PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk

Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk                            

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk  depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk                          

The introduction for the Grand Canyon University PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk  is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk                          

After the introduction, move into the main part of the PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk  assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk                          

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk                            

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk

Re: Topic 4 DQ 2

Measures of effect between disease and the population are needed to track the association between exposure and outcomes. In Epidemiology according to Friis & Sellers (2020) there are three measures that track the by how many cases are associated with a certain factor, how much risk is added for disease exposure, and lastly how much dose that factor multiply the risk of that disease.

In relative risk association measures as discussed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) is also known as the risk ratio that compares the disease state in one group to another group.

Risk of disease=incidence proportion/attack rate (Group A) divided by Risk of disease=incidence proportion/attack rate (Group B). This is the relative risk value. What are the odds of a healthy individual contracting COVID and dying and an individual with COPD and Diabetes?

Another measure is figuring out the difference measure of association, also known as the attributable risk. How many people died from COVID or were hospitalized with co-morbid conditions compared to those that did not have co-morbid conditions? This also is known as the risk difference measure as discussed in the text by Friis & Sellers (2020). It is the incidence rate of in exposed individuals compared to the group of individuals that were not exposed. And, lastly this will lead us to the question of how many people in a population can attribute their illness to one exposure such as the spread of COVID-19 in the United States.

We can advocate in such was from our lessons on COVID-19, and what patients are at risk for serious disease that may lead to death. As discussed by Vela et al. (2022), risk stratification models have examined the data on the baseline health status of certain segments in the population. And, by determining which groups have the higher risk factors for exposure and death, we as health care professionals can make sure that resources such as the COVID-19 vaccines are targeted first to receive these resources.

References

Friis, R. H., & Sellers, T. (2020). Epidemiology for public health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, May 17). Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics (2012). https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section5.html

Vela, E., Carot-Sans, G., Clèries, M., Monterde, D., Acebes, X., Comella, A., García Eroles, L., Coca, M., Valero-Bover, D., Pérez Sust, P., & Piera-Jiménez, J. (2022). Development and validation of a population-based risk stratification model for severe COVID-19 in the general population. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–10. https://doi-org.lopes.idm.oclc.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07138-y 

Sample Answer 2 for PUB 540 Explain the difference between relative risk, attributable risk, and population attributable risk

Relative risk can be viewed in an equational format. Simply it’s the incidence risk among exposed groups over the incidence risk among a non- exposed group. When there is a relative risk that is greater than one is indication that risks have increased due to factor exposure. In laments terms it’s how many times factor exposure would increase the incidence of an individual. In epidemiology relative risk is used for three possible calculations: risk ratio, rate ratio, and odds ratio. However, in order to use or determine relative risk one must have knowledge of those exposure and unexposed.   For example, “If we hypothetically find that 17% of smokers develop lung cancer and 1% of non-smokers develop lung cancer, then we can calculate the relative risk of lung cancer in smokers versus non-smokers as: Relative Risk = 17% / 1% = 17” ( Tenny, 2021).  This is simply saying that smokers are seventeen more times likely to develop lung cancer.

Attributable risk is how many times factor exposure would increase the incidence rate of a group. Looking at this numerical attributable risk is equal to the incidence risk among an exposed group minus the incidence risk among a non-exposed group. Simply, it is the percent of the incidence of a disease in the exposed that would be eliminated if exposure was eliminated. An example would be if people wasn’t exposed to crystalline silica then there would not be the development of silicosis which is an interstitial lung disease.  In epidemiology attributable risk are used to measure the vaccine efficacy and effectiveness (Principles of Epidemiology, 2012).

Population Attributable Risk: this is defined as the difference in incidence rates between people exposed to some risk factor verses the people not exposed. Simply, it depicts the additional risk with respect to entire population. In epidemiology that provides an overview of the number of people exposed verses who developed a disease or issue due to the exposure. For example, many people was exposed to COVID-19 however majority was asymptomatic but majority tested positive. Therefore, I suggest using this method of epidemiology in covid-19 prevention. While there is data to suggest the rate of infection, and we have an approximate exposure rate. Estimating the number of encounters we can calculate an approximate population attributable risk which can aid in covid-19 control measures.

References:

Askari, M., & Namayandeh, S. M. (2020). The Difference between the Population Attributable Risk (PAR) and the Potentioal Impact Fraction (PIF). Iranian journal of public health, 49(10), 2018–2019. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i10.4713

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012, May 18). Principles of Epidemiology. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May 16, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section6.html

Tenny S, Hoffman MR. Relative Risk. [Updated 2021 Mar 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430824