PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study

Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study                            

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

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The introduction for the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

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After the introduction, move into the main part of the PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study                          

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study                            

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study

Re: Topic 6 DQ 1

Case-control studies allow the investigator to measure exposure and outcome to study the outcome variables for both case and control.  Then the association between the control group and case groups are compared for similarities.  There are key selection criteria features when using this type of design. These are the key features as discussed by Setia (2016): 1) Case must be clearly well described to include all aspects of the selection criterion; 2) they need to come from the same group and the evaluation methods must be the same for both case and control group; 3) Matching can be used to ensure the case group and control group would be the same, for example with smokers, selection of the same age group and gender helps. One freedom is that where cases are collected is not a constraint.  Cases and control groups can come from clinics, hospitals, or medical registrars according to Kumar (n.d.).  All these factors mentioned are crucial as not create selection bias as also discussed by Setia (2016).

Case control studies are usually retrospective according to Kumar (n.d.), so selection bias can occur easily.  When selection bias occurs, it opens the door to groups that should be compared because the similarities may not be there.  And, if hospital cases are chosen, patients with higher exposure could produce skewed results.

References

Kumar (n.d.) Introduction to Study Designs – Case-Control Studies.  Health Knowledge Website. https://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/e-learning/epidemiology/practioners/introduction-study-design-ccs

Setia M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 2: Case-control Studies. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(2), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.177773

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Sample Answer 2 for PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study

Case-control studies can be classified as analytical and observational studies. The common characteristic of a case control-study is an observational study that compares the infected individuals of a particular disease to those who are uninfected.  More scientifically the case represents those with the disease of interest, while the control represents those without the disease.  For the objective of the study to be effective and displayed one must utilize the three essential features for selecting cases and controls.  Control should be selected from the source population while cases are present or from the same study. Furthermore, matching techniques should be used to ensure cases and controls have the same features.  The third characteristic is the confounding elimination.

Case-control studies are notorious to bias due to the backward approach (Aigner et al., 2018). Therefore, researchers must define the case by providing an inclusion criterion. The limitation of questionnaire lacks the appeal to one ethos, not allowing for accurate responses, time consuming, and inaccurate recall. Other methods for collecting data are the following but no limited to records and interviews. These methods of data collection will allow for the researchers to develop more of a connection and understand the subjects.

References:

Aigner, A., Grittner, U., & Becher, H. (2018). Bias due to differential participation in case-control studies and review of available approaches for Adjustment. PLOS ONE, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0191327 

Kopec, J. A., & Esdaile, J. M. (1990). Bias in case-control studies. A review. Journal of epidemiology and community health, 44(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.44.3.179

Sample Answer 3 for PUB 540 Describe the common characteristics and design of a case-control study

Case-Control studies is an analytical and observational study that compares the controls and the group with the disease mainly using questionaires. The main characteristics of a case-control study is that it is a quantitative type of study where the data is collected retrospectively that is from past to future or exposure to effect. The researcher does not follow patients into the future because of its retrospective nature & quicker. Using questionaires do have a few disadvantages such as not being able to see feelings and emotions, analysis is difficult, and the respondants may not be able to respond accurately. Setia (2016) research shows that case-control studies are not useful for rare outcomes but not rare diseases because studying rare diseases is very time consuming.

References:

Setia M. S. (2016). Methodology Series Module 2: Case-control Studies. Indian journal of dermatology, 61(2), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5154.177773