NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics
Walden University NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics-Step-By-Step Guide
This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Walden University NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.
How to Research and Prepare for NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics
Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Walden University NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.
After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.
How to Write the Introduction for NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics
The introduction for the Walden University NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.
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How to Write the Body for NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics
After the introduction, move into the main part of the NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.
Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.
How to Write the Conclusion for NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics
After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.
How to Format the References List for NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics
The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.
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Sample Answer for NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics
Laureate Education (Producer) argued that emerging and reemerging infectious disease concerns healthcare providers and public health officials (2012). Most of the critical reemerging infectious disease agents first emerged long ago but survived and persistently adapted to the transforming human population and environment. Globally, infectious disease remains the leading cause of death and the third leading cause of death in the United States (NIH, 2017). Dengue fever is an excellent example of a reemerging disease. Dengue fever is a potentially lethal disease that spreads to people through the bite of an infected Aedes species mosquito. Almost half of the world’s population is affected yearly (CDC., Centers for Disease Control) 2021). Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral condition that has rapidly spread in all regions in recent years. Dengue is a flu-like symptom and intermittently develops into a potentially fatal complication known as severe dengue (Thomas et al 2016). The outbreak of dengue fever could be prevented through appropriate health care interventions.
DF can affect any person of any age, and its prevalence is from the tropical and subtropical regions. While there was a significant reduction in dengue fever in 2017-2018, there were increased cases in 2019 in the united states (1475 cases in the US and 118 reported cases in US Terrorities (CDC, 2019). The epidemiological triad of Dengue fever consists of the agent, host, and environment. The virus consists of the dengue virus belonging to the flavivirus genus and Flaviviridae family (Kesley Piper, 2019). The host is humans and monkeys, where it takes 4-5 incubation days following infections while the environment is the vector (Kesley Piper, 2019).
The reemergence of the dengue virus was partly facilitated by the lack of proper health care interventions. Other factors also contributed to reemergence, such as rapid growth and increasing urbanization. People live together in towns and cities rather than rural areas. Secondly, Globalization also causes reemerging because of expanding the economy, population, and business worldwide (Louten J., 2016).
Nevertheless, the outbreak of the dengue virus could have been avoided through mosquito control schemes. As mosquitoes send the condition, a reduction in their population could have lessened the prevalence and even the outbreak of the condition (Akpan et al. 2019). The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) are some of the regulatory organizations that would have aided in controlling the mosquito population.
Most developed countries have regulations that help protect the public from infectious diseases. Public health measures involve cutting the pathogens from their reservoir or its route of transmission. These measures include ensuring a safe water supply, managing sewage treatment and disposal, and starting food safety, animal control, and vaccination.
In conclusion, dengue fever is an excellent example of reemerging infectious and dangerous diseases and its growing threat to global health. Therefore, educational and health programs should focus on enhancing dengue knowledge and perceived susceptibility to acquiring dengue and reducing perceived barriers to prevention practices among communities. Mosquito fogging may create awareness and improve their dengue prevention practices. Therefore, less forged areas need to be the focus of education interventions. Awareness of dengue should be adhered to more enthusiastically within the community and enhanced health beliefs.
References
Aikpon R., Dramane, G., Klotoé, J. R., Brettenny, M., Lawani, Y., Akpan, G., & Yadouléton, A. (2019). Assessment of population dynamics and biting trends of Aedes aegypti in northern Benin: Public health implications.
Kelsey Piper (2019) Zika, Dengue and Yellow Fever are about to get much worse; Urbanization, transportation and climate change are rapidly expanding mosquitoes habitat. – That is a bad news. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2019/3/7/18254825/zika-dengue-yellow-fever-mosquitos-climate-change
Laureate Education (Producer). (2012). Epidemiology and population health: Infectious disease: Two case studies [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.
Louten J. (2016). Emerging and Reemerging Viral Diseases. Essential Human Virology, 291–310. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800947-5.00016-8
National Institutes of Health (US); Biological Sciences Curriculum Study. NIH Curriculum Supplement Series [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US); 2007. Understanding Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK20370/
Thomas DL, Santiago GA, Abeyta R, Hinojosa S, Torres-Velasquez B, Adam JK, Evert N, Caraballo E, Hunsperger E, Muñoz-Jordán JL, Smith B, Banicki A, Tomashek KM, Gaul L, Sharp TM. Reemergence of Dengue in Southern Texas, 2013. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jun;22(6):1002-7. doi: 10.3201/eid2206.152000. PMID: 27191223; PMCID: PMC4880107.
Sample Answer 2 for NURS 8310 Week 9 Discussion Investigating Pandemics and Epidemics
Emerging Infection
Measles has re-emerged in the US for a variety of reasons, including misinformation spread by antivaccination advocates and imported cases from countries where infected children may be too young for immunization (Stinchfield, 2020).
The CDC confirmed 1,249 cases of measles between January 1 and October 4, 2019. This year marks the greatest number of measles cases in the country since 1992. While cases have been reported in 31 states, 75% of measles cases were linked to outbreaks in New York City and New York state, most of which were among unvaccinated children in Orthodox Jewish communities. These outbreaks have been traced to unvaccinated travelers who brought measles back from other countries at the beginning of October 2018 (HHS.gov, 2019).
Before the record high in 2019, the US saw a spike in 2014. the virus spreads mostly to children too young to receive the MMR vaccine, those unvaccinated and the immunocompromised.
Investigative Process
When an outbreak of measles is suspected it is critical to rapidly determine if the suspected outbreak is indeed a real outbreak by verifying that the reported suspected cases comply with the recommended clinical case definition, and that the increase in the number of reported cases meets the definition of an outbreak (5/100,000 in one month in a geographical area) (WHO.org, 2009). The Outbreak Coordination Committee which is a multidisciplinary group (preferably formed before an outbreak) ensures laboratory confirmation, adequate clinical management, surveillance and notifications of suspected cases, assess risk, implement control and preventive measures and ensure effective community involvement (WHO, 2009).
Epidemiologic Triangle/Vector Theory
The epidemiological triangle is a model used to study diseases and consists of 3 vertices; the agent, the host and the environment. The agent is what causes the disease. The host is the exposed person. The environment is the conditions surrounding the host that makes the conditions favorable for the agent. Within the triangle is time; time of incubation, duration of illness and/or time to the brink of an epidemic. Measles is caused by a virus in the paramyxovirus family and it is normally passed through direct contact and through the air to humans. The World Health Organization (WHO) (2019) reported that measles is one of the world’s most contagious diseases by remaining active and contagious in the air or on infected surfaces for up to 2 hours.
Healthcare interventions
When measles is in a community, two primary interventions will help stop the outbreak. One is to increase community immunity by vaccinating all eligible members of that community. The other is to reduce transmission in healthcare settings such as clinics and EDs, as well as schools, daycare centers, and other public places. Patients with suspected measles cases should be roomed farthest away from other patients with a portable air filtration system placed outside the room when airborne infectious isolation is unavailable.
Communicate clearly that the MMR vaccine is safe, does not cause autism, it protects against a deadly disease, and is the best protection against severe adverse reactions, such as blindness, deafness, or other neurologic or immunologic impairments. With the recent measles outbreaks that occurred in 2018, 8 states are considering removing personal exemptions for the measles vaccine. According to the Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO, 2018) bills to restrict exemptions are now pending in a growing number of states.
Could it have been avoided?
One dose of MMR vaccine given at 12 to 15 months confers 93% coverage to prevent measles (Stinchfield, 2020). In recent years, many of significant influence have spoken out against vaccination. The anti-vaccination sentiments in recent decades were also fomented by the 1998 publication of a series of articles in The Lancet by a former British doctor, Andrew Wakefield (Bekecke & DeYoung, 2019). Wakefield suggested a connection between the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine and development of autism in young children (Bekecke & DeYoung, 2019). Reich (2014) points out, ideas about neoliberalism and skewed perceptions of feminist concepts of bodily autonomy and parental decision-making trumps medical expertise.
Effectively countering the anti-vaccine movement should be addressed through understanding mechanisms for increasing trust between the medical community and parents (Bekecke & DeYoung, 2019). Eroded trust can still be a factor today in medical decision-making, and this historical context should be considered when working with communities for vaccination promotion (Bekecke & DeYoung, 2019). Understanding these social and behavioral factors can prevent these behavioral trends from gaining additional traction throughout the United States and beyond, protecting an increasingly connected world from preventable illnesses (Bekecke & DeYoung, 2019).
Resources
ASTHO.org. (2018). State legislation surrounding vaccine exemptions. Retrieved 25 January
Benecke, O. & DeYoung, S. (2019). Anti-vaccine decision-making and measles resurgence in
the United States. Retrieved 25 January 2022 from https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2333794X19862949
CDC.gov. (2014). Measles cases in the United States reach 20-year high: CDC urges vaccination as summer travel season approaches. Retrieved 25 January 2022
HHS.gov. (2019). With end of New York outbreak, United States keeps measles elimination
status. Retrieved 25 January 2022 from https://public3.pagefreezer.com/browse/HHS.gov/31-12-2020T08:51/https://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2019/10/04/end-new-york-outbreak-united-states-keeps-measles-elimination-status.html
Martin, E. K., Shearer, M. P., Trotochaud, M., & Nuzzo, J. B. (2021). Outbreak response
operations during the US measles epidemic, 2017-19. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 620. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10652-9
Reich, J. (2014) Neoliberal mothering and vaccine refusal: imagined gated communities and the
privilege of choice. Gender & Society 28:679-704.
Stinchfield, P. A. (2020). Measles: A clinician’s guide to a reemerging disease. (1), 39–43.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NURSE.0000615088.55221.bb
WHO. (2009). Response to measles outbreaks in measles mortality reduction settings:
Immunization, vaccines and biologicals. Retrieved 25 January 2022 from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143959/
WHO. (2019). Measles. Retrieved 25 January 2022 from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/measles