employment status, that is, whether an individual is currently employed or not.

References

Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2020). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (9th ed.). Elsevier

Kaliyadan, F., & Kulkarni, V. (2019). Types of variables, descriptive statistics, and sample size. Indian Dermatology Online Journal, 10(1), 82. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2Fidoj.IDOJ_468_18

McGrath, S., Zhao, X., Steele, R., Thombs, B. D., Benedetti, A., & DEPRESsion Screening Data (DEPRESSD) Collaboration. (2020). Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from commonly reported quantiles in meta-analysis. Statistical methods in medical research, 29(9), 2520–2537. https://doi.org/10.1177/0962280219889080

Mishra, P., Pandey, C. M., Singh, U., Gupta, A., Sahu, C., & Keshri, A. (2019). Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data. Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia, 22(1), 67. https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2Faca.ACA_157_18

Orcan, F. (2020). Parametric or non-parametric: Skewness to test normality for mean comparison. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(2), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.656077

Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8201 WEEK 4 ASSIGNMENT: FREQUENCY AND DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

The research process involves systematic steps that require the researcher to start with problem identification, followed by data collection and eventual analysis of data. Therefore, data collection and analysis are important parts of the research process. In particular, it offers the researchers an appropriate insight into the various trends observed in the data set and their meanings to support favorable conclusions (Gray & Grove, 2020). For example, descriptive statistics and frequency can be used to comprehensively describe a particular data set. The implication is that a researcher needs to have a plan in place and identify the statistical tools to use for analysis, which is usually informed by the nature of the data collected and the aims of the study. As such, the purpose of this assignment is to study an SPSS output, analyze it, and interpret the frequency data provided.

The Respondent’s Age

The respondent’s age is among the observations in the output. From the output, the total number of observations (N) for the respondent’s age is 1000, which is adequate when it comes to data distribution. This section presents an analysis of the respondent’s age. While the minimum value for this parameter is 19.38, the maximum value observed was 49.43. The other analysis parameter to explore is the mean. From the output, the mean age of the participants is 36.64. The other important analysis displayed is a measure of variance. The first part is the standard deviation, which was observed to be 6.20; this value means that most of the observations are spread within the standard deviation of either side of the mean. The participant’s age is also left screwed, as observed from the value of -0.374. However, the left-skewness is slight, even though most of the values are on the left side of the histogram (Chattamvelli & Shanmugam, 2023).

The Highest School Grade Completed

The total number of observations (N) made for the highest school grade completed is 989, showing that the total number of observations is sufficient since they are above the threshold value of 20. The mean reflects the average grade attended by the participants. From the output, the mean of the highest grade completed is 11.27. The standard deviation, which gives an insight into the measure of variance, is 1.56,  a value that shows variability. It is also observable that the majority of the observations made spread within 0.75 standard deviations on either side of the mean. While lower standard deviations are a reflection of a smaller spread of the collected data, a higher standard deviation shows a bigger spread in the data sampled. The output also showed left-skewness of the data since a value of -0.73 was observed, which is in sync with the histogram’s shape, an indication that the majority of the values are on the left (Orcan, 2020). While the maximum value for the highest school grade obtained was 16, the minimum value was 1.

Family Income

Family income analysis has also been given in descriptive statistics. The total number of observations (N) for this parameter was 895. Family income also had both the minimum and maximum values. While the minimum value recorded was 0, the maximum family income value recorded was $6,593. Another important measure of data is the mean. From the output, the mean value for the family income was $1,172.59.

The measure of variance for family income was expressed in the standard deviation. The standard deviation, as displayed in the output, is $26.34, showing variability in the family income. The observed skewness in the family income is 2.03, which shows that the family income data has a positive skewness and that the distribution is positively skewed. It is worth noting that the positive skewness is supported by the family income histogram (Orcan, 2020). From the family income histogram, it is observable that the majority of the observations are on the right side of the histogram.

Race and Ethnicity and Currently Employed

This section focuses on the analysis of race, ethnicity, and employment status. The output results show that in terms of race, 80.3% of the respondents identified themselves as black, not Hispanic, while 12.8% identified themselves as Hispanic, in addition. 5.3% identified themselves as white, not Hispanic, while 1.4% identified themselves as other. According to the reported data, most of those who participated in the research were black. Therefore, the summary of the data, observations, and conclusions made indicate more information regarding the black population (Chattamvelli & Shanmugam, 2023).

The employment status is also part of the data and describes whether or not they are currently employed. The total number of observations made for employment status was 546, which is a reflection of the number of individuals who revealed their employment status. The analyzed data showed that out of those who responded, up to 54.6 % are not currently employed. The implication is that the remaining 45.3% are currently employed.

Conclusion

This assignment has explored the frequency data, as well as their analysis and interpretation. Therefore, different parameters have been explored. For example, the respondents’ education level and age were discussed. In addition, the ethnic composition and respondents’ incomes were explored

References

Chattamvelli, R., & Shanmugam, R. (2023). Skewness. In Descriptive Statistics for Scientists and Engineers: Applications in R (pp. 91-110). Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. Doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-32330-0_4

Gray, J. R., & Grove, S. K. (2020). Burns and Grove’s the practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence (9th ed.). Elsevier.

Orcan, F. (2020). Parametric or non-parametric: Skewness to test normality for mean comparison. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 7(2), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.656077